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PubMed1996

General management of gastrointestinal fistulas. Recognition, stabilization, and correction of fluid and electrolyte imbalances.

Gastrointestinal fistulas are unfortunate complications of a number of disease states, such as inflammatory bowel disease and tumors, or may result from complications of surgical intervention. Fistulas may be associated with significant morbidity and mortality, much of which is a result of fluid losses and electrolyte imbalances. Thus, attention to these issues is a critical component of the management of patients with gastrointestinal fistulas. The management of gastrointestinal fistulas is divided into three phases: diagnosis/recognition, stabilization/investigation, and treatment. The major goal of the stabilization phase is the correction of fluid losses and electrolyte abnormalities. This phase must be carried out expeditiously to reduce the associated complications. Knowledge of the electrolyte content of various secretions of the gastrointestinal tract is essential to guide this phase of management. Early control of infectious foci, with drainage of abscesses if present, is of great importance. Esophageal fistulas most commonly result from instrumentation of the esophagus and are diagnosed by radiographic imaging studies. Nonoperative therapy is an option in select patients, but aggressive surgical intervention is often required. Dehydration is often associated with these injuries and must be corrected. Gastric and duodenal fistulas are most commonly iatrogenic and may be associated with significant fluid losses. Careful measurement of the fistula effluent is important. Nutritional support is begun following correction of fluid and electrolyte abnormalities. Pancreatic fistulas are often high volume fistulas and are associated with significant skin breakdown if they are cutaneous. The use of a somatostatin analogue may decrease the volume of the fistula to allow healing. Small intestinal fistulas often result from postoperative complications and require careful attention to electrolyte abnormalities. Spontaneous closure often obviates surgical intervention. Colonic fistulas are less often associated with complications than are other fistulas of the gastrointestinal tract. The stabilization phase in the management of patients with gastrointestinal fistulas is a critical time during which careful attention to fluid and electrolyte losses can result in reduced morbidity and mortality from these difficult management problems.

Duodenal Diseases↗

PubMed1998

The thin electrolyte layer approach to corrosion testing of dental materials--characterization of the technique.

An innovative technique for corrosion testing of metallic dental materials is introduced. The thin electrolyte layer technique (TET) simulates the physical characteristics of the oral environment by employing a still, thin layer of an electrolyte, in contrast to bulk electrolyte techniques (BET) which utilize relatively large quantities of fluid. Limiting current density tests on a platinum electrode revealed a lower surface oxygen content for TET. Borate buffer (pH 6.8) was employed as an electrolyte. The effect of lower oxygen content in TET on passivation and polarization characteristics of 316L SS in 0.9% saline was investigated. The results revealed differences in the polarization resistance and open circuit potential development with time, as well as in anodic and cathodic polarization behavior. Lower O2 concentration in TET was attributed to different electrolyte convection characteristics under both testing conditions. Additionally, use of the TET resulted in better data reproducibility. Overall, this investigation led to a deeper understanding of the electrochemical processes inherent in thin electrolytes such as those found in the oral environment.

Alloys↗

PubMed1997

Properties of electrolyte-filled glass microelectrodes: a model analysis.

A novel dynamic mathematical microelectrode model (a model of solvent and solute kinetics in electrolyte-filled microelectrodes) was deduced from experimental observations made on standard (single-barrelled, 3.0 M KCl-filled, approximately 10 M[ohm]) electrodes using (a) electrodiffusion, electro-osmosis, and continuity equations that were placed into the constraints of electrode geometry, and (b) handbook/textbook parameter values, only. The model proved to be able to faithfully reproduce all observed electrochemical and electrical electrode properties, i.e. even those that constituted no part of the model's experimental basis. In theoretical tests, the model shows, for the standard electrode that (a) inside the electrode, any profiles in electrical potential and electrolyte concentration are occurring at the most distal part (approximately 50 microm) of the tip region, (b) asymmetrical shifts in electrolyte concentration just inside the electrode tip opening are the true cause of the electrode's current rectification, and (c) strong transelectrode currents are producing water flows across the electrode orifice that may affect the volume of smaller and medium-sized cells. In further tests, the model shows, among other things, for non-standard electrodes that (a) decreasing the electrode electrolyte concentration will give rise to marked decreases in electrolyte leakage from the electrode, but only very minor changes in tip potential, and (b) increasing the surface charge of the electrode glass (increases in zeta potential) and/or decreasing the electrode electrolyte concentration will produce increases in electro-osmotic water transport, which may be desirable for the intracellular injection of water-soluble (electro-neutral) substances.

Electrochemistry↗

PubMed2003

The synergic effects of various electrolytes and electroporation on the in vitro skin permeation of calcein.

Various electrolytes in test solutions applied to the skin were evaluated with regard to their effects on enhanced skin permeation of calcein as a model permeant by electroporation (EP), which is a physical means to increase skin penetration by applying a high voltage pulse on the skin surface. Calcein solution (1.0 mM) containing different electrolytes at a concentration of 150 mM was applied to excised hairless rat skin, and a 10-ms electric pulse of 300 V was applied to the skin surface ten times (one pulse every second) at the beginning of the in vitro permeation experiments. The following results were obtained: (i) addition of several electrolytes, such as CaCl2 and NaCl, further increased the EP-enhanced skin permeation of calcein when compared to treatment without these electrolytes; (ii) Ca2+ and Mg2+ exerted a greater effect than other cations (Na+, Zn2+, Cu2+, Fe3+ and Al3+); (iii) with simultaneous application of CaCl2 and EP, the effect of anodal EP was much greater than that of cathodal EP; (iv) the penetration-enhancing effects of CaCl2 were also obtained with EP pretreatment followed by calcein addition; and (v) skin permeation was greatly increased particularly with simultaneous application of EP and Ca2+. These substantial combined synergic effects of EP and electrolytes, particularly those containing CaCl2, MgCl2 and CaBr2, may be related to the disruptive and retrievable functions of the biggest barrier of skin, the stratum corneum, of these electrolytes.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Activity coefficients of the peptide and the electrolyte in ternary systems water+glycylglycine+NaCl, +NaBr, +KCl and +KBr at 298.2 K.

The activity coefficients of glycylglycine in four aqueous electrolyte solutions (+NaCl, +NaBr, +KCl and +KBr) were obtained at 298.2 K. The mean ionic activity coefficient of the electrolyte in aqueous solutions containing the peptide was determined from measurements of the potential differences of a cation and an anion ion-selective-electrode, each vs. a double junction reference electrode. The results show that the nature of the anion has a major effect on the activity coefficients of glycylglycine. Comparison of activity coefficient data for glycylglycine with literature data for glycine, both in aqueous NaCl solutions, indicates that the effect of the electrolyte is larger for the peptide than for the amino acid. For the peptide, in all cases, the effect of the electrolyte is more important at low molalities of the electrolyte. The Wilson equation was used to correlate the activity coefficient data obtained. The correlation results were satisfactory for the region of concentrated electrolyte.

Algorithms↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Small bowel extrinsic denervation does not alter water and electrolyte absorption from the colon in the fasting or early postprandial state.

Small bowel transplantation (SBT) causes watery diarrhea. The decreases shown previously in absorption of water, electrolytes, and bile salts in the jejunum and ileum, although present, are not dramatic and seem not to be great enough to explain the diarrhea. Our aim was to determine changes in water and electrolyte absorption in the colon during fasting and postprandially in a canine preparation of jejunoileal extrinsic denervation, which serves as a model of jejunoileal autotransplantation. We hypothesized that colonic absorption of water and electrolytes decreases transiently in the colon after SBT. Six dogs had cannulas implanted in the colon to study absorption of an ileal-like basal electrolyte solution with or without 10 mmol/L glucose. Absorption during fasting and postprandially was measured before and 2 and 12 weeks after a validated preparation of jejunoileal extrinsic denervation. All dogs developed diarrhea after SBT. Net colonic absorptive fluxes of water and electrolytes in the colon did not change from baseline values at 2 or 12 weeks after extrinsic denervation, either during fasting or postprandially; glucose in the infusate did not alter absorptive fluxes during fasting or postprandially. Extrinsic denervation of the small intestine does not appear to alter colonic absorption of water or electrolytes during fasting or postprandially. These observations suggest that the neurally intact colon has a minimal role in the diarrhea after SBT.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Electrolyte profiles within the ileoanal pouch: measurement by an in vivo equilibrium dialysis technique.

BACKGROUND: Patients with an ileoanal pouch have high rates of fluid and electrolyte loss. These improve with pouch adaptation. There is limited information concerning secretion and absorption in the stable ileoanal pouch. A new method to measure and characterize electrolytes in the ileoanal pouch is described. METHODS: Following an in vitro study, nine patients with a stable ileoanal pouch had consecutive placement of dialysis bags consisting of a semi-permeable membrane containing 5 ml of 10% dextran in normal saline into the ileoanal pouch. These were left in place for 15, 30, 60, and 120 min. After determining that 60 min was the optimal timing for measurement of electrolyte concentrations, 12 normal volunteers underwent a similar in vivo dialysis study with dialysis bags withdrawn at 60 min. Sodium, chloride, potassium, phosphorus, calcium and magnesium concentrations in the dialysis bags were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: In the in vitro and in vivo studies, the measured electrolytes reached equilibrium within 60 min. Statistically significant differences between sodium concentrations (160.9 +/- 30.2 vs. 116.8 +/- 13.8 mmol/l, respectively) and phosphorus concentrations (6.8 +/- 5.2 vs. 1.8 +/- 0.7 mg/dl, respectively) at 60 min in ileoanal pouch patients and volunteers were found (p<0.001). There were no statistical differences in the other measured electrolytes between the two groups. CONCLUSION: An in vivo dialysis technique is described for measuring electrolyte concentrations within the ileoanal pouch. Differences in sodium and phosphate concentrations may reflect incomplete adaptation of the ileoanal pouch, and are a potential explanation for increased stool frequency in these patients.

Adult↗

PubMed2025

Ambient-Stable and Resilient Glycerogel Electrolytes for Flexible Solid-State Supercapacitors.

Hydrogel electrolytes are increasingly used for flexible solid-state supercapacitors emerged as promising power sources due to their similarity to aqueous electrolytes. However, their performance is limited by evaporation or freezing in challenging weather, restricting their practical applications. This study introduces a flexible glycerogel electrolyte with antidrying and antifreezing properties, offering exceptional durability under harsh conditions. Inspired by the role of glycerol and electrolytes in electrodermal activity of biological tissue, eco-friendly NaCl and hygroscopic glycerol are incorporated into a stretchable hydrogel matrix. The resulting glycerogel electrolyte retained hydration in the open air for 180 days. It also exhibited stable conductivity under extreme temperatures (-20 to 60 °C) and low-pressure conditions (∼2.4 kPa). A fibrous solid-state supercapacitor assembled using carbon nanotube yarns delivered a maximum gravimetric capacitance of 148 F·g-1 at 0.5 A·g-1. Notably, the device maintained 94%, 86%, and 90% of its initial capacitance after 30 days of exposure to -20 °C, 60 °C, and low-pressure conditions, respectively, without encapsulation. To demonstrate practical utility, this fibrous supercapacitor was integrated into the ear loop of a facial mask, enabling heat-induced sanitization that killed 99.999% of bacterial cells. This glycerogel electrolyte provides a sustainable, versatile solution for powering future wearable electronic devices across diverse environmental conditions.

Electric Capacitance↗

PubMed2005

Conductivities and transport properties of gelled electrolytes with and without an ionic liquid for Li and Li-ion batteries.

Conductivity and transport properties have been determined for gelled polymer electrolytes of three compositions: a base PVdF-polymer gel with organic carbonate solvents as plasticizers and LiN(SO(2)C(2)F(5))(2) electrolyte, a second polymer electrolyte with 5 mass % 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bisperfluoroethylsulfonyl imide (EMI-BETI) added to the base polymer electrolyte, and a third PVdF polymer electrolyte using only EMI-BETI as the plasticizer. Conductivities were studied over the temperature range +25 to -40 degrees C, and for all three gels, the temperature dependence of the conductivities was found to follow the VTF equation, which is consistent with the free volume model for ion transport. For the gel containing 5 mass % EMI-BETI, transport numbers were determined from +50 to -20 degrees C and were found to decrease as the temperature decreased. Although there are no theoretical models to treat and interpret the temperature dependence of transport numbers, we found that a modified VTF equation resulted in an excellent fit to the temperature dependence of the transport number, which is another confirmation of a free volume model for transport in these gelled polymer electrolytes.

Electric Conductivity↗

PubMed2000

Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gating requires cytosolic electrolytes.

Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), which causes cystic fibrosis when nonfunctional, is an anion channel and a member of the ATP binding cassette superfamily. After phosphorylation, CFTR gates by binding and hydrolyzing ATP. We show that CFTR open probability (P(o)) also depends on the electrolyte concentration of the cytosol. Inside-out patches from Calu-3 cells were transiently exposed to solutions of 160 mm salt or solutions in which up to 90% of the salt was replaced by nonionic osmolytes such as sucrose. In lowered salt solutions, CFTR P(o) declined within 1 s to a stable lower value that depended on the electrolyte concentration, (K(1/2) approximately 80 mm NaCl). P(o) was rapidly restored in normal salt concentrations without regard to the electrolyte species. Reducing external electrolytes did not affect CFTR P(o). The same results were obtained when CFTR was stably phosphorylated with adenosine 5'-O-(thiotriphosphate). The decrease in P(o) resulted entirely from an increase in mean closed time. Increasing ATP levels up to 20-fold did not counteract the effect of low electrolytes. The same effect was observed for CFTR expressed in C127 cells but not for a different species of anion channel. Cytosolic electrolytes are an unsuspected, essential cofactor for CFTR gating.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗

PubMed1997

Recovery from prolonged exercise: restoration of water and electrolyte balance.

Rapid and complete restoration of fluid balance after exercise is an important part of the recovery process, especially in hot, humid conditions, when sweat losses may be high. Rehydration after exercise can only be achieved if the electrolytes lost in sweat, as well as the lost water, are replaced. However, the amount of electrolytes lost in sweat is highly variable between individuals and although the optimum drink may be achieved by matching drink electrolyte intake with sweat electrolyte loss, this is virtually impossible in sport settings. The composition of sweat varies considerably not only between individuals, but also with time during exercise and it is further influenced by the state of acclimatization. A moderate excess of salt intake would appear to be beneficial as far as hydration status is concerned, without any detrimental effects on health, provided that fluid intake is in excess of sweat loss and the renal function is not impaired. To achieve effective rehydration following exercise in the heat, the rehydration beverage should contain moderately high levels of sodium (at least 50 mmol l-1), and possibly also some potassium. The addition of substrate is not necessary for rehydration, although a small amount of carbohydrate (< 2%) may improve the rate of intestinal uptake of sodium and water. The volume of beverage consumed should be greater than the volume of sweat lost to provide for the ongoing obligatory urine losses. Therefore, the palatability of the beverage is important. Many individuals may lose substantial amounts of sweat and will therefore have to consume large amounts of replacement fluids and this is more likely to be achieved if the taste is perceived as being pleasant. Water alone is adequate for rehydration purposes when solid food is consumed, as this replaces the electrolytes lost in sweat. However, there are many situations where intake of solid food is not possible or is deliberately avoided and, in these instances, the inclusion of electrolytes in rehydration beverages is essential. Where a second exercise bout has to be performed, replacement of sweat losses is an essential part of the recovery process. Exercise performance will be impaired if complete rehydration is not achieved.

Dietary Carbohydrates↗

PubMed1978

Intestinal transport of weak electrolytes: Determinants of influx at the luminal surface.

The determinants of weak electrolyte influx into everted segments of rat small intestine have been studied. Preliminary experiments showed that the observed influxes could be described as unidirectional, diffusional fluxes of the nonionized compound uncomplicated by a parallel ionic component. It is shown that the determinants of weak electrolyte influx in this situation may be described in terms of the resistance of the unstirred layer to movement from the bulk phase to the cell surface, the degree of ionization of the weak electrolyte at the cell surface, and the cellular permeability to the nonionized weak electrolyte. Quantitative considerations indicated that the unstirred layer was totally rate-limiting in the cases of some poorly ionized, or highly permeant compounds, but the unstirred layer was not totally rate limiting for most of the compounds studied. Calculation of cellular permeabilities for the nonionized forms of weak electrolytes required assumptions to be made concerning the pH value in the surface fluid layer. A uniform set of permeability data including both weak acids and weak bases was obtained only when it was assumed that the pH in the surface fluid layer was equal to that in the bulk phase, and it was concluded that these studies do not support the concept of a microclimate of distinctive pH at the epithelial surface as a determinant of weak electrolyte transport.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Studies on semduramicin and nutritional responses: 3. Electrolyte balance.

Four experiments were conducted to determine whether fluctuations in dietary electrolyte level (milliequivalents Na+K-Cl per kilogram) or different dietary sodium chloride levels would affect performance, water intake, or excreta moisture of chickens fed semduramicin vs nonmedicated controls. In all experiments, male commercial broiler chicks were used, and all diets were fed with and without 25 mg semduramicin/kg diet. The basal diets were based on corn, soybean meal, and poultry oil. Experiments 1, 3, and 4 were conducted using male broiler chicks in battery brooders to 18 d of age. In Experiment 1, six electrolyte levels were fed [basal (0.2% Na, 0.33% Cl, 1.10% K); basal plus 0.1% Na (from sodium chloride); basal plus 0.1% K (from potassium chloride); basal plus 0.2% Na (from sodium carbonate); basal plus 0.34% K (from potassium chloride); basal plus 0.15% Cl (from ammonium chloride)]. There were no significant changes in BW gain, feed consumption, or feed conversion ratio caused by any dietary treatment. Water consumption was not affected by the inclusion of Na, Cl, K, or electrolyte levels, but excreta moisture was affected. The highest and lowest excreta moisture levels came from chicks fed the lowest chloride levels. There were no significant dietary effects on serum Na, Cl, or K by dietary electrolytes or semduramicin. Experiment 2 was conducted with triplicate floor pens of 33 male broilers each for 42 d with four electrolyte levels [basal (0.2% Na, 0.34% Cl, 1.03% K); basal plus 0.1% Na (from sodium carbonate); basal plus 0.1% Cl (from ammonium chloride); basal plus 0.18% K (from potassium carbonate)]. Increasing electrolyte level had a significant effect on BW gain at 35 d but not at 42 d [mainly because of differences in K (1.943 kg at 35 d) vs Cl (2.013 kg at 35 d)]. At 42 d, there were no differences in growth because of N, K, Cl, or semduramicin. Potassium supplementation caused a significant increase in litter moisture (P = 0.031). Semduramicin did not affect litter moisture (P = 0.892), nor were there significant semduramicin interactions with Na, K, Cl, or semduramicin. The basal diets in Experiments 3 and 4 were identical to the basal diet in Experiment 1 except there was no sodium chloride added. The diets fed in Experiment 3 contained 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, or 0.4% added sodium chloride. The diets fed in Experiment 4 contained 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 0.9% added sodium chloride. The results of Experiments 3 and 4 show that about 0.4% added sodium chloride is necessary to achieve maximum growth and feed conversion. It is clear that semduramicin had no significant effect upon the variation observed in any of the variables measured.

Aging↗

PubMed1991

Atrial natriuretic peptide and water and electrolyte transport in the human jejunum.

The effects of atrial natriuretic peptide were investigated on water and electrolyte transport in the human jejunum. Six healthy male volunteers (aged 21-33 years) were studied using a triple lumen perfusion technique. A plasma like electrolyte solution containing polyethylene glycol (5 milligrams) as a non-absorbable marker was perfused into the jejunum at 10 ml/min, and net water and electrolyte transport and transepithelial potential difference were measured. Subjects were studied single blind on two occasions with either intravenous atrial natriuretic peptide (6 pmol/min/kg for 90 minutes) or placebo (saline), both after controlled sodium intake over three days. Plasma atrial natriuretic peptide concentrations rose from (mean (SD)) 10.3 (3.6) pmol/l to a peak of 96.0 (61.8) pmol/l. Jejunal net water and electrolyte fluxes and potential difference were identical in both the atrial natriuretic peptide and the control studies. Compared with placebo atrial natriuretic peptide induced a significantly greater diuresis (peak 10.2 (6.0) v 1.8 (1.0) ml/min, p less than 0.05) and natriuresis (peak 1069 (351) v 376 (208) mumol/min, p less than 0.01) and haemoconcentration (haematocrit 0.405 (0.040) v 0.368 (0.018), p less than 0.01). There was no difference in blood pressure, pulse rate, plasma electrolytes, and plasma osmolality between the two studies. There was no evidence to suggest an effect of atrial natriuretic peptide on jejunal water and electrolyte transport in healthy human subjects.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Fetal-maternal fluid and electrolyte relations during chronic fetal urine loss in sheep.

Our aim was to determine the effects of prolonged removal of fetal urine during late gestation on fetal-maternal fluid and electrolyte relationships. We measured the volume and composition of fetal urine and amniotic and allantoic fluids and the composition of fetal and maternal plasma in sheep before and during continuous urine drainage, which began at 130 days of gestation and continued until the onset of labor; a control group was also studied. The response to fetal urine drainage occurred in two phases. In the "acute" phase (1-3 days), amniotic and allantoic fluid volumes decreased significantly, presumably due to their reabsorption into the fetal chorionic circulation or swallowing of amniotic fluid by the fetus. During the "chronic" phase, starting 3-5 days after urine drainage, a significant reversal in the transplacental osmotic gradient occurred due to a decrease in maternal plasma osmolality. During the entire drainage period (14.1 +/- 1.1 days, mean +/- SE, n = 5) at least 542 ml/day of water and 24 mmol/day of electrolytes passed from the mother into the fetal circulation and fetal plasma osmolality was unchanged. We conclude that, despite the loss of substantial water and electrolytes, the fetus is able to maintain its growth and fluid and electrolyte homeostasis by obtaining water and electrolytes initially from the amniotic and allantoic fluids and subsequently from its mother. The movement of water and electrolytes to the fetus would have been facilitated by the reversed transplacental osmotic gradient.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

Correlations between digoxin-like immunoreactivity and electrolyte values in urinary samples of newborns.

Elevated levels of a group of substances with digoxin-like immunoreactivity (DLIS) are present in biological fluids of newborns. These endogenous substances could also have the biological properties of cardiac glycosides, such as natriuretic and vasoconstrictor activity. Therefore, DLIS could be involved in electrolyte and volume regulation in infants. We measured DLIS, electrolyte (Na+, K+, Cl-) and creatinine concentrations in 157 urine samples collected from full-term and preterm infants, with the aim to establish if a correlation exists between the urinary DLIS levels and the respective values of these electrolytes. Significant and positive correlations were found between the urinary concentrations of DLIS and electrolytes. In addition, electrolyte values correlated significantly between themselves. DLIS, K+ and Cl- values correlated positively with urinary creatinine concentrations (n = 142). A significant multiple correlation was found among DLIS concentrations and creatinine and Cl- values. We also studied the DLIS concentrations in serum samples collected at birth in peripheral blood of the mothers and in umbilical cord and gastric aspirate of 5 full-term infants. We observed that DLIS values in newborns are significantly higher than the respective values of the mothers. In conclusion, our data do not demonstrate a clear relationship between DLIS and electrolyte concentrations in urine samples of newborns. Further investigations are necessary to elucidate the biochemical and physiological properties of DLIS.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1993

Foscarnet-induced severe hypomagnesemia and other electrolyte disorders.

OBJECTIVE: To report a case of possible foscarnet-induced severe hypomagnesemia and other electrolyte disorders. CASE SUMMARY: An AIDS patient experienced an exacerbation of cytomegalovirus retinitis and was treated with foscarnet. The patient experienced muscle twitches, tremulousness, and anxiety on day 17 of foscarnet therapy. Laboratory results indicated hypomagnesemia, hypocalcemia, hypokalemia, and hypophosphatemia. After electrolyte supplementation and discontinuation of foscarnet, the symptoms resolved and laboratory indices returned to normal. DISCUSSION: Electrolyte disorders associated with foscarnet are reviewed. Severe hypomagnesemia occurred in this patient and published literature is highlighted. In addition, known and/or possible mechanisms of the disorders are discussed. CONCLUSIONS: It is probable that foscarnet contributed to the electrolyte disorders and symptomatology in this patient. Electrolytes must be monitored frequently during foscarnet therapy. Also, concomitant therapy with antianxiety medications that may mask the symptoms of electrolyte disorders should be undertaken with caution.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Interaction between a capacitor electrolyte and gamma-aluminum oxide studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.

The interaction between y-aluminum oxide and an ethylene glycol (EG) based capacitor electrolyte was investigated by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. It was found that only a few ingredients of the electrolyte react with the oxide (azelaic acid, poly(1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) (PVP), and phosphoric acid); the others act as pH or conductivity buffers (boric acid, ammonia, and water). The adsorption of azelaic acid and PVP from the electrolyte was studied as a function of temperature, pH, and time, and the result was compared to the adsorption from model solutions of simpler composition. The influence of other components such as phosphoric acid both in the electrolyte and on the aluminum oxide was also investigated, as was the presence of water. At low pH and high temperature (T > or = 105 degrees C) the acid formed an ester with EG and this product adsorbed on the oxide surface. The PVP was attached to the adsorbed azelaic acid by hydrophobic interaction, which is pH independent. Ester formation was found to be catalyzed by other electrolyte ingredients like boric acid. At high pH, surface adsorption of azelaic acid occurs through a deprotonated species, which is mainly coordinated through outer-sphere complexation. At high temperature or after a long equilibration time, the surface of the alumina changed, resulting in less adsorption of the organic substances, independent of pH. This change is due to a selective adsorption of phosphate species from the electrolyte, which block active surface sites.

Adsorption↗