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PubMed1977

Effect of bradykinin on the renal medullary osmotic gradient in water diuresis.

The effect of bradykinin on the renal medullary osmotic gradient was evaluated in anesthetized dogs which were undergoing water diuresis and which received a unilateral renal arterial infusion of bradykinin. The effect of the peptide on the medullary osmotic gradient was determined by analysis of medullary tissue electrolyte and urea concentrations and by analysis of changes in urine osmolality induced by vasopressin. Bradykinin decreased the total osmolality per kg H2O in tissue from inner medulla and papilla (-18.7 +/- 6% and -19.3 +/- 8%) and increased fractional water excretion (3.8 +/- 1.3%). Furthermore, a direct relationship between changes in free water clearance and changes in papillary tissue, osmolality was found. Finally, the increase in urine osmolality after ADH was significantly less in vasodilated than in control kidneys. These results indicate that bradykinin can diminish the medullary osmotic gradient during water diuresis in the dog. Thus, a bradykinin-induced increase in free water clearance may be accounted for by other than an inhibition of proximal tubular sodium reabsorption.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Attenuation by d-ozolinone of l-ozolinone-induced diuresis in rats.

The effect of the non-diuretic dextrorotatory isomer of ozolinone on l- ozolinone -induced diuresis was studied in anesthetized rats. After intravenous application d- ozolinone attenuated l- ozolinone -induced increase in renal fluid, sodium, potassium and chloride excretion. Microperfusion experiments of the loop of Henle in vivo revealed that no interaction between the two stereoisomers occurred at this main site of tubular action of l- ozolinone . Since both isomers share the same organic acid transport pathway in the proximal tubule it is assumed that d- ozolinone attenuates the l- ozolinone -induced diuresis because it depresses proximal secretion of l- ozolinone and thereby partially prevents transfer of this diuretic to the tubular fluid.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Thromboxane-receptor blockade increases water diuresis in cirrhotic patients with ascites.

This study was undertaken to investigate the role of increased renal thromboxane (TX) A2 production in modulating renal hemodynamics and sodium and water retention in cirrhotic patients with ascites. In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial, 15 nonazotemic cirrhotic patients with ascites and elevated urinary TXB2 excretion received the thromboxane-receptor antagonist ONO-3708 (3 micrograms.kg-1.min-1) in a 4-hour continuous infusion. Administration of ONO-3708 significantly blocked TXA2 receptors; bleeding time showed a twofold increase (432 +/- 65 vs. 131 +/- 17 seconds; P less than 0.005), and platelet aggregation to U-46619 (an agonist of TXA2 receptors) was abolished in all patients studied. The drug induced a significant increase in free water clearance (3.06 +/- 0.70 vs. 1.72 +/- 0.57 mL/min; P less than 0.001) and diuresis (4.74 +/- 0.79 vs. 3.94 +/- 0.66 mL/min; P less than 0.05) compared with placebo, as well as a significant (14%) increase in renal plasma flow. The increases in both free water clearance and diuresis induced by ONO-3708 were directly related to basal urinary TXB2 excretion. These results suggest a role for renal TXA2 as a modulator of water handling in cirrhotic patients with ascites.

Aged↗
PubMed1986

Role of ADH in ethylketocyclazocine-induced diuresis: studies in the Brattleboro rat.

Kappa opioids produce diuresis presumably through ADH. We investigated further the role of ADH in kappa-induced diuresis by utilizing the Brattleboro rat, a strain lacking endogenous ADH. Ethylketocyclazocine (EKC), a kappa opioid prototype, increased urine formation in Sprague-Dawley, but not in Brattleboro rats. Furthermore, EKC pretreatment abolished the antidiuretic response to ADH administered exogenously to Brattleboro rats. Our study suggests that, in addition to a fall in plasma ADH reported previously, kappa opioids have direct effects on the renal response to ADH.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Effects of alpha-2-adrenoceptor agonists on induced diuresis in rats.

The alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists, clonidine, guanabenz, and guanfacine, injected subcutaneously produced a dose-related diuresis. The maximal effect occurred at 2h after administration of clonidine 192 micrograms/kg or 960 micrograms/kg of guanabenz and guanfacine. The alpha-2 antagonist, yohimbine, in doses of 1-8 mg/kg administered prior to the agonists caused a dose-dependent decrease in urine output. The action of the three agonists at alpha-2 adrenoceptors was supported by the observation that the alpha-1 adrenoceptor agonist, prazosin (0.61-2.5 mg/kg), administered prior to each agonist caused an inconsistent decrease in the elevated urinary output caused by clonidine, guanabenz and guanfacine. These results indicate that stimulation of alpha-2 adrenoceptors causes diuresis in the rat.

Adrenergic alpha-Agonists↗
PubMed1996

Neuropeptides implicated in the control of diuresis in insects.

Primary urine production in insect Malpighian tubules is stimulated by two classes of neuropeptides, CRF-related diuretic peptides and insect kinins. The CRF-related peptide of the locust, Locusta migratoria, has a hormonal role in the control of postfeeding diuresis, but the functional role of the kinins has yet to be defined. The two classes of peptide act synergistically to stimulate tubule secretion, and the kinins may therefore have a modulatory action in the control of diuresis. The peptides differ in their effects on Malpighian tubule ion transport, and this could be important for the regulation of hemolymph volume and composition.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1989

Hypotonic diuresis following oropharyngeal stimulation with water in humans.

The role of oropharyngeal mechanisms in body water regulation was studied in 12 human males by measuring urine output and osmolality before and after drinking a very small volume of distilled water (0.15 ml/kg b.w.t.). Hypotonic diuresis was resulted only in the subjects (n = 6) who drank only sufficient water to keep their oropharynx moist continually over a 20 min period but not in those who (n = 6) drank the same volume of water within several seconds. Sham verbal instructions on drinking induced no changes in subjects examined. These results suggest that oropharyngeal afferents alone, and neither gastric afferents nor psychosomatic effects, may account for hypotonic diuresis following water intake in man.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Dapiprazole, a selective alpha-1 adrenoceptor antagonist, inhibits diuresis but not polydipsia produced by amphetamine in rats.

Chronic amphetamine administration has been found to produce diuresis and polydipsia in rats. We have found that dapiprazole acutely suppresses the diuretic, but not the ingestive, effects of amphetamine. To see whether diuresis is the physiological stimulus driving amphetamine-mediated polydipsia, we injected rats daily with d,l-amphetamine and the alpha-1 adrenergic antagonist dapiprazole. Throughout 19 days of treatment, dapiprazole completely prevented the increased urine output produced by amphetamine, but did not affect the development of polydipsia. This finding rules out a renal site of the primary action for amphetamine-mediated polydipsia and proposes water and electrolyte imbalance produced by chronic amphetamine administration as a model of the polydipsia and hyponatremia that develop in some psychotic patients.

Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists↗
PubMed2006

Haemoconcentration via diuresis in short-term hypoxia: a possible role for cardiac natriuretic peptide in rainbow trout.

Rainbow trout, exposed to acute hypoxia (decrease of oxygen level from full to 30% air saturation for 1 h, stable 30% air saturation for 2 h), showed more than twofold increase in urine flow rate. Hypoxic diuresis was associated with a sustained increase in dorsal aortic cardiac peptide (sCP) level, and the diuresis could be completely inhibited by a bolus injection of sCP antiserum. These results suggest that hypoxic haemoconcentration, which is partially achieved via increased urine flow rate in vertebrates, is caused by cardiac peptides. The results further suggest that cardiac peptide receptors in hypoxic fish gills modulate the postbranchial systemic level of sCP.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Involvement of the renal kallikrein-kinin system in K(+)-induced diuresis and natriuresis in anesthetized rats.

Intravenous infusion of a high-K(+) solution (67.5 mM KCl, 67.5 mM NaCl) to anesthetized rats increased urine volume by 47.6% after 60 min, compared with infusion of a Na(+) solution (135 mM NaCl). This treatment also increased urinary excretion of Na(+) by 32.2%, in parallel with an increase in excretion of K(+) or Cl(-). Urinary excretion of kallikrein increased within 60 min after the start of K(+) infusion. A bradykinin B(2) receptor antagonist, 8-[3-[N-[(E)-3-(6-acetamidopyridin-3-yl)acryloylglycyl]-N-me thylamino ]-2,6-dichlorobenzyloxy]-2-methylquinoline (FR173657; 1.0 mg/kg, i.v. ), inhibited the K(+)-induced diuresis and natriuresis by 41.0% and 26.7%, respectively. These results indicate that K(+) load induces diuresis and natriuresis through the renal kallikrein-kinin system in rats.

Anesthesia↗
PubMed1992

The obstructive diuresis renogram: an appraisal of the significance.

We managed expectantly 23 patients with renal pelvic dilatation and unilaterally obstructive diuresis renograms. Serial renograms showed changes in ipsilateral relative renal function in 8 kidneys (4 deteriorated). Pressure-flow studies demonstrated low pressures on perfusion of 8 kidneys. Eight patients eventually required pyeloplasty, mostly for loin pain. Therefore, serially obstructive diuresis renograms can be associated with preserved renal function, with high pelviocaliceal compliance being a possible explanation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Effect of diuresis and glucagon on upper urinary tract dynamics in the dog.

The effect of glucagon on upper urinary tract peristalsis during extreme diuresis was studied in an unsedated dog preparation. In all experiments glucagon inhibited the peristaltic contraction waves without affecting urine propulsion, suggesting that peristalsis, at least for short periods, is not necessary for effective urine transport during extreme diuresis.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

The diagnosis of upper urinary tract obstruction in children: comparison of diuresis renography and pressure flow studies.

We report the use of diuresis renography and pressure flow studies to diagnose urinary tract obstruction in 41 collecting systems of 33 children. If differential pressures between the renal pelvis and the bladder in excess of 22 cm. water at a flow rate of 10 ml. per minute is accepted as evidence of obstruction and below 15 cm. water is accepted as normal the interpretation of the renogram showing O'Reilly's pattern IIIa as evidence of stasis without obstruction was correct in 74 per cent of the cases. Likewise, the interpretation of O'Reilly's renogram pattern IIIb as showing partial obstruction was correct in only 40 per cent of the cases. Thus, we urge caution in the use of the diuresis renogram to diagnose or to rule out upper urinary tract obstruction.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Post-obstructive diuresis.

Massive diuresis after relief of urinary tract obstruction has been divided into 3 categories: 1) salt, 2) urea and 3) water. Measurements of the urinary electrolytes and urine osmolality establish the character of the diuresis and facilitate in the fluid management of these patients. A clinical example of the 2 most common varieties, salt and urea, is presented in conjuction with the method of fluid replacement.

Diabetes Insipidus↗
PubMed1998

Diuresis and natriuresis produced by long term administration of a selective Angiotensin-(1-7) antagonist in normotensive and hypertensive rats.

In this study we evaluated the renal effects of chronic administration of the selective Angiotensin-(1-7)[Ang-(1-7)] antagonist, A-779, in normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Male adult SHR and Wistar rats were housed in metabolic cages with tap water and standard chow, for three-five days before starting infusion (Alzet osmotic mini-pumps) of A-779 (Wistar: 1 microg/h, n = 9; 2.5 microg/h, n = 6; SHR:2.5 microg/h, n = 6) or vehicle (0.9% NaCl - 1 microl/h, n = 7 and n = 10 for SHR and Wistar rats, respectively). Urine volume, water and food intake and urinary Na+ were measured daily. On the last day of infusions mean arterial pressure (MAP) was recorded and urine and blood samples were collected to determine renal function parameters. Chronic infusion of A-779 produced a sustained increase in diuresis in normotensive rats [seventh day values: 0.75+/-0.08 ml/h (1 microg/h) and 0.94+/-0.13 ml/h (2.5 microg/h) vs. 0.42 + 0.03 ml/h for the control group, P<0.05] associated to a dose-dependent increase in the creatinine clearance. In SHR, diuresis increased significantly after chronic infusion of A-779 (fifth day values: 0.44 + 0.06 ml/h vs. 0.25+/-0.04 ml/h for the control group, P<0.05), without changes in creatinine clearance. Infusion of A-779 in normotensive rats produced a decrease in water reabsorption. A-779 infusion also produced a dose-dependent increase in urinary Na+ excretion (1.49 + 0.14 mEq, 1 microg/h vs. 2.37+/-0.22 mEq, 2.5 microg/h, P<0.05), in Wistar rats, without modifying the fractional excretion of Na+. In SHR, urinary Na+ excretion was also increased by A-779 (2.21+/-0.46 mEq vs. 0.94+/-0.22 mEq for the control group, P<0.05). No significant changes in blood pressure were observed. These findings suggest that endogenous Ang-(l-7) participates in the control of hydroelectrolyte balance by modulating water excretion, acting at tubular and glomerular sites.

Angiotensin I↗
PubMed2001

Diuresis in the housefly (Musca domestica) and its control by neuropeptides.

Diuresis was studied in vivo by measuring the loss of tritiated water. The basal rate of water loss (5 nl/min) represents respiratory and cuticular losses, whereas higher rates reflect urine output, which reaches 20 nl/min after injection of 1 microl distilled water. This response to hypervolemia involves release of a diuretic hormone(s) into the hemolymph. However, housefly diuretic peptides increased urine output to a maximum of only 7 nl/min, and higher rates may require fluid reabsorption from the hindgut to be reduced. Diuresis is partially blocked by injected anti-muscakinin antibodies, providing evidence of a hormonal function for this insect myokinin.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

[Effects of water diuresis on the urinary ph of patients under relapsing lithiasis].

INTRODUCTION: It has been observed that in healthy individuals the increase in urinary flow induced by water overload may be enough to alter the urinary Ph to obtain values considered safe in the prophylaxis of lithogenesis. The aim of the present paper is to determine the effects of water diuresis on the urinary Ph of patients suffering from relapsing lithiasis. MATERIAL AND METHOD: 26 patients were included in the present study. The urinary Ph of all patients was measured along two consecutive days, at 8.30 and again at 12.30, under normal conditions (the first day) and once they had received a water load equivalent to 1.5% of their weight (the second day). RESULTS: The altered mean value of the Ph induced on the first day by the circadian rhythm showed a mean of 0.13 units of Ph, which lacks statistical significance (p > 0.05). However, on the second day we obtained a value of 0.42, which is statistically significant (p < 0.01). The normal tendency after the water overload was towards a positive increase of the Ph in those patients whose urine showed a preload Ph value < 6.1, whereas those individuals with a preload Ph value > 6.48 suffered negative increases. CONCLUSIONS: The increase of diuresis induced by water load proved enough to provoke an increase of urinary Ph when its baseline value is < 6.1, or either a decrease when its baseline value is > 6.48. In both cases, Ph values ranged between 6-6.5 which are considered safe values in the prophylaxis of lithogenesis. The more separated the baseline urinary Ph is from the 6.1-6.48 range, the greater the effect of the water load.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

[Differences in the profile of nycthemeral diuresis].

Monosymptomatic enuresis in childhood can be divided in two subtypes by a nycthemeral diuresis profile, including urinary volume and osmolality. The first one is characterized by an abnormal circadian diuresis cycle, responsible for nocturnal polyuria and/or low urinary overnight osmolality, there is a good response to desmopressin; the other one is the so-called cognitive or idiopathic type, which provides a poor response to desmopressin.

Adolescent↗