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PubMed1993

Parental divorce and the change in drinking behavior from high school to college.

192 men and 289 women (college students) provided information about their drinking behavior both currently and in their senior year in high school. These data were analyzed by students' sex and family structure. Currently men drank significantly more than women. No differences for family structure were noted. Students from divorced families drank less currently, while students from intact families drank more currently than they did as seniors in high school. This was true for more men than women. Results support the position that current drinking behavior may be associated with a decrease in parental or adult supervision which is experienced earlier for those whose parents have divorced and later (upon entering college) for those students whose parents have not divorced.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Divorce and dating violence revisited: multivariate analyses using Straus's conflict tactics subscores.

514 men and 891 women college students provided information concerning behaviors both they and their partners used within the prior six months to resolve conflicts in their relationships. Multivariate analyses assessed whether experiencing the divorce of one's parents would be associated with respondents' report of their own or their partners' conflict behaviors. Students from divorced families reported higher scores for their own behavior on the Violence subscale only, while they reported higher scores for their partners on both the Verbal Aggression and Violence subscales. These results suggest that coming from a divorced family may have lasting effects on later relationships of these individuals, particularly in conflict resolution.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1997

Parental divorce and narcissism among college students.

342 women and 225 men, undergraduate students, participated in a study to assess whether experiencing the divorce of one's parents affected narcissistic development. In a larger study on the long-term effects of divorce, these students completed the Narcissistic Personality Inventory. The analyses indicated that the scores for children from divorced families did not differ from the scores of children from intact families on any of the seven subscales.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Separation and distress--sickness absence and health screening in newly divorced middle-aged Swedish men.

The present study aimed at a description of the sickness absence pattern during 1982-1989 in 32 men who divorced in 1984. Another purpose was to carry through a health screening of the men within six months after the marital disruption focusing on risk factors concerning cardio-vascular disease (smoking, overweight, hypertension) and high alcohol consumption (elevated GGT). The year of divorce and the successive three years (1984-1987) were characterized by high sickness rates (average 21,7 days/year, variation 19,4-26,6) compared to a reference group (average 16,6, variation 14,9-18,1). In the remaining four years (1982-1983 and 1988-1989) the sickness absence was lower in the divorced group (average 12,2, variation 8,7-18,0, reference group: average 17,3, variation 14,8-20,0). The increase was mainly due to short absence periods (self-certifications). The health screening (health examination and record analysis) (n = 29) revealed high frequency of daily smoking and alcohol overconsumption. Overweight and hypertension were not overrepresented. The findings are discussed in relation to a supposed male reaction style to separation. The impact of social isolation is stressed.

Absenteeism↗
PubMed1999

Trends in the intergenerational transmission of divorce.

I use data from the 1973-1996 NORC General Social Survey to examine trends in the intergenerational transmission of divorce, the propensity for the children of divorce to end their own marriages. The rate of divorce transmission declined by almost 50% in the study period. This result was essentially unchanged by statistical controls for various personal and family background differences between respondents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Are associations between parental divorce and children's adjustment genetically mediated? An adoption study.

The hypothesis that the association between parental divorce and children's adjustment is mediated by genetic factors was examined in the Colorado Adoption Project, a prospective longitudinal study of 398 adoptive and biological families. In biological families, children who experienced their parents' separation by the age of 12 years exhibited higher rates of behavioral problems and substance use, and lower levels of achievement and social adjustment, compared with children whose parents' marriages remained intact. Similarly, adopted children who experienced their (adoptive) parents' divorces exhibited elevated levels of behavioral problems and substance use compared with adoptees whose parents did not separate, but there were no differences on achievement and social competence. The findings for psychopathology are consistent with an environmentally mediated explanation for the association between parent divorce and children's adjustment; in contrast, the findings for achievement and social adjustment are consistent with a genetically mediated explanation involving passive genotype-environment correlation.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2001

Parental divorce during adolescence and adjustment in early adulthood.

The present study examined the impact of parental divorce during adolescence, interparental conflict, and intimacy with parents on young adult adjustment. One hundred sixty-seven undergraduate students (146 females, 21 males) completed a questionnaire regarding their psychosocial adjustment, their present relationships with their parents, the level of interparental conflict experienced during adolescence, and the marital status of their parents during adolescence. High levels of interparental conflict were found to be negatively associated with adjustment and current intimacy with parents. A poor relationship with both parents was negatively associated with several domains of psychosocial adjustment, while high intimacy with at least one parent was positively associated with adjustment. Intimacy with mother and with father were found to be the most important predictors of psychosocial adjustment. This investigation highlights the importance of maintaining a good parent-young adult relationship, particularly in divorced families. The findings indicate that future research should examine multiple family variables when assessing the impact of parental divorce or conflict on young adult adjustment.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Impact of mortality decline on marital duration and length of post-dissolution life at different divorce levels.

"The effects of changing life span on certain life cycle measures of post-marital life are examined with the help of numerically computed values of such measures under various mortality and divorce levels. The results show that in the absence of divorce the increase in mean marital duration effected by a mortality decline is even greater than the increase in total post-marriage life. Thus, in such populations, the expected length of widowhood actually declines in spite of the fact that a greater proportion of women face widowhood as mortality falls. But this is not true for populations with moderate or high divorce levels, which would experience relatively smaller improvements in mean marital durations and consequently the length of post-dissolution life increases through a mortality decline in such populations." (SUMMARY IN FRE AND ITA)

Demography↗
PubMed1997

On gifts, payments and disputes: divorce and changing family structures in contemporary Britain.

"This article considers ethnographic data collected among divorcing men and women in Britain and adopts a Maussian view of exchange in order to understand the cultural dimensions of divorce in more depth. I argue that divorcing men and women express discontinuities and continuities in their relationships by means of particular kinds of exchanges. What is of particular interest is the way that former husbands and wives place discrepant and conflicting constructions on the transfer of money and material goods between them and between themselves and their children. The article illustrates these points by examining the conflicts between fathers, mothers and their children over the emotional and economic significance of particular transactions."

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Children of divorce: ways to heal the wounds.

Each year many children experience the trauma of parental divorce. Although postdivorce responses of children vary considerably in intensity and duration, distinct patterns related to developmental stages have been identified. Latency age and early adolescent children are particularly vulnerable to emotional sequelae, as evidenced by lowered self-esteem, declining sense of social competence, and a higher than usual propensity for substance abuse, depression, and suicide. Individual differences in adjustment are related to personal characteristics, qualities of the home and parenting environment, and resources and support systems available to the child; however, research findings suggest that parental conflict is the most significant predictor of long-term adjustment of children postdivorce. Interventions to reduce parental conflict and assist the child have been identified. The clinical nurse specialist can favorably influence adjustment outcome of children by informing divorcing parents of the potential effects of divorce on children and advocating appropriate interventions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Changes in widowhood and divorce and expected durations of marriage.

A new interpretation of mathematical formulas developed by Keyfitz illustrates how the concept of entropy (H) can be applied to the analysis of marriage dissolution. The quantities H(divorce) and H(widowhood) indicate the changes in marriage duration which would result from small, constant changes in duration-specific divorce and widowhood rates, respectively. An examination of values for the United States, Nepal and Colombia illustrates the utility of H(i) in assessing the impact of changes in widowhood and divorce and clarifies the relationship between H and changes in life expectancy.

Colombia↗
PubMed1978

The rise in divorce rates, 1960-1974: age-specific omponents.

This paper uses vital statistics data from 15 states in the Divorce Registration Area to decompose into age-specific components the rise in the aggregate divorce rate between 1960 and 1974. While women in their twenties comprise only about 20 percent of the married population, they appear to have contributed over 60 percent of the growth in the divorce rate during the decade of the sixties,

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Children and divorce: an approach for the pediatrician.

Pediatricians are often asked to assist families planning or undergoing divorce. Parents generally seek information regarding how and what to tell their children; others bring concerns about their children's emotional responses and subsequent behavior. This article reviews the more common responses of children and parents to the divorce process. Developmental concerns are highlighted, and possible responses to parental questions regarding problems of visitation, dating, and discipline are reviewed. The magnitude of the distress experienced by children of divorce may be related to the failure of parents to understand their children's responses and to provide comforting reassurances. The role of the pediatrician in relieving this distress by counseling parents is emphasized.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Childhood cancer: Parental discord and divorce.

Parents of 191 children who were treated for cancer over a seven-year period completed and returned a questionnaire concerning marital status. Contrary to the prediction of a high divorce rate among these families, the study found a person-year divorce rate of 1.19%. This is slightly lower than the 2.03% person-year divorce rate among married couples with children in the states of Kansas and Missouri. The Arnold sign indicator analysis of the Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory was used to measure marital stress in 38 intact couples whose children were treated for cancer. The study sample experienced more stress than a comparison group of 23 couples who had hemophilic children. Both of these populations had more stress than a normal standardization group but less than a standardization group of marriage counselees.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

[Expert opinion on the psychiatric status of children in divorce proceedings].

From 1969 to early 1979 the Psychiatric Policlinic for Children and Young Persons, University of Zurich, issued 41 judgements on the settlement of parental custody and access. The findings of the experts were compared with the court orders and the agreements and divergences recorded. Around 90% of the 68 subjects exhibited psychological disturbances. The children who were assessed during the divorce or separation process showed, on the whole, less serious disturbances than those examined during proceedings for change of an existing court order (access and custody). From the psychiatric viewpoint the wellbeing of the child in such cases necessarily outweighs the rights of the parental parties. In anticipation of the revision of divorce law it is proposed that the developing child be granted his/her own psychologically and educationally competent representative who would be committed to his/her interests and could, if necessary, request an alteration of the divorce order.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

[Role confusion in the post-divorce period].

After some fundamental conceptional thoughts about working with families affected by separation and divorce and an excursion into the sociology of divorce the fate of children from divorced families is at the center of attention in the casuistic part of the article. The author describes the intra-psychic consequences of contradicting tole expectations and loyalty attachments which especially boys are subjected to when they are seriously drawn into their parents' conflicts.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Enforcing divorce settlements: evidence from child support compliance and award modifications.

This paper uses an implicit contracting framework to understand the dynamic nature of divorce settlements and to analyze the determinants of noncompliance with child support awards. In addition to the standard economic variables that affect the noncustodial parent's (NCP's) ability to pay child support, our approach focuses on factors that may affect the NCP's desire to pay, such as the ongoing relationship between the two parents and between the NCP and the children. We also examine the "state-contingent" nature of child support payments and explore the factors that lead to modifications in child support agreements. Using a longitudinal data set collected by the Stanford Child Custody Project, the empirical analysis provides documentation that compliance by noncustodial fathers can vary substantially from month to month. In addition, we find that even within a short period after divorce, a substantial minority of parents agree to make informal modifications to their divorce settlement in response to changes in economic circumstances and in custodial arrangements.

California↗
PubMed1993

Justice for victims of spouse abuse in divorce and child custody cases.

Unequal power positions and domination-subordination roles of battering husbands and battered wives during marriage contaminate the process of separation and divorce. These dynamics may continue long after the marriages cease. Risks of extreme violence, rape, and homicide are highest when victims seek freedom. Because both victims and abusers construct a veil of secrecy while married, even if abused wives disclose the violence during the separation process, there may be nothing to substantiate their claims. Restraining orders often fail to restrain obsessed husbands; other husbands may get revenge by using their children as pawns. Attitudes favoring fathers' rights and joint custody may help win unfair financial advantages, and/or continued control over victims after divorce. Mandatory mediation in some states may give abusers additional advantages. Although some of these problems are being addressed with mechanisms to ameliorate them, the need to recognize problems facing battered wives in divorce and custody contexts has not received adequate attention. The purpose of this article is to provide a review and commentary on these issues.

Adult↗