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PubMed1993

Challenging contrasts: scientists and nurses.

Quality teaching requires insights into learners' perceptions of the subject matter and those professionals who use it. Practitioners can benefit from knowledge of how they are perceived generally in society, which provides insight into their own performance. In a paper related to this one, the authors generated data about science and scientists from 229 short stories about science by Australian secondary students. The findings were similar to other image research about scientists and science. The authors then surveyed literature about the image of nurses and nursing. This revealed strongly contrasting images for science/scientists and nurse/nursing. This paper documents the contrasts and explores the implications for science educators working in Schools of Nursing.

Australia↗
PubMed2003

[How to improve the initial management of adult patients with tumors of bone and soft tissues: the experience of a multidisciplinary committee from the Oncolor network before the distribution of regional guidelines].

Tumors of bone and soft tissues in adults are rare accounting in France for 2000 to 2500 new cases per year. These tumors are heterogenous and their diagnosis is made after first surgery. Therefore, an early pluridisciplinary approach, by physicians who have acquired an expertise in this field, is advised before any biopsy or surgical resection and at all the further step in the subfrequent management. This paper describes the experience of a pluridisciplinary committee, specialized in malignant tumors of bone and soft tissues in adults, with a highly specialized team which is part of a network in the treatment of cancer in Lorraine, the Oncolor network, before the distribution of regional guidelines. After a description of the organisation of this committee, we made a retrospective analysis of all the cases submitted to these experts advice for the first time, between January and December 2000. This study reveals an insufficient pluridisciplinary coordination at the initial management, which has been done by making regional referentials available, and therefore some errors which lead in some cases to inadapted treatment. It underlines therefore the necessity to implement more actively the present data of science, and to develop the management in multidisciplinary committees. Oncolor aims to harmonize this pluridisciplinary approach as well as to diffuse standard recommendations.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Comparisons of Physicians' and Nurses' Attitudes towards Computers.

Before starting the implementation of integrated hospital information systems, the physicians' and nurses' attitudes towards computers were measured by means of a questionnaire. The study was conducted in Dubrava University Hospital, Zagreb in Croatia. Out of 194 respondents, 141 were nurses and 53 physicians, randomly selected. They surveyed by an anonymous questionnaire consisting of 8 closed questions about demographic data, computer science education and computer usage, and 30 statements on attitudes towards computers. The statements were adapted to a Likert type scale. Differences in attitudes towards computers between groups were compared using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann Whitney test for post-hoc analysis. The total score presented attitudes toward computers. Physicians' total score was 130 (97-144), while nurses' total score was 123 (88-141). It points that the average answer to all statements was between "agree" and "strongly agree", and these high total scores indicated their positive attitudes. Age, computer science education and computer usage were important factors witch enhances the total score. Younger physicians and nurses with computer science education and with previous computer experience had more positive attitudes towards computers than others. Our results are important for planning and implementation of integrated hospital information systems in Croatia.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1992

[Number of animals used in experiments in 1990--results of a survey--JALAS Working Group for Laboratory Animal Data Bank, Tokyo and Life Science Research Information Section, The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research, Saitama].

A survey on the number of animals used in experiments including bioassay, diagnosis, education and preparation of biological agents such as vaccine between April 1990 and March 1991 was conducted. Out of 849 universities, institutes, testing laboratories and companies, 607 replies were received. The distribution of the number of animals is shown in the following tables. [tables; see text]

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Three-dimensional medical imaging modalities: an overview.

Three-dimensional medical imaging modalities are reviewed with respect to their underlying science, data-gathering procedure, data interpretation, and image quality. A description of the main components of each data-gathering system is provided, and a brief history of the development of each modality is presented.

Diagnostic Imaging↗
PubMed1996

[The periods of actual bed occupancy per year and the length of stay of surgical patients in the hospital].

Taking into account the lack of science-reasonable data about average number of days of bed capacity in year and average number of days of various patient treatment in the hospital, the attempt is undertaken to substantiate these parameters in reference to DM of RF central military medicine institutions. In result of lead research it was established, that average terms of bed capacity in central military hospitals during the last 5 years were 310 days. Average patient terms of treatment differ essentially depending on age and contingent, that is necessary to take into account to define hospital bed requirement norms.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Fatal familial insomnia around the world. Introduction.

Despite decades of research, much intensified in recent years, transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) or prion diseases have remained enigmatic in many aspects. Among these, the intricate connection between infectivity and genetics, genotype-phenotype correlation, and pathogenesis of brain damage are major problems in need of clarification. Fatal familial insomnia (FFI) appears as an ideal model situation for answering some of these problems: it has been understood to have a distinctive clinicopathological phenotype based on a specific genotype as well as transmissibility. However, as always with good science, new data prompts more questions than it is able to answer. The following survey of FFI cases in Europe and around the world is no exception from this rule.

Brain↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Biophysics and history].

The results of Chijevsky's study of correlation between solar activity maxima and social disturbances are confirmed now using modern technology and large historical data. There are some other evidences of the reality this relation. The main conclusion is that the creation of new philosophy of history is necessary taking into account natural data's sciences.

Biophysics↗
PubMed1999

Measurements of journal use: an analysis of the correlations between three methods.

Rapid journal price increases have made essential that libraries have reliable and efficient measures of the importance of individual journals to local clientele. Three key measures are in-house use, circulation, and citation by faculty. This paper examines the correlations between these three measures at an academic health sciences library. Data were gathered from 1992 to 1994 using each of the three methods. Each set of data was compared with the other two, and for each pair of data sets both Spearman Rank Order and Pearson Product-Moment correlation coefficients were calculated to examine the degree of correlation between the two sets. All of the correlation coefficients were positive and statistically significant (P < 0.0001). This information suggests that if gathering many types of use data is impractical, one method may be used with the confidence that it correlates with other types of use. Visual inspection of the data confirms this with one exception: many clinical review titles tend to have a low local citation rate but high in-house use and circulation rates, suggesting that these are being used for educational and clinical purposes but not for research.

Budgets↗
PubMed2006

Data withholding in genetics and the other life sciences: prevalences and predictors.

PURPOSE: To better understand the variety and prevalence of data withholding in genetics and the other life sciences and to explore factors associated with these behaviors. METHOD: In 2000, a sample of 2,893 geneticists and other life scientists (OLS) at the 100 most research-intensive universities in the United States were surveyed concerning data withholding and sharing. The instrument was developed and pretested in 1999. The two primary outcome measures were withholding in verbal exchanges with colleagues about unpublished research (verbal withholding) and withholding as part of the publishing process (publishing withholding). The independent variables related to the personal characteristics, research characteristics of faculty, and previous experience with data withholding. RESULTS: A total of 1,849 faculty responded (64%): 1,240 geneticists and 600 OLS. Forty-four percent of geneticists and 32% of OLS reported participating in any one of 13 forms of data withholding in the three previous years. Publishing withholding (geneticists 35%, OLS 25%) was more frequent than verbal withholding (geneticists 23%, OLS 12%). In multivariate analyses, male gender, participation in relationships with industry, mentors' discouraging data sharing, receipt of formal instruction in data sharing, and negative past experience with sharing were significantly associated with either verbal or publishing withholding among either geneticists or OLS. CONCLUSIONS: Data withholding is common in biomedical science, takes multiple forms, is influenced by a variety of characteristics of investigators and their training, and varies by field of science. Encouraging openness during the formative experiences of young investigators may be critical to increased data sharing, but the effects of formal training do not appear straightforward.

Access to Information↗
PubMed2003

The effect of missing data on estimating a respondent's location using ratings data.

In social science research there are a number of instruments that utilize a rating scale such as a Likert response scale. For a number of reasons a respondent's response vector may not contain responses to each item. This study investigated the effect on a respondent's location estimate when a respondent is presented an item, has ample time to answer the item, but decides to not respond to the item. For these situations different strategies have been developed for handling missing data. In this study, four different approaches for handling missing data were investigated for their capability to mitigate against the effect of omitted responses on person location estimation. These methods included ignoring the omitted response, selecting the "midpoint" response category, hot-decking, and a Likelihood-based approach. A Monte Carlo study was performed and the effect of different levels of omissions on the simulees' location estimates was determined. Results showed that the hot-decking procedure performed the best of methods examined. Implications for practitioners were discussed.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Publication rates in U.S. schools and colleges of pharmacy, 1976-1992.

To establish publication rates of U.S. schools and colleges of pharmacy (SCOP) for 1976-1992, we obtained data from the Science Citation Index (SCI) Corporate Index. The SCI data base covers the top 4500 journals in the technical and scientific fields. Citations were counted without regard to publication type (letter, abstract, review, etc.). Duplicative publications were eliminated. Faculty counts were obtained from the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy Roster of Faculty and Staff for the inclusive years. Total publications for all schools increased over 100% from 1976 to 1992, and the number of faculty members increased by 40% during that time. However, only 12 (16%) of the SCOP averaged 50 or more publications/year, whereas 43 (59%) averaged fewer than 20. Data were also normalized by full-time faculty members. Only 13 (18%) SCOP averaged 1.0 or more publication/faculty/year, and 38 (52%) averaged fewer than 0.5. Publication rates were greater for medical center-based than for nonmedical center-based SCOP (p < 0.05), and for public than for private SCOP (p < 0.05). These data suggest that over half of the existing SCOP are minimally productive, generating less than 20 publications/year or 0.5 publication/faculty/year.

Faculty↗
PubMed2004

Information system architectures for syndromic surveillance.

INTRODUCTION: Public health agencies are developing the capacity to automatically acquire, integrate, and analyze clinical information for disease surveillance. The design of such surveillance systems might benefit from the incorporation of advanced architectures developed for biomedical data integration. Data integration is not unique to public health, and both information technology and academic research should influence development of these systems. OBJECTIVES: The goal of this paper is to describe the essential architectural components of a syndromic surveillance information system and discuss existing and potential architectural approaches to data integration. METHODS: This paper examines the role of data elements, vocabulary standards, data extraction, transport and security, transformation and normalization, and analysis data sets in developing disease-surveillance systems. It then discusses automated surveillance systems in the context of biomedical and computer science research in data integration, both to characterize existing systems and to indicate potential avenues of investigation to build systems that support public health practice. RESULTS: The Public Health Information Network (PHIN) identifies best practices for essential architectural components of a syndromic surveillance system. A schema for classifying biomedical data-integration software is useful for classifying present approaches to syndromic surveillance and for describing architectural variation. CONCLUSIONS: Public health informatics and computer science research in data-integration systems can supplement approaches recommended by PHIN and provide information for future public health surveillance systems.

Bioterrorism↗
PubMed1994

Current logistics of acute burn care in Singapore.

OBJECTIVE: To study logistic requirements in acute burn care in Singapore and to correlate statistics on fire, unnatural deaths and burns. DESIGN: Fire data (from Singapore Fire Safety Bureau), mortality data (from Institute of Science & Forensic Medicine) and burn data (from Burns Centre, Singapore General Hospital) were studied. SETTING: Severe burn victims often require prolonged treatment. Useful data was obtained in a 1,500-bed restructured government hospital. PARTICIPANTS: All reported and investigated fire incidents, coroner enquiries of unnatural deaths and admitted burn patients. INTERVENTION: General burn data obtained retrospectively from 398 burn admissions in 1988 and logistic burn data from 41 patients requiring fluid replacement regime. RESULTS: Fire data showed one burn admission in every 12 fires (398/4718), one burn death in every 314 fires (15/4174) or 55 unnatural deaths (15/828). Mortality data showed 15 burn deaths, two prior to admission, 7/13 admitted died of suicidal injuries and mortality rate was 3.3% (national annual average is 1.9%). General burn data showed adults 76% and children 24%, 3:1 male predominance; scalds (46%), fire (32%), explosions (11%) and others (11%). Seventy-eight patients (adults 58, children 20) required fluid resuscitation. Logistic burn data (average burn 35%, 28 partial thickness and 13 full thickness burns) were: ALOS 19.5 days, 2.4 major operations per patient (range 2-7), 56 minor procedures and 2.9 L blood transfusion per patient (those who were operated required 3.8 L and those not operated, 1 L per patient). Blood investigations increased with severity and pattern of injury, Acinetobacter species was commonest microorganisms, antibiotics were used in 66% of patients and commonest burn dressings were tullegra (T/G), followed by T/G with silverzine. CONCLUSION: Data presented useful for correlation of fire, mortality and burn statistics, resource allocation and new burn facility establishment.

Blood Transfusion↗