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PubMed1997

[Identification of herba taraxaci and its adulterants in Hong Kong market by DNA fingerprinting with random primed PCR].

DNA fingerprinting for Taraxacum mongolicum and its adulterants of six species of Compositae was demonstrated with random-primed polymerase chain reaction (PCR) including arbitrarily-primed PCR (AP-PCR) and random-amplified polymorphic DNA(RAPD). Distinctive genomic fingerprints from DNA of Taraxacum mongolicum and its adulterants were generated with two long (20-24 mer) and one short (10 mer) random-chosen primers Taraxacum mongolicum can be distinguished from six adulterants according to the banding patterns of their amplified DNA on agarose gels. Moreover, that Taraxacum mongolicum and its adulterant are unrelated. The Similarity Indexes values of the genomic fingerprints. Results showed AP-PCR and RAPD might be used for identifying Chinese drugs.

Asteraceae↗
PubMed1998

Drugs of abuse testing in a psychiatric outpatient service.

Drug testing of patients in a psychiatric outpatient service is an effective way to identify patients who relapse into renewed use of drugs of abuse and in monitoring the effectiveness of ongoing medical and psychological therapy. Most of this testing involves the analysis of urine specimens with immunoassays. Hair testing affords an alternative specimen matrix that is easy to obtain and not readily adulterated and offers the advantage of a wider surveillance window. Hair analysis is technically demanding, and the possibility of false-positives caused by environmental contamination renders it a controversial alternative. Sweat and saliva are potentially useful testing matrices, but their usefulness in clinical practice must await validation by additional clinical and laboratory experience. The correct interpretation of drug test results is predicated on knowing the performance characteristics of the analytical method, route of administration, and pharmacokinetics of the drug. All questionable positive results need confirmation testing to verify true positivity.

Ambulatory Care Facilities↗
PubMed1979

Death caused by recreational cocaine use.

Sixty-eight deaths associated with the recreational use of illicit cocaine were investigated by the Medical Examiner's Office of Dade County in Florida. Most fatalities occurred since 1975. Although 29 involved the use of other drugs (usually heroin), 24 persons died directly of the toxic effects of cocaine. Respiratory collapse and death occurred rapidly after the intravenous injection of cocaine. Oral or nasal ingestion resulted in a symptom-free interval lasting as long as an hour followed suddenly by generalized seizures and death. Toxicological analysis could not causally relate lidocaine hydrochloride or other adulterants to the untoward reactions. The data suggest that the rate of absorption, the peak blood concentration, and the prior use of cocaine all contribute to the possibility of a fatal reaction. Despite current belief, cocaine cannot be considered a safe recreational drug.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Nutritional regulations and legislation--past developments, future implications.

Laws to prohibit adulteration of foods were enacted before 1900, but the first steps in the development of nutritional regulations were taken only after passage of the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act of 1938. This act authorized the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to establish Standards of Identity for foods, including standards for enrichment with vitamins and minerals to meet Minimum Daily Requirements (MDRs). The legal definition of nutrients, however, has remained unclear. Vitamins are foods when used as supplements but drugs when prescribed as therapeutic agents. To protect consumers, in 1962 the FDA proposed Standards of Identity for Special Dietary Foods, e.g., vitamin supplements. Opposition to the proposal has been vigorous and was the subject of the longest hearings on record. Implementation of standards has been contested in the courts and curtailed by Congressional action. A bill passed in 1975 prohibits the FDA from establishing Standards of Identity for special dietary foods for adults. During the legal and political controversy, the validity of Recommended Dietary Allowances as nutritional standards was challenged but subsequently confirmed. Revised regulations for vitamin and mineral preparations, taking into account the Congressional and court actions, will become effective January 1, 1978, sixteen years after first being proposed.

Food↗
PubMed2002

Club drugs: methylenedioxymethamphetamine, flunitrazepam, ketamine hydrochloride, and gamma-hydroxybutyrate.

The abuse of methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), flunitrazepam, ketamine hydrochloride, and gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) is discussed. Club drugs are chemical substances used recreationally in social settings. Use is increasingly frequent among young people, especially during all-night dance parties. All four agents have been classified as controlled substances. MDMA ("ecstasy") is available as a tablet, a capsule, and a powder; formulations may contain many adulterants. MDMA increases the release of neurotransmitters. The desired effects are euphoria, a feeling of intimacy, altered visual perception, enhanced libido, and increased energy. The most common adverse effects are agitation, anxiety, tachycardia, and hypertension. More serious adverse effects include arrhythmias, hyperthermia, and rhabdomyolysis. Flunitrazepam is a potent benzodiazepine. At higher doses, the drug can cause lack of muscle control and loss of consciousness. Other adverse effects are hypotension, dizziness, confusion, and occasional aggression. Ketamine is a dissociative anesthetic used primarily in veterinary practice. It may be injected, swallowed, snorted, or smoked. Like phencyclidine, ketamine interacts with the N-methyl-D-aspartate channel. Analgesic effects occur at lower doses and amnestic effects at higher doses. Cardiovascular and respiratory toxicity may occur, as well as confusion, hostility, and delirium. GHB, a naturally occurring fatty acid derivative of gamma-aminobutyric acid, was introduced as a dietary supplement. Increasing doses progressively produce amnesia, drowsiness, dizziness, euphoria, seizures, coma, and death. Flunitrazepam, ketamine, and GHB have been used to facilitate sexual assault. Supportive care is indicated for most cases of club drug intoxication. The increasing abuse of MDMA, flunitrazepam, ketamine hydrochloride, and GHB, particularly by young people in social settings such as clubs, should put health care professionals on guard to recognize and manage serious reactions.

Flunitrazepam↗
PubMed2003

Fingerprint analysis of Flos Carthami by capillary electrophoresis.

Capillary electrophoresis (CE) was employed in fingerprint analysis of Flos Carthami. A standardized procedure was used to develop the CE fingerprint. An electrophoretic profile of genuine Flos Carthami from Fengqiu, He'nan, China, was first established as the characteristic fingerprint. This profile was then used to identify and assess the consistency of the herb. A study with a limited number of samples from nine sources showed a fair consistency in their CE fingerprints with that of the genuine sample. Flos Carthami was well distinguished from Stigma Croci, a possible substitute in traditional Chinese medicine, and Flos Hemerocallis, a commercial adulterant, by comparing the fingerprints of each herb.

Asteraceae↗
PubMed1994

Insulin is a prandial satiety hormone.

The present study assessed meal-contingent insulin effects on spontaneous meal patterns. Rats, trained to lever press for daily food requirements, showed stable meal patterns and were then implanted with hepatic-portal catheters. Once again stable in ingestion, animals received either physiological saline or vehicle plus 1 or 2 mU of regular, short-acting insulin beginning at 10 pellets into each initiated meal (which was the chosen minimum meal size definition). All meals during that day were then infused with the same solution and comparisons were made within animals (across days) only. Insulin reduced the size of spontaneous meals at both 1 mU (p < .01) and 2 mU doses (p < .001). No other meal parameters were significantly affected. In a complementary study, rats trained to lever press showed increases in meal size when "recovering from" a diazeoxide-adulterated diet (diazeoxide has been shown to limit insulin release). Thus, when insulin is increased during spontaneously taken meals, those meals are reduced in size and drugs which block insulin release, increase the size of meals; we assert insulin is a prandial satiety hormone which likely reduced feeding by increasing glucose uptake into peripheral tissue.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Interactions between herbal remedies and antirheumatic drugs.

Many patients with rheumatological conditions use herbal remedies as an adjunct to their conventional antirheumatic medication, often without seeking advice. Herbal remedies are exempt from the usual drug safety requirements and may be a cause of both adverse effects and drug interactions. Data on interactions between herbal remedies and conventional antirheumatic medication is scarce. Reasons include a perception that herbal remedies are safe, a lack of reporting by patients and healthcare professionals and a lack of knowledge about the pharmacology and composition of herbal remedies, as well as adulteration. Interactions are likely between herbal remedies with antiplatelet or nephrotoxic effects and NSAIDs, hepatotoxic herbal remedies and disease-modifying antirheumatic medication, and between St. John's Wort and cyclosporin.

Antirheumatic Agents↗
PubMed2004

A U.S. perspective on the adverse reactions from traditional Chinese medicines.

BACKGROUND: Traditional Chinese medicines (TCM) are popular in the United States and Asian and non-Asian consumers are using the product for disease treatment and health prevention. As more people are using TCM products, there are increased reports on adverse reactions. This review will focus on adverse reactions due to TCM as reported in the literature. METHODS: The review is based on MedLine search of literatures using keywords including: herbs, herbal, traditional Chinese medicines with toxicity, adverse effects, death, drug interaction and pharmacokinetic. In addition, specific searches were performed using the above keywords with the common name and the scientific name of the plant product. RESULTS: The causes of adverse reactions associated with TCM are diverse. They include variability in active/toxic ingredients due to growing conditions, use of inherent toxic herbs causing toxicity, overdose of herbs, drug-herb interactions especially with pharmaceuticals that have narrow therapeutic index, coexisting diseases, and idiosyncratic reactions like allergy, hepatitis and anaphylaxis. Other adverse reactions can be due to manufacturing and quality problems causing adulteration, misidentification, substitution of one herb with another, variability in the amount of active ingredients, use of pharmaceuticals without identifying on the labels, improper processing and preparation, and contamination. CONCLUSIONS: To minimize the adverse reactions from TCM and protect the public, there must be adequate laws and regulations to ensure that products are manufactured with the highest standards. Manufacturers should be licensed by regulatory agency and manufactured under good manufacturing practice. TCM products must be evaluated for their safety before marketing. Proper labeling and good surveillance systems shall ensure the protection of the consumers.

Drug Contamination↗
PubMed1983

Reactivity of normal and VMH-lesion rats to quinine-adulterated foods: negative evidence for negative finickiness.

Much of the evidence for the existence of a negative finickiness component in the ventromedial hypothalamic (VMH) syndrome comes from studies comparing the relative reactivities of VMH and normal rats to quinine adulteration. The present experiments addressed two major questions regarding the response of normal and VMH animals to quinine: (a) Do the anorexic properties of quinine depend on quinine's sensory properties (i.e., its bitter taste) or on its postingestive effects; (b) do VMH rats in fact overrespond to quinine adulteration? These issues were examined by comparing the feeding adjustments to quinine by VMH and normal animals in a sham-feeding situation and under normal feeding circumstances, on animals' initial exposure to this drug. The results were consistent with the view that the sensory properties of quinine alone were sufficient to induce large changes of food intake in both groups. In terms of whether lesion rats were more reactive to the taste of quinine, it is argued that previous research had measured reactivity in two dissimilar ways. The present data were used to illuminate how use of these two procedures for measuring reactivity lead to diametrically opposed conclusions regarding the existence of negative finickiness in the VMH syndrome. It is suggested that when the more appropriate measure of reactivity is adopted and when the confound of body weight differences between normal and VMH animals is eliminated, little evidence exists for a conclusion that VMH rats are more reactive than normals to quinine-adulterated foods.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Authentication of medicinal Dendrobium species by the internal transcribed spacer of ribosomal DNA.

Herba Dendrobii (Shihu) is a commonly used Chinese medicine derived from the stem of several orchid species belonging to the genus Dendrobium. It is rather expensive and adulteration is frequent. Proper authentication of the medicinal species is necessary to protect consumers and support conservation measures. DNA sequences of the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS 2) of 16 Dendrobium species were shown to be significantly different from one another by an average of 12.4% and from non-orchids and Pholidota (an adulterant of Shihu) by 29.8% and 18.8%, respectively. The intra-specific variation among the Dendrobium species studied was only about 1%. Therefore, ITS 2 regions could be adopted as a molecular marker for differentiating medicinal Dendrobium species from one another and also from non-orchids and adulterants.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2006

[Nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer 1 sequences of 4 Leonurus species].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the nuclear ribosome DNA (nrDNA) internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences of 4 Leonurus species, and the possibility of using them for molecular authentication of the crude drugs from the genus. METHODS: The nrDNA ITS sequence (including ITS1, 5.8S rDNA, ITS2, and partial 18S rDNA and 26S rDNA) of L. japonicus and its 3 adulterant species were amplified and sequenced, and CLUSTRAL X and MEGA software was employed for analysis. RESULTS: The variation of ITS1 and ITS2 between L. japonicus and its adulterant species ranged between 7.2% and 18.8% and between 14.2% and 27%, respectively. The phylogenic tree derived from the dendrograms based on the ITS sequence data contained some discrepancy from the traditional classification. CONCLUSION: The nrDNA ITS sequences can be used potentially as efficient markers for identification of L. japonicus and its adulterants, and further study is needed for studying the phylogeny of Leonurus.

DNA, Plant↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Application of near-infrared spectroscopy in quality control and determination of adulteration of African essential oils.

An evaluation has been made of the potential of near-infrared (NIR) technologies in the assessment of essential oil components and in the identification of individual essential oils. The results showed that cross-validation models are able to predict accurately almost all of the components of essential oils. In different cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) and clove (Syzygium aromaticum) essential oils, which showed a similar composition, 23 components (representing 97.8-99.9% of the oil) were accurately predicted, as well as 20 components (93.0-99.1%) in Cinnamomum camphora (ravintsara), 32 components (92.3-98.1%) in Ravensara aromatica (ravensara), and 26 components (96.6-98.4%) in Lippia multiflora. For almost all of the components, the modelled and reference values obtained by GC-FID were highly correlated (r2 > or = 0.985) and exhibited a low variance (less than 5%). The model was also able to discriminate between the ravintsara and ravensara essential oils. It was shown that two commercial oils labelled as R. aromatica were actually ravintsara (C. camphora), revealing the misidentification of these essential oils in the marketplace. The study demonstrates the application of NIR technology as a quality control tool for the rapid identification of individual essential oils, for product authentication, and for the detection of adulteration.

Africa↗