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Using technology to educate deaf and hard of hearing children in rural Alaskan general education settings.

Teachers in Alaskan rural schools were surveyed on their use of instructional technology. The surveyed teachers included the entire population of certified elementary and secondary school classroom teachers of deaf and hard of hearing students in these schools. Respondents generally were older, more experienced, elementary level female teachers who were relatively well educated. Almost half of the respondents held special education certification; about 25% had an endorsement in deaf education. Data analysis indicates that educators who use instructional technology, either in curriculum or broad agenda formats, may be older, hold an advanced degree and secondary education certification, benefit from in-service training on site, are connected to the Internet, and actively use the technology available at their schools. Most of the surveyed educators identified lack of training in the use and integration of software as a barrier to increased classroom use of technology. Based on the study findings, recommendations are made concerning the training needs of teachers in rural Alaska.

Alaska↗

Continuing-education needs of the currently employed public health education workforce.

OBJECTIVES: This study examined the continuing-education needs of the currently employed public health education workforce. METHODS: A national consensus panel of leading health educators from public health agencies, academic institutions, and professional organizations was convened to examine the forces creating the context for the work of public health educators and the competencies they need to practice effectively. RESULTS: Advocacy; business management and finance; communication; community health planning and development, coalition building, and leadership; computing and technology; cultural competency; evaluation; and strategic planning were identified as areas of critical competence. CONCLUSIONS: Continuing education must strengthen a broad range of critical competencies and skills if we are to ensure the further development and effectiveness of the public health education workforce.

Credentialing↗

Educating students with mild handicaps in general classrooms: essential teaching practices for general and special educators.

This study was designed to identify and validate essential teaching practices needed by both general and special educators to successfully educate students with mild handicaps in general classrooms. An interdisciplinary panel of 105 experts, evenly divided into university-based and field-based participants from 35 states, identified 96 of 125 practices in six categories as being essential for effective teaching of mainstreamed students with mild handicaps. Based on a two-round Delphi procedure, a substantial majority (82%) of these teaching practices were seen as being essential for both general and special educators across all six rated categories. Panel ratings were significantly higher for special educators than general educators on four of the six categories. No significant differences in ratings were found for university-based versus field-based panelists, or for field-based panelists who were professionals directly involved in elementary or secondary teaching roles versus administrators, supervisors, and consultants. Based on essential teaching practices validated in this study, implications for preservice teacher preparation and staff development programs for general and special educators are discussed.

Persons with Disabilities↗

[Conceptions about microsurgical education. What were 5,460 hours of microsurgical basic education enough for?].

Microsurgical education has an involuting role in the respects both of the effective clinical and successful research work. In Hungarian literature little number of paper can be found that deal with microsurgical educational methods, their results and efficacy. In our department for several decades we have taught the basics of microsurgery at different education levels (graduate and postgraduate), giving the possibility for practicing and developing as well. In this paper we summarize our educational objective and subjective experiences of more than 10 years and 5460 education hours in microsurgical basic courses. Besides the numeric summaries it became clear that the teacher's or tutor's and the candidates' experience and their ability to attain the basics of microsurgery are very important. According to our experience the most effective method is the education in small groups: one tutor and 2-3 candidates can reach the final goal, the basic microsurgical skill.

Clinical Competence↗

Status of the predoctoral dental education program and its impact on graduate dental education.

This discussion paper prepared for the Task Force on Graduate (Postdoctoral) Dental Education generally describes the status of the current pre-doctoral dental program and its relationship with graduate dental education. Factors that have influenced the dental curriculum in the last ten years are presented. Major changes that have occurred and are projected to occur in the predoctoral program and their potential impact on graduate dental education are discussed. Some of the major issues facing dental education in general are outlined. A proposal is presented for greater flexibility in dental education, both at the predoctoral and advanced levels, which would permit more interaction among the several programs. This flexibility is presented not only from the standpoint of enhanced educational opportunities, but also from a cost-effective point of view.

Capital Financing↗

Restructuring education and its impact on medical education.

The United States has an education deficit that in the long term may be more harmful to the country than the serious budget and trade deficits. U.S. students are far less prepared in mathematics, chemistry, and physics than are their counterparts in Western Europe and Japan. The dropout rate among high school students, and the high and increasing rate of functional illiteracy, blight lives and represent an enormous economic loss to the nation. American education must be restructured at all levels so that local and federal funds can be used flexibly to pursue revised educational goals. Students and their families should be allowed to choose their elementary and secondary schools, and school management should be decentralized and more rooted in the community. The medical profession must become involved in elementary and secondary education, and medical faculty must be involved in their communities. Further, medical faculty must encourage minority students at all educational levels, must recruit minority medical students, and must increase the number of minority faculty members.

Education↗

Overview of geriatric distance education for academic courses and continuing education.

Distance education technologies may be applied to academic settings, continuing education/continuing medical education settings or in combination to both. This article provides an overview of what we have learned about academic and continuing education/continuing medical education in geriatrics and gerontology. It includes information on the scope of distance education, the strengths and challenges of distance education, and discusses issues related to technology, intellectual property, instructional design and curriculum development, collaborative effort, marketing, evaluation, and research.

Certification↗

Public education projects in skin cancer. The evolution of skin cancer prevention education for children at a comprehensive cancer center.

BACKGROUND: Skin cancer affects more Americans than any other type of cancer. Children are prime targets for prevention education, because sun overexposure in early childhood may affect the development of skin cancer later in life. Preventive behaviors adopted early in life may be less resistant to change than those acquired in adulthood. Thus, there is a need to educate children at an early age about sun overexposure. METHODS: This article describes the evolution of skin cancer prevention research at the Arizona Cancer Center, a National Cancer Institute--designated comprehensive cancer center. Research focusing on children is high-lighted. RESULTS: From its roots in the Arizona Sun Awareness Project, an informal public skin cancer education program, skin cancer prevention research at the Arizona Cancer Center has produced two developmentally appropriate, age-based curricula aimed at teaching children about the benefits and dangers of the sun. The elementary school curriculum, Sunny Days, Healthy Ways, has undergone two tests of feasibility and is the intervention used in a large, randomized, experimental trial. The preschool curriculum, Be Sun Safe, has been tested in a randomized trial and was found to have a positive effect on preschoolers' knowledge and comprehension of sun safety. CONCLUSIONS: Educating children about skin cancer may be an important way of decreasing the incidence of skin cancer. Although informal skin cancer prevention education can be helpful, educational programs preferably should be research based and evaluated for effectiveness before public distribution. The Arizona Cancer Center experience can serve as a model for other programs.

Adolescent↗

[Structured patient education in oncology. A prospective study for implementing and effectiveness of interdisciplinary psycho-educational group intervention at a German university clinic].

AIM: To identify the target group for a structured educational group intervention in an acute cancer care setting, and to prove its effectiveness. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Cancer patients were given an opportunity to join an educational group intervention lasting 3 weeks (consisting of six times 1 hour). The intervention consisted of two major components: health education and coping skills. Participating patients (intervention group; n = 51) and nonparticipants (control group; n = 57) were evaluated at the beginning, then 2 months and 4 months later by means of standardized questionnaires (EORTC QLQ-C30, TSK, HADS, Henrich's FTP). RESULTS: Lower social and educational status, nonurban residency, males, and unfavorable prognoses together with palliative treatment intention were found less frequently (p < 0.05) in the intervention group. In comparison to the control group, the intervention group patients were characterized by a significantly greater desire for information and by more treatment-related fear. Improvements in disease-specific knowledge, certain quality of life elements, and in coping occurred only in the intervention group. Increases in the incidence of depression were found only in the control group. CONCLUSION: Patients with a more favorable prognosis, and a higher social and educational status, are more likely to get structured educational group intervention in an acute cancer care setting. For this subset of patients this intervention proves effective. Its importance for the standard care of cancer should be further investigated.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

Nutrition education for risk factor reduction and patient education: a review.

Studies of adult nutrition education and counseling for weight reduction, diabetes, cancer, low-fat diets, sodium-restricted diets, and renal diets are reviewed and synthesized. Nutrition education consists of three phases: assessment or problem diagnosis, intervention, and evaluation and monitoring. This article examines the importance of accurate problem diagnosis, the use of behavioral and biological measures of nutrition education effectiveness, and the types and effects of reported strategies. In addition, the issues of maintaining behavioral changes, nutrition education providers and their training, and settings for nutrition education are discussed. Implications and suggestions for advances in practice, theory, and research in patient nutrition education are presented.

Body Weight↗

Comparison of two nutrition education approaches to reduce dietary fat intake and serum lipids reveals registered dietitians are effective at disseminating information regardless of the educational approach.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare an educational approach based on the Stages of Change Model with usual care education in reducing dietary fat intake and serum lipids in individuals with hyperlipidemia. DESIGN: A 40-week randomized control study was conducted. Four education sessions were provided on an outpatient basis during a 1-month period with follow-up every 6 weeks. PARTICIPANTS: The sample consisted of 141 men and women with hyperlipidemia (mean age 50+/-11 years and a mean body mass index of 30+/-6) randomly assigned to one of two education interventions. INTERVENTION: The stages of change group was provided with tailored dietary activities based on their readiness to change to reduce dietary fat intake. Dietary information and activities for the usual care program were developed for those individuals ready to make a change in their diets. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Serum lipids, anthropometric measures, readiness to change, dietary intake, and exercise data were assessed at baseline, 4, 16, 28, and 40 weeks. STATISTICAL ANALYSES: A repeated measures analysis of variance was used to compare differences between groups across time. RESULTS: Total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and body weight decreased significantly at 4 weeks (P<0.05) for both groups and were sustained over time, with no differences between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: The stages of change education approach was not more effective than the usual care education approach in decreasing dietary fat intake and serum lipids in a classroom setting.

Adult↗

Education, aging, and health: to what extent can the rise in educational level relieve the future health (care) burden associated with population aging in the Netherlands?

This article describes to what extent the expected rise in the educational level of the Dutch population can counterbalance the increases in the prevalence of ill-health and health care utilization based on the aging of the population for the period 1996-2020. Logistic regression models are used to estimate current differences in health (care utilization) by age, sex, and educational level, using data from the Netherlands Health Interview Survey. The current differences in health (care utilization) are applied to national projections of the composition of the population by age, sex, and educational level. Also, scenarios have been made in which the health differences by educational level are assumed to converge and diverge. The rise in the educational level counteracts the expected increases in ill-health based on population aging to a substantial degree (10-100%). We therefore recommend that in projections of ill-health also changes in educational level are taken into account.

Adult↗

Does Life Education's drug education programme have a public health benefit?

The Life Education organization offers a drug education programme to an estimated one million Australian primary schoolchildren. It is believed the programme delays experimentation with or initiation into smoking, alcohol use and the taking of analgesics. This study examined the short-term public health effects on 3000 11- and 12-year-old students, of whom 1700 were exposed to 5 consecutive years of the programme. The other 1300 students were not exposed to the programme. After controlling for the known predictors of social drug use there was no evidence that Life Education students, when compared with students receiving conventional school-based drug education, were less likely to have smoked, were less likely to have drunk or were less likely to have used analgesics. Indeed, the evidence suggested that Life Education-students were slightly more likely to use these substances, and that the programme had different effects on boys' and girls' drug use. Given that these findings are consistent with previous research evaluating similar drug education programmes, it is hypothesized they are most likely to do with the design of the programme itself.

Alcohol Drinking↗

A cancer education study in The Netherlands based on the AACE/NCI Cancer Education Survey.

A Dutch Cancer Education Study demonstrated that the data collection instruments developed for the U.S. AACE/NCI Cancer Education Survey could also be used for the same kind of studies in foreign countries. Where needed, the data collection instruments were modified to the Dutch national situation. In this way, an impression was obtained on several aspects concerning undergraduate cancer education in the Dutch medical schools. Based on the combined findings of the U.S. Cancer Education Survey and the Dutch Cancer Education Study, a number of recommendations can be made for application to student cancer education in The Netherlands.

Education, Medical, Undergraduate↗

HIV/AIDS education in further education: a survey.

This paper summarizes a report prepared for the Health Education Authority on the nature and extent of HIV/AIDS education in further education (FE) for the 16-19 age range. The results are based on a questionnaire survey of all the FE and tertiary colleges in England which was carried out by the authors in 1990. The main conclusion is that, although most colleges claim to be making some provision for HIV/AIDS education, such provision varies considerably, tends to be voluntary and, moreover, reaches very few students. Some factors do seem to enhance HIV/AIDS education, such as the appointment of a coordinator and the provision of in-service training, but many FE staff seem to question whether it is their role to provide education of such a non-specialist nature.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

Comparison between electro-acupuncture and hydrotherapy, both in combination with patient education and patient education alone, on the symptomatic treatment of osteoarthritis of the hip.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to evaluate the therapeutic effect of electro-acupuncture (EA) and hydrotherapy, both in combination with patient education or with patient education alone, in the treatment of osteoarthritis in the hip. METHODS: Forty-five patients, aged 42-86 years, with radiographic changes consistent with osteoarthritis in the hip, pain related to motion, pain on load, and ache were chosen. They were randomly allocated to EA, hydrotherapy, both in combination with patient education, or patient education alone. Outcome measures were the disability rating index (DRI), global self-rating index (GSI), and visual analogue scale (VAS). Assessments were done before the intervention and immediately after the last treatment and 1, 3, and 6 months after the last treatment. RESULTS: Pain related to motion and pain on load was reduced up to 3 months after last the treatment in the hydrotherapy group and up to 6 months in the EA group. Ache during the day was significantly improved in both the EA and hydrotherapy group up to 3 months after the last treatment. Ache during the night was reduced in the hydrotherapy group up to 3 months after the last treatment and in the EA group up to 6 months after. Disability in functional activities was improved in EA and hydrotherapy groups up to 6 months after the last treatment. Quality of life was also improved in EA and hydrotherapy groups up to 3 months after the last treatment. There were no changes in the education group alone. DISCUSSION: In conclusion, EA and hydrotherapy, both in combination with patient education, induce long-lasting effects, shown by reduced pain and ache and by increased functional activity and quality of life, as demonstrated by differences in the pre- and post-treatment assessments.

Adult↗

Staff educator RNs. Delivering unit-based education to bedside caregivers.

In an effort to enhance educational support to nursing service personnel at the unit level, administrators at Central DuPage Hospital in Winfield, IL, have created the staff educator RN position. The staff educator RN for each nursing unit is charged with coordinating and implementing all unit-based educational activities to meet assessed educational needs. This article describes the development of the staff educator RN role as well as rewards and challenges related to this role.

Hospital Units↗

The effect of the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education Duty Hours Policy on plastic surgery resident education and patient care: an outcomes study.

The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) Work-Hours Duty Policy became effective on July 1, 2003, mandating the reduction of resident duty work hours. The Baylor College of Medicine Multi-Institutional Integrated Plastic Surgery Program instituted a resident duty work-hours policy on July 1, 2002 (1 year ahead of the national mandate). Outcomes data are needed to facilitate continuous improvements in plastic surgical residency training while maintaining high-quality patient care. To assess the effect of this policy intervention on plastic surgery resident education as measured through the six core competencies and patient/resident safety, the investigators surveyed all categorical plastic surgery residents 6 months after implementation of the policy. This work represents the first empiric study investigating the effect of duty hours reduction on plastic surgery training and education. The categorical plastic surgery residents at the Baylor College of Medicine Multi-Institutional Integrated Plastic Surgery Program completed a 68-item survey on a five-point Likert scale (1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree). Residents were asked to rate multiple parameters based on the ACGME six core competencies, including statements on patient care and clinical/operative duties, resident education, resident quality of life, and resident perceptions on this policy. All surveys were completed anonymously. The sample size was n = 12 (program year 3 through program year 6), with a 100 percent response rate. Univariate and bivariate statistical analysis was conducted with SPSS version 10.0 statistical software. Specifically, interquartile deviations were used to find consensus among resident responses to each statement. Descriptive statistics indicated higher percentages of agreement on a majority of statements in three categories, including patient care and clinical/operative duties, academic duties, and resident quality of life. Using interquartile deviation, the highest levels of consensus among the residents were found in positive statements addressing resident alertness (both in and out of the operative environment), time to read/prepare for cases/conferences, efficacy of the didactic curriculum, and overall satisfaction with this policy for surgery resident education. Residents also felt that their patients favored this work hours policy. In addition, there was high consensus that this policy improved overall patient care. The majority of residents identified a negative effect of this policy through an increase in cross-coverage responsibilities, however, and half of the residents perceived that faculty negatively viewed their unavailability postcall. In addition, no consensus among the residents was achieved regarding perceptions on overall weekly operative experience. Plastic surgery residents perceived that the reduction of resident work hours through adherence to the ACGME guidelines has beneficial effects on patient care and clinical/operative duties, academic duties, and resident quality of life. Residents felt, however, that these benefits may increase cross-coverage workloads. Furthermore, residents were concerned about faculty perception of their changes in postcall duties. In contrast to previously published findings in the general surgery literature, the current results indicate that residents do not believe that this policy negatively affects continuity of patient care. In fact, the current findings suggest that adherence to this policy improves patient care on multiple levels. The effect on the operative experience remains to be elucidated. Further large-scale and longitudinal research design and analysis is warranted to better assess the results of the ACGME resident duty work-hours policy in plastic surgery resident education.

Accreditation↗