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At least 325 records · Page 18Linked to original sources
PubMed1983

Dynamic NMR cardiac imaging in a piglet.

NMR echo-planar imaging (EPI) has been used in a realtime mode to visualise the thorax of a live piglet. Moving pictures are available on an immediate image display system which demonstrates dynamic cardiac function. Frame rates vary from one per cardiac cycle in a prospective stroboscopic mode with immediate visual output to a maximum of 10 frames per second yielding up to six looks in one piglet heart cycle, but using a visual playback mode. A completely new system has been used to obtain these images, features of which include a probe assembly with 22 cm access and an AP400 array processor for real-time data processing.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Peptidomics: the comprehensive analysis of peptides in complex biological mixtures.

Progress in the sequencing of genomes has resulted in an increasing demand for a functional analysis of gene products in order to understand the underlying physiology. Proteomics has established itself as a highly valuable technology for producing functionally related data in an unparalleled fashion, but is methodologically restricted to the analysis of proteins with higher molecular masses (>10 kDa). The development of a technology which covers peptides with low molecular weight and small proteins (0.5 to 15 kDa) was necessary, since peptides, amongst them families of hormones, cytokines and growth factors, play a central role in many biological processes. To summarise the technologies used for this approach the term "peptidomics" is introduced. In this article, we present the rationale and first results of a novel, universal peptide display approach for the analysis and visualisation of peptides and small proteins from biological samples. Special attention is given to samples derived from extracellular fluids such as blood plasma and cerebrospinal fluid. Additionally, a high throughput identification procedure for the analysis of peptides in their native and processed molecular form is outlined.

Combinatorial Chemistry Techniques↗
PubMed1991

Detection of human spermatid-specific transcripts in peripheral blood lymphocytes of males and females.

We describe the detection of ectopic ("illegitimate") transcripts of the proacrosin and protamine 2 genes, which are specific for human spermatogenesis, in non-cultured peripheral blood lymphocytes. After specifically-primed reverse transcription of total lymphocyte RNA, these rare transcripts can be directly visualised after two rounds of polymerase chain reaction with nested primers. Sequence and restriction analyses of the corresponding fragments have confirmed that transcripts of proacrosin and protamine 2 are present in the lymphocytes not only of males, but also of adult females.

Acrosin↗
PubMed1995

The expression of proenkephalin and prodynorphin genes and the induction of c-fos gene by dopaminergic drugs are not altered in the straitum of MPTP-treated mice.

The expression of proenkephalin (PENK), prodynorphin (PDYN) and c-fos genes was studied in the striatum of C57B1/6 mice treated with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6,-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), which are used as a rodent model of Parkinson's disease (PD). Two weeks after systemic administration of MPTP (2 x 40 mg/kg, s.c. 18h apart), the lesion of the substantia nigra (SN) could be visualised by loss of the nigral tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) mRNA hybridization signal and by a 91% decrease in striatal dopamine levels. The levels of PENK and PDYN mRNAs were not significantly changed in the striatum of the lesioned mice, as compared to non-treated controls. The induction of the immediate early gene c-fos by the dopamine D2 receptor antagonist haloperidol was not altered, while the selective D1 receptor agonist SKF 38393 failed to induce c-fos in the striatum of MPTP-treated mice. These results are in contrast to the data concerning rats with the 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesion of the SN, which serve as another rodent model of PD. In the striata of 6-OHDA-lesioned rats, PENK gene is upregulated, PDYN gene is down-regulated and the induction of c-fos gene by D2 receptor antagonists is abolished, whereas selective D1 receptor agonists induce c-fos gene, which does not occur in non-lesioned rats. We presume that the lack of influence of the MPTP lesion in mice on the striatal gene expression was mainly caused by insufficient dopamine depletion in the striatum, which could not be increased in this model. The importance of the changes observed in 6-OHDA-lesioned rats has been discussed in the context of the mouse and primate MPTP models of PD.

1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine↗
PubMed1992

[Gait analysis--a prerequisite for general movement analysis].

Our system for analysis of gait is a combined visualisation of angular velocities in any joint with dynamic measurements of pressure at the sole while walking in a natural surrounding. Infrared reflectors are attached to chosen parts of the body. Their position in space is sampled over time and transferred to an easily manageable personal computer that visualizes motion in progression as angular velocities. Pressure at the sole is measured by pressure sensors. The magnitude of force is expressed as calibrated circular areas following the dynamic course of gait. The system is accurate and easily operated. The time necessary for measurements and evaluation of data as well as the costs render an application in daily clinical work acceptable.

Foot↗
PubMed2000

The use of cerebral blood flow as an index of neuronal activity in functional neuroimaging: experimental and pathophysiological considerations.

Over recent years, activation studies that have been undertaken using brain imaging techniques, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography or near infrared spectroscopy, have greatly improved our knowledge of the functional anatomy of the brain. Nevertheless, activation studies do not directly quantify the variations of synaptic transmission (neuronal activity) but detect it indirectly either through the visualisation of changes in cerebral blood flow, oxidative or glycolytic metabolism (for positron emission tomography), or through the measurement of a global index that is dependent on both cerebral blood flow and oxidative metabolism (for functional magnetic resonance imaging and near infrared spectroscopy). Such approaches are based on the concept of a tight parallelism--termed coupling--between variations in neuronal activity, metabolism and cerebral blood flow. However, several "uncoupled" situations between these parameters have been reported over the last decade through experimental, pharmacological and pathophysiological studies. The aim of this review is to focus on these data that have to be taken into account for the interpretation of the results obtained in activation paradigms.

Alzheimer Disease↗
PubMed1994

Investigation of subjects with abnormal iron studies: role of the hepatic iron index.

AIM: Genetic haemochromatosis is a common disorder resulting in increased iron deposition in the liver and other organs but can be difficult to diagnose. The aim of this study was to assess the diagnostic value of the conventional tests for iron overload (percentage saturation of transferrin, serum ferritin and grading of iron staining on liver biopsy) and compare these with the newer quantitative biochemical measurements of liver iron. METHOD: A retrospective analysis was made of 108 consecutive patients referred for quantitative liver iron measurements. Iron studies were obtained in 66 of the 108 subjects of whom 60 had abnormal screening tests defined as percent saturation of transferrin (> 60%) and/or ferritin > 350 micrograms/L for females and > 450 micrograms/L for males. Based on clinical features, biochemical data and treatment outcome these 60 subjects were classified as either genetic haemochromatosis, nongenetic haemochromatosis or indeterminate. One patient with treated genetic haemochromatosis was excluded from subsequent analysis. RESULTS: Although the serum ferritin (p < 0.002), percentage saturation of transferrin (p < 0.001), histological iron grade (p < 0.0001) were significantly higher in the genetic haemochromatosis than nongenetic haemochromatosis group there was considerable overlap. Similarly for the hepatic iron concentration (HIC) (p < 0.0001) overlap occurred. The hepatic iron index (HIC/age) gave the best separation with only three cases being misclassified. A correlation between the HII and histological iron index (visualised iron score corrected for age) in 15 subjects gave an r value of 0.72. CONCLUSION: Based on this study we feel that in addition to visual grading of iron in liver biopsies, the hepatic iron index is helpful in establishing a diagnosis of genetic haemochromatosis.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Opposing motor activities of dynein and kinesin determine retention and transport of MHC class II-containing compartments.

MHC class II molecules exert their function at the cell surface by presenting to T cells antigenic fragments that are generated in the endosomal pathway. The class II molecules are targetted to early lysosomal structures, termed MIIC, where they interact with antigenic fragments and are subsequently transported to the cell surface. We previously visualised vesicular transport of MHC class II-containing early lysosomes from the microtubule organising centre (MTOC) region towards the cell surface in living cells. Here we show that the MIIC move bidirectionally in a 'stop-and-go' fashion. Overexpression of a motor head-deleted kinesin inhibited MIIC motility, showing that kinesin is the motor that drives its plus end transport towards the cell periphery. Cytoplasmic dynein mediates the return of vesicles to the MTOC area and effectively retains the vesicles at this location, as assessed by inactivation of dynein by overexpression of dynamitin. Our data suggest a retention mechanism that determines the perinuclear accumulation of MIIC, which is the result of dynein activity being superior over kinesin activity. The bidirectional nature of MIIC movement is the result of both kinesin and dynein acting reciprocally on the MIIC during its transport. The motors may be the ultimate targets of regulatory kinases since the protein kinase inhibitor staurosporine induces a massive release of lysosomal vesicles from the MTOC region that is morphologically similar to that observed after inactivation of the dynein motor.

Antibodies↗
PubMed1998

Some periodontological parameters in patients with oesophagogastric passage insufficiency.

The aim of this study was to examine the state of oral hygiene (OHI), the presence of tooth calculus and the condition of the gingiva on the group of 101 patient with oesophagogastric passage insufficiency. The control was group of 78 examines without clinical signs of oesophagogastric disease. The plaque was visualised by plaque revelator and recorded on each tooth. The calculus and condition of gingiva was determined according to the modified instruction of WHO, 1987. Both parameters were determined for each sextant of upper and lower jaw. The results of the OHI on the patients with oesophagogastric passage insufficiency (0.3, SD 0.126) was statistically different (p < 0.01) in comparison with control group (0.51, SD 0.25). Pathological changes of gingiva were more prominent in patient with insufficiency and that difference was statistically significant (p < 0.05). Calculus was more evident in control group but statistically insignificant (p < 0.1). The data show that insufficiency of oesophagogastric passage can cause pathological changes of gingiva while the lower OHI and less prominent calculus could be explained probably by better oral hygiene of patients because of bad taste in mouths.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Radionuclide imaging of abomasal emptying in sheep.

A liquid radionuclide tracer was administered to nine sheep in order to visualise the abomasum with a gamma camera computer system. The aim was to develop a method of studying gastric emptying, with minimal surgical intervention. Oral administration of the tracer gave good images of the whole complex stomach, but quantifying abomasal emptying was not possible because of the superimposition of the stomach compartments. When the reticular groove reflex was stimulated with oral copper sulphate the radionuclide bypassed the reticulorumen, allowing quantitative analysis of abomasal activity. However, the repeatability of the reflex activation was low. Radionuclide administered directly into the abomasum produced good images of abomasal outflow and provided digital data which were analysed quantitatively. A wide range of emptying rates was observed, generally with a stepped pattern.

Abomasum↗
PubMed1998

Role of endoscopic ultrasound in the preoperative assessment of patients with oesophageal cancer.

Despite encouraging results from Europe and America, endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) has yet to become established in the United Kingdom. The aims of this prospective study were to investigate its value in the assessment of patients with benign and malignant oesophageal conditions, and in particular to assess its reliability for local tumour (T) and lymph node (N) staging in patients with oesophageal cancer. EUS was performed in 90 patients: 23 were normal controls, 17 had benign oesophageal diseases and 50 had operable oesophageal cancer. Detailed measurements of the oesophageal wall and regional nodes were made and the accuracy of EUS for locoregional tumour staging was compared with final histology. EUS visualised the normal oesophageal wall as a multilayered structure, thicker distally than proximally. Distal stenotic conditions caused thickening of the proximal wall and loss of this gradient. EUS was highly accurate for both local tumour (92% correct) and lymph node staging (86% correct) and was better than computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and open staging performed by the surgeon. Fine needle aspiration biopsy using radial scanning EUS guidance was shown to be feasible. EUS is a valuable technique for investigation of both benign and malignant oesophageal conditions. It provides highly accurate local tumour and regional lymph node staging data in patients with oesophageal cancer.

Endosonography↗
PubMed1995

Two-stage model for integration of the lysis protein E of phi X174 into the cell envelope of Escherichia coli.

As a tool for determining the topology of the small, 91-amino acid phi X174 lysis protein E within the envelope complex of Escherichia coli, a lysis active fusion of protein E with streptavidin (E-FXa-StrpA) was used. The E-FXa-StrpA fusion protein was visualised using immune electron microscopy with gold-conjugated anti-streptavidin antibodies within the envelope complex in different orientations. At the distinct areas of lysis characteristic for protein E, the C-terminal end of the fusion protein was detected at the surface of the outer membrane, whereas at other areas the C-terminal portion of the protein was located at the cytoplasmic side of the inner membrane. These results suggest that a conformational change of protein E is necessary to induce the lysis process, an assumption supported by proteinase K protection studies. The immune electron microscopic data and the proteinase K accessibility studies of the E-FXa-StrA fusion protein were used for the working model of the E-mediated lysis divided into three phases: phase 1 is characterised by integration of protein E into the inner membrane without a cytoplasmic status in a conformation with its C-terminal part facing the cytoplasmic side; phase 2 is characterised by a conformational change of the protein transferring the C-terminus across the inner membrane; phase 3 is characterised by a fusion of the inner and outer membranes and is associated with a transfer of the C-terminal domain of protein E towards the surface of the outer membrane of E. coli.

Bacteriolysis↗
PubMed2000

Expression of tissue kallikrein and kinin receptors in angiogenic microvascular endothelial cells.

Angiogenesis is the sprouting of new capillary blood vessels from pre-existing ones. The kinin family of vasoactive peptides, formed by the serine protease tissue kallikrein from its endogenous multifunctional protein substrate kininogen, is believed to regulate the angiogenic process. The aim of this study was to determine the expression of tissue kallikrein and kinin receptors in an in vitro model of angiogenesis. Microvascular endothelial cells from the bovine mature and regressing corpus luteum were used only if they reacted with known endothelial cell markers. At first the cultured endothelial cells began sprouting, and within four weeks formed three-dimensional, capillary-like structures. Immunolabelling for tissue prokallikrein and the mature enzyme was intense in the angiogenic endothelial cells derived from mature corpora lutea. Immunoreactivity was lower in non-angiogenic endothelial cells and least in angiogenic endothelial cultures of the regressing corpus luteum. Additionally, using specific antisense DIG-labelled probes, tissue kallikrein mRNA was demonstrated in cells of the angiogenic phenotype. Immunolabelled kinin B2 receptors, but not kinin B1 receptors, were visualised on angiogenic endothelial cells. Our results suggest an important regulatory role for kinins in the multiple steps of the angiogenic cascade that may occur in wound healing and cancer cell growth.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1994

Use of porcine interspersed repeat sequences in PCR-mediated genotyping.

PCR primers derived from porcine short and long interspersed repeat sequences were used to amplify DNA samples isolated from individual members of three-generation pig reference pedigrees. Subsequent high-resolution gel electrophoresis of both SINE and LINE-PCR products allowed direct visualisation of polymorphisms that segregated in a Mendelian manner. Additional polymorphisms were detected by Southern blotting of the gels described above followed by hybridization with simple sequence DNA. Genotyping by interspersed repeat-PCR exploits the natural architecture of the pig genome and allows the typing of polymorphisms by utilizing pre-existing sequence information.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

The structure of bacteriorhodopsin at 3.0 A resolution based on electron crystallography: implication of the charge distribution.

Electron crystallography has the potential to visualise the charge status of atoms. This is due to the significantly different scattering factors of neutral and ionised atoms for electrons in the low-resolution range (typically less than 5 A). In previous work, we observed two different types of densities around acidic residues in the experimental (|Fo|) map of bacteriorhodopsin (bR), a light-driven proton pump. We suggested that these might reflect different states of the acidic residues; namely, the protonated (neutral) and the deprotonated (negatively charged) state. To evaluate the observed charge more quantitatively, we refined the atomic model for bR and eight surrounding lipids using our electron crystallographic data set between 8.0 and 3.0 A resolution, where the charge effect is small. The refined model yielded an R-factor of 23.7% and a free R-factor of 33.0%. To evaluate the effect of charges on the density map, we calculated a difference (|Fo|-|Fc|) map including data of a resolution lower than 8.0 A resolution, where the charge effect is significant. We found strong peaks in the difference map mainly in the backbone region of the transmembrane helices. We interpreted these peaks to come from the polarisation of the polar groups in the main chain of the alpha-helices and we examined this by assuming a partial charge of 0.5 for the peptide carbonyl groups. The resulting R and free R-factors dropped from 0.250 and 0.341 to 0.246 and 0.336, respectively. Furthermore, we also observed some strong peaks around some side-chains, which could be assigned to positively charged atoms. Thus, we could show that Asp36 and Asp102 are likely to interact with cations nearby. In addition, peaks found around the acidic residues Glu74, Glu194 and Glu212 have different features and might represent positive charges on polarised water molecules or hydroxonium ions.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2000

The usefulness of radiographs in diagnosis and management of periodontal diseases: a review.

OBJECTIVES: To review the periodontally significant diagnostic information obtainable from radiographs and the stages during periodontal therapy when the information may influence patient management and treatment outcomes. DATA: Confined to studies involving conventional radiography, as this remains the commonest imaging method in clinical dental practice and primary dental care setting. SOURCES: Literature was reviewed using Medline and manual tracing of references cited in key papers not otherwise elicited. STUDY SELECTION: Studies were selected in order to (i) define the role of radiographs in periodontal diagnosis and management at the initial, corrective and supportive (maintenance) phases of periodontal therapy and (ii) critically review the evidence for the value added by radiographs. CONCLUSIONS: Radiographs provide diagnostic information on alveolar bone levels, plaque retention factors, caries, furcation defects, subgingival calculus and additional pathology. Features visualised are dependent on the radiographic view. A relationship exists between probing attachment loss and radiographic bone height, with a range in level of correlation; clinical attachment may correspond more closely to surgical measurements of bone height. Radiographs can be used in planning initial, corrective and supportive phases of therapy, though some decisions may be made on clinical assessments alone. Evidence in the literature on benefit gained from radiographs taken for periodontal patients is sparse; the extent to which they influence the treatment provided and treatment outcomes is poorly addressed. Further research is indicated to define the role of radiographs when managing the periodontal patient to maximise the potential gain for the patient.

Evidence-Based Medicine↗
PubMed1985

Post mortem uterine arteriography and in vivo angiographic diagnosis.

Arteriography of the small pelvis was done to obtain exact data on the extension of uterine tumours. Some findings were useful in differential diagnostics in vivo. The borderline between the uterine corpus and collum cannot be characterized by the elbow of the uterine artery (the end of its parametrian part) but by the most medial loop of the ascending part of the vessel, coinciding with the end of the cervical canal. The cervix gets its blood supply from the uterine artery only in two-thirds of the cases and even if so, the cervico-vaginal branch takes its origin not from the isthmic but from the parametrian part of the uterine artery. Visualisation of small arteries in the parametrium is difficult in vivo mostly because of their modest vascularity.

Angiography↗
PubMed2000

Lack of CD95/FAS gene somatic mutations in extranodal, nodal and splenic marginal zone B cell lymphomas.

Germline CD95 (also known as FAS, APT1 and APO1) gene mutations have been associated with benign lymphoproliferative diseases and autoimmune processes. Somatic mutations have been reported in human tumours, including lymphomas. Since marginal zone B cell lymphomas usually arise in a background of chronic inflammation, often of autoimmune origin, we searched for CD95 gene mutations in an unselected series of marginal zone B cell lymphomas. The CD95/FAS full coding region, comprising exon-intron junctions, was amplified from genomic DNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in 10 separate reactions. PCR products were analysed by single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) and visualised by silver staining. Bands exhibiting an altered electrophoretic mobility were sequenced. Twenty-seven cases of marginal zone B cell lymphomas of whom fresh or frozen tumour material was available (18 extranodal, five splenic and four nodal) were studied. Previously described silent polymorphisms in exons 7 (C836T) and 3 (T416C) were detected in 42% and in 19% of the cases, respectively. One silent T-to-A substitution at bp 431, within exon 3, was found in one case. Our results did not reveal the presence of CD95 somatic mutations in unselected cases of marginal zone B cell lymphomas. On the basis of our data, we cannot rule out that other genes coding for proteins involved in the CD95-induced apoptotic pathway might be altered. However, this pathway does not seem to play an important role in the pathogenesis of these lymphoma subtypes.

Antigens, Neoplasm↗