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PubMed1990

Effect of disinfectants on pseudomonads colonized on the interior surface of PVC pipes.

We investigated the effect of disinfectants on microbial contamination present on the interior surface of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes filled with 600 ml of water contaminated with Pseudomonas pickettii and P. aeruginosa. After eight weeks, water was removed, and the test pipes exposed to various types of aqueous disinfectants. Disinfectant samples were removed, neutralized, and examined for recovery of microorganisms by membrane filtration. After seven-days exposure, disinfectant solutions were removed and pipes filled with sterile distilled water. Water was examined by membrane filtration at seven-day intervals to determine whether the organisms had survived in the pipes. Colonization of PVC surfaces were examined during each study phase by scanning electron-microscopy (SEM). P. aeruginosa was isolated directly from iodophor disinfectant, phenolic germicide, and iodophor antiseptic solutions. After addition of sterile water, P. aeruginosa was recovered from PVC pipes previously exposed to chlorine, phenolic, quaternary-ammonium, and iodophor disinfectants; P. pickettii was recovered from water in pipes treated with iodophor disinfectant, chlorine, and ethanol. The existence of glycocalyx-like cellular masses on the interior wall of PVC pipes most likely protected embedded organisms from the microbicidal action of some of the disinfectants tested and served as the reservoir for continuous contamination.

Colony Count, Microbial↗
PubMed2005

A methodology for the evaluation of disinfection technologies.

There are several concerns associated with the use of chlorine for potable water disinfection. These are the resistance of certain pathogens, the formation of toxic disinfection by-products and the adverse effects on aesthetic water quality. Owing to these concerns the water industry is continually reviewing alternative disinfection technologies. A methodology has been devised that will aid the water industry in evaluating the potential of these technologies. The methodology uses seven criteria to evaluate the technologies, these are: inactivation efficiency, disinfection byproduct (DBP) formation, toxicity, aesthetic water quality, cost, scalability and residual maintenance. Each criterion is assessed by associated questions in order of importance in accordance with a protocol. The criteria are evaluated using UK water quality regulations as standards. Ultraviolet (UV) disinfection was used as an example to demonstrate the methodology. UV was shown to meet all the criteria apart from the provision of a residual disinfectant. Several other disinfection technologies were evaluated using the methodology. Direct electrochemical disinfection and mixed oxidant generators were identified as having the most potential for replacing chlorination.

Disinfection↗
PubMed2000

[Comparison of the efficacy of cleaning and disinfection of videoscopes: mechanized versus manual].

AIM: a) To analyze the effectiveness of the automated cleaning and disinfection of endoscopies (Olympus miniETD, not previously tested) versus the manual method; b) To evaluate the drying and storage procedures used in our unit. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Prospective 10-day study. The endoscopies were randomized for automated or manual cleaning and disinfection. Endoscopic samples were collected for microbiology studies at three points during the process: a) after endoscopy (after manual cleaning with water), b) after cleaning with enzymatic detergent and disinfection (automated or manual) and c) at the first hour in the morning. RESULTS: Sixty-five samples were collected after endoscopy: 26 from gastroscopy, 26 from colonoscopy and 13 from duodenoscopy (positive cultures were found in 22, 25 and 10, respectively). The 35 samples collected after automated disinfection were negative, as were 29 of the 30 collected after manual disinfection (p = 0.46). Sixty-four of the 65 samples were negative for hepatitis B and hepatitis C. The only sample positive for hepatitis C became negative after manual disinfection. Positive culture was found in 15% of the samples collected before beginning the session. CONCLUSIONS: a) Automated cleaning and disinfection (Olympus miniETD) are as effective as manual cleaning. b) Drying and storage procedures should be improved and/or disinfection should be carried out again before the first endoscopy of each session.

Colonoscopes↗
PubMed2001

[Can disinfectants contribute to antibiotic resistance?].

BACKGROUND: Disinfectants are widely used in medicine, veterinary medicine, and the food processing industry. Increasingly, disinfectants are included in consumer products. Broad-scale use of antiseptics and disinfectants may have detrimental ecological consequences, for instance the development of antimicrobial resistance. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We give an overview of the correlation between the use of certain antiseptics and disinfectants, bacterial resistance to these agents, and antibiotic resistance. RESULTS: The mechanisms of antibiotic and biocide resistance share many common characteristics. There are links between disinfectant resistance and antibiotic resistance. Some biocides have the ability to select for antibiotic resistant mutants and vice versa. Resistance genes are often located on transferable genetic elements that facilitate horizontal gene transfer between microorganisms. Antibiotic resistance and disinfectant resistance may be stabilized and maintained even in the absence of a direct selective pressure. Higher incidence of bacteria resistant to certain disinfectants have been reported in environments where such agents are frequently used compared to environments where they are not in regular use. Increased domestic usage of non-antibiotic antimicrobial agents may select for antibiotic-resistant bacteria of clinical significance. INTERPRETATION: The use of antiseptics and disinfectants should be restricted to products and areas where they have an essential and documented effect.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

A randomized controlled trial of household-based flocculant-disinfectant drinking water treatment for diarrhea prevention in rural Guatemala.

We conducted a study to determine if use of a new flocculant-disinfectant home water treatment reduced diarrhea. We randomly assigned 492 rural Guatemalan households to five different water treatment groups: flocculant-disinfectant, flocculant-disinfectant plus a customized vessel, bleach, bleach plus a vessel, and control. During one year of observation, residents of control households had 4.31 episodes of diarrhea per 100 person-weeks, whereas the incidence of diarrhea was 24% lower among residents of households receiving flocculant-disinfectant, 29% lower among those receiving flocculant-disinfectant plus vessel, 25% lower among those receiving bleach, and 12% lower among households receiving bleach plus vessel. In unannounced evaluations of home drinking water, free chlorine was detected in samples from 27% of flocculant-disinfectant households, 35% of flocculant-disinfectant plus vessel households, 35% of bleach households, and 43% of bleach plus vessel households. In a setting where diarrhea was a leading cause of death, intermittent use of home water treatment with flocculant-disinfectant decreased the incidence of diarrhea.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Genotoxicity of surface water treated with different disinfectants using in situ plant tests].

Disinfection of surface drinking water, in particular water chlorination, produces many by-products with genotoxic and/or carcinogenic activity. The aim of this research was to evaluate the genotoxicity of surface water after treatment with different disinfectants by means of in situ plant genotoxicity assays. The study was carried out in a pilot plant using lake water after sedimentation and filtration, which supplied four stainless steel basins: three basins were disinfected with sodium hypochlorite, chlorine dioxide and peracetic acid, respectively, and the fourth basin contained untreated lake water and was used as a control. The study was carried out using water collected in different seasons over a period of about one year in order to assess the treatments under different physical and chemical lake water conditions. Plant genotoxicity tests were performed by exposing plant bioindicators directly to raw and disinfected water. The Tradescantia micronucleus test in pollen cells of the flowers of an hybrid of Tradescantia and the Allium cepa test, a chromosome aberration test in root cells of Allium cepa, showed genotoxic effects only in some disinfected samples and revealed genotoxicity also in raw water in one experiment. The Vicia faba test, a micronucleus test in root cells of Vicia faba, revealed genotoxicity in many samples of disinfected water. The results of the study indicated that the Vicia faba/MCN test was the most sensitive plant assay for disinfected water, and that peracetic acid disinfection produced lower genotoxicity than sodium hypochlorite or chlorine dioxide treatment.

Disinfectants↗
PubMed1992

Wettability of impression materials treated with disinfectants.

The purpose of this investigation was to comprehensively compare various combinations of impression materials, die stones and disinfectants so as to provide clinical guidelines for selection of materials. The effect of immersion disinfection on the wettability of five types of impression materials, polyether, light-cured polyether urethane dimethacrylate, polysulfide, hydrophilic and hydrophobic polyvinyl siloxanes, was evaluated. This evaluation was determined by contact angle measurement of two die stones on the impression materials and also by bubble formation in casts made from the same materials after disinfection. The disinfectants utilized were 0.5% sodium hypochlorite and 0.13% glutaraldehyde-phenate. There were significant interactive effects (P less than 0.02) on contact angle between stone and disinfectant, impression and disinfectant, and impression and stone. The effect of disinfection was found to vary among impression materials. Although there was a significant correlation found between contact angle and bubble formation, contact angle was not found to be a strong predictor of bubble formation in this study. For these findings, it is recommended to evaluate each disinfectant and impression material combination individually.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2004

Study and application of herbal disinfectants in China.

Disinfection means killing or removing pathogenic microorganisms in media to realize a harmless process. A disinfectant, which is also referred to as a disinfection medicine in relevant regulations, is the medicine used to kill microorganisms for the purpose of disinfection. The disinfectants prepared from plants (including traditional Chinese herbal medicines) and the extracts thereof are called herbal disinfectants. China has a long history of using herbal disinfectants. As early as in 533 A.D., the use of Cornel to sterilize well water was recorded in Necessary Techniques for Qi People by Jia Enxie of the Beiwei Dynasty. During the Dragon Boat Festival, people often use fumigants made of traditional Chinese herbal medicines like Chinese Atractylodes, Argy Wormwood Leaf and Red Arsenic Sulfide to smoke their houses, so as to ward off plagues and drive away evils. In fact this is now a kind of disinfection practice.

Arsenicals↗
PubMed2005

Comparison of susceptibilities of M. tuberculosis H37Ra and M. chelonei subsp. abscessus to disinfectants.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the susceptibilities of M. tuberculosis H37Ra and M. chelonei subsp. absecessus to several frequently-used disinfectants and to evaluate the practicability of surrogating M. tuberculosis by the latter. METHODS: A suspension quantitative bactericidal test was set up in accordance with Chinese Technique Standard for Disinfection to evaluate the susceptibility of each mycobacteria strain to each selected disinfectant. Killing log value was used as criterion in comparing the susceptibility to disinfectants between the two strains. RESULTS: M. chelonei subsp. abscessus was more resistant to chlorine disinfectant than M. tuberculosis while the two strains were similarly resistant to iodophor disinfectant, peracetic acid, alcohol and glutaraldehyde disinfectant. CONCLUSION: M. chelonei subsp. abscessus has the potential to surrogate M. tuberculosis in evaluating mycobactericidal efficacies of disinfectants.

Alcohols↗
PubMed2005

[Optimal process combination for control of disinfection by-products and precursors].

It is compared that the efficiency of control disinfection by-products and their precursors by sequential-chlorination disinfection and traditional free chlorination disinfection following different processes combination. Compared with traditional chlorination, sequeutial chlorination, i. e. short-term free chlorine plus chloramine disinfection can lower 35.8% - 77.0% of trihalomethane formation and 36.6% - 54.8% of haloacetic acids formation. Moreover, the poorer the influent quality is, the more advantages sequential chlorination disinfection have over free chlorination disinfection. The formation of trihalomethane and haloacetic acids by sequential chlorination following the simplest traditional process is even less than their formation by free chlorination following the most complex process, pre-ozonization plus traditional one and ozonization-active carbon process. The results show that ozonization-active carbon process and pre-ozonization have better efficiency on control of disinfection by-products and their precursors. We recommend that water plants apply the sequential chlorination disinfection and ozonization-active carbon process.

Acetic Acid↗
PubMed2006

Suspended particle effects on ClO2/ultraviolet light combined disinfection of effluent.

The concentration of suspended solids of effluent often varies in a wide range, therefore the dose of ultraviolet light (UV) in disinfection process needs to be adjusted to meet the disinfection criterion at a high frequency, and the desired disinfection effect is difficult to be ensured. The particles size and particle-associated fecal coliform (F.C.) contribution, and their influence on UV disinfection were investigated when ClO2 and UV combined disinfection process was used. The results showed that suspended solids content had a major impact on UV disinfection efficiency, especially the large particle size fraction. Particles (D>10 microm) associated F. C. were difficult to be disinfected and were the main part of the tailings of F.C. inactivation curve. Pre-ClO2 oxidation could reduce the number of particles in effluent, and make large particles decrease to small ones. Therefore, the influence of particles on UV disinfection could be reduced after pre-ClO2 oxidation, and the resistance ability to particle loadings of combined process was enhanced. Moreover, the combined process has a lot of advantages, such as low toxicity, low operational/maintenance costs; it is also convenient to be established in the existing wastewater plant or the new planned one.

Disinfection↗
PubMed1990

[The effectiveness of disinfectants from kinetic viewpoints].

In a pilot project, two instrumental disinfectants were tested quantitatively in germ carrier experiments. The disinfectants chosen belonged to the class of aldehydes. The germ carriers comprised wet and dried cotton pieces as well as mineralized soft rubber tubes. The germs tested were Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The germs were exposed to 3 (4) different concentrations of the disinfectants. In each case, 4 exposure times were applied, the germs were counted before and after exposure with a Spiralmeter. In order to rationalize the presentation of the 336 experimental data, a kinetic approach was applied. According to the latter, the efficiency of a (aldehyde) disinfectant can be described by a single quantity alpha = RF/C0t, where RF is the reduction factor and C0t the product of the initial concentration of the disinfectant C0 and the exposure time t. Alpha is shown to be independent of C0 and t, as long as the initial concentration has been chosen high enough so that the consumption of the disinfectant during exposure can be neglected. At low concentrations and with wet cotton pieces, the (local) consumption of the disinfectant leads to a drastic deceleration of the killing rates, an effect that has been ascribed to anomalous resistance of the germ populations. However, this effect is not observed in the case of dry germ carriers which disproves this hypothesis. It would be interesting to check whether the above described kinetic approach also can be applied to experiments like the suspension experiments, and whether it is valid also for other chemical groups of disinfectants like the phenols.

Aldehydes↗
PubMed1990

[Performing surface and room disinfection in the hospital].

At a Berlin university hospital the regulations governing area disinfection were rendered mandatory for disinfectors by a service ordinance. The primary consideration, besides general hygienic aims, concerned the possibility of transmitting infections in the hospital. Classification into four degrees of infection or contamination led to an almost uniform type of disinfection measures, dominated by "wipe" disinfection using concentrations recommended by the German Association for Hygiene and Microbiology (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Hygiene und Mikrobiologie = DGHM) (the four degrees of infection being: I: no nosocomial infectious diseases, II: nosocomial infectious diseases, III: diseases that can be transmitted and are subject to mandatory reporting, IV: highly contagious diseases that can be transmitted on airborne basis and are subject to mandatory reporting). Room disinfection via evaporation or smoke screen with formaldehyde is now performed only in conjunction with degree No. IV listed above. Area disinfection methods under dispute, such as routine room disinfection or as a prophylactic measure, were discontinued for medico-toxicological and environmental hygiene reasons. The considerations and discussions resulting from the concept of area disinfection resulted in abolishing inadequately indicated disinfection measures at the university hospital.

Air Microbiology↗
PubMed1989

[Cleaning and disinfection in the area of processing and manufacturing of food from animal origins].

Contrary to cleaning and disinfection as regards prophylactic and special measures, food production is aiming at achieving a status of hygiene that avoids a hasty microbial spoilage of foodstuffs, that reduces the potential risk of food intoxications and infections to a minimum already in the production process, and that meets the aesthetic requirements of the consumer. Plans for cleaning and disinfection considering characteristic features of the factory are to be elaborated according to legal provisions. They should take those items into account as existing risk areas, indicator factors to find out the status of hygiene, the selection of cleaning and disinfection agents, methods of cleaning and disinfection, and the plans for checking the hygiene status. The cleaning and disinfections process involves the application of cleaning agents with disinfection effects and of disinfection agents. Principal mistakes made in cleaning and disinfection are being discussed about taking practical experience into close consideration. Sanitary programmes are to be realized as a complete sanitary chain, the realization of which requires a high consciousness of hygiene.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

[Experimental study of bronchofibroscope disinfection].

BACKGROUND: Fibrobronchoscopes (FB) require high level disinfection following each procedure to prevent possible infectious complications. The aim of the present study was to evaluate three methods of disinfection of the FB: a) aspiration with a solution of iodine povidone (IP); b) immersion in fenolate glutaraldehyde (FG) diluted at 1:16, and c) aspiration of IP solution followed by immersion in FG. Cleaning of the FB with soap and water was also studied. METHODS: The FB was contaminated with artificial samples (sterilized respiratory secretions mixed with a suspension of a microorganism at a concentration of 10(8)-10(9) UFC/ml) and was later washed with soap and water and disinfected with one of the 3 above mentioned methods. Samples were taken following contamination, cleaning, the aspiration with IP and at 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30 minutes in FG. The c/u/ml were counted. Disinfection was considered as a failure with > or = 1 c/u/ml at the end of each experience. This test was performed 97 times: 37 with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 17 with Serratia marcescens, 17 with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 13 with Staphylococcus aureus, and 13 with Candida albicans. RESULTS: Cleaning with soap and water eliminated a mean of 99.9% of the microorganisms. IP failed to disinfect all the 5 microorganisms while FG and the association of IP and FG failed against S. marcescens and P. aeruginosa. The time of immersion in FG required for complete disinfection range from 5 to 20 minutes although in most cases only 5 to 10 minutes were needed. CONCLUSIONS: The meticulous cleaning of the FB is essential for correct disinfection. Iodine povidone does not guarantee high level disinfection of the device while fenolate glutaraldehyde and iodine povidone plus fenolate glutaraldehyde may fail versus S. marcescens and P. aeruginosa.

Bronchoscopes↗
PubMed1993

Clinico-bacteriological examination of Betadine skin disinfectant fluid and liquid soap in hospitalized patients and hospital employees.

The effectivity of Betadine skin and mucosa disinfectant solution and Betadine hand disinfectant soap (MUNDIPHARMA A. G. and EGIS Pharmaceuticals has been examined in hospitalized patients and hospital employees. The history of the production of polyvynilpyrrolidone-iodine (PVP-Iodine) the mechanism of actions and the biological effects of these products have been discussed. Bacteriological samples were collected from the skin of four regions most frequently used for injection (fossa cubitalis, right and left hands and gluteal region, right and left sides) of 10 hospitalized patients before and after washing these regions with Betadine. The average of 68 microorganisms Colony Forming Unit (CFU) recorded before disinfection decreased below 1 CFU on average in the samples taken after disinfection. From both hands of 6 hospital employees 190 CFUs could be demonstrated following washing hands with the commonly used soap. After washing hands with Betadine soap a total of 1 CFU could be demonstrated. The hands of 44 hospital employees were infected with E. coli of non-pathogenous reference strain whereafter samples were collected. After the disinfection of the hands with Betadine liquid soap samples were taken again. In the samples taken before disinfection an average of 745 CFUs, in samples taken after disinfection an average total of 11 CFUs were found. The results prove the outstanding disinfectant action of the two examined Betadine products.

Colony Count, Microbial↗
PubMed1993

Study of the antiseptic efficacy of a quick drying rubbing type povidone-iodine alcoholic disinfectant solution by the glove juice method.

The antiseptic efficacy of HAD Hand Wash (83% ethanol containing 0.5% povidone-iodine) was investigated by the glove-juice method in 29 cases amongst staff members of our university. The number of viable bacteria on the hands and fingers was counted three times, and the mean of these counts was used as the baseline value for each subject. The number of viable bacteria on both hands was the same prior to disinfection. After the hands were disinfected by rubbing with 3 ml of HAD Hand Wash until it dried, the subjects put on sterile gloves. The number of viable bacteria was counted on the right hand of all the subjects immediately after disinfection. The number of viable bacteria on the left hand was counted in 8 subjects 30 minutes after disinfection, and in 7 subjects each 1, 2 and 4 hours after disinfection. The bacteria were identified by subculture. The ratio of bacteria sterilized (bacterial reduction rate) was 75.4% immediately after disinfection, and 69.0%, 71.9%, 35.8% and 27.6% at 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours and 4 hours, respectively. All of the bacteria detected were Gram-positive bacteria that were native to the sebaceous glands, sweat glands or skin surface; i.e. Staphylococcus, Micrococcus, Bacillus, and Streptococcus. The frequency of detection of Staphylococcus warneri was the highest before disinfection, followed by Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus hominis, in that order. After disinfection, all these species showed a marked decrease in the number of bacteria. Micrococcus remained in half the subjects, while other species remained in less than one third of the subjects.

Antisepsis↗
PubMed1995

Bacterial contamination of hospital disinfectants.

A study to determine contamination of diluted disinfectants at different points in preparation and use in 6 Malaysian hospitals was done using the in-use test. A growth of > or = 250 organisms/ml was taken as an indication of contamination. A total of 342 (7.9%) of the 4316 freshly diluted samples collected from disinfectant bottles in the pharmacy were found to be contaminated. The bacterial isolates obtained were Pseudomonas spp. (42.4%), Moraxella spp. (22.0%), Flavobacterium spp. (11.6%) and Enterobacter spp. (4.2%). Three hundred and sixty seven out of 2278 ward stock were contaminated. The isolates were Pseudomonas spp. (48.6%), Moraxella spp. (17.8%), Acinetobacter spp. (8.9%) and Flavobacterium spp. (7.0%). Of the 9265 disinfectants in-use, 1519 (16.4%) were contaminated. Among the organisms isolated were Pseudomonas spp. (44.3%), Bacillus spp. (13.0%), Enterobacter spp. (9.5%) and Acinetobacter spp. (7.3%). The results indicated a high level of contamination of diluted disinfectants prepared in the pharmacy, stored and used in the wards. This gave a high index of suspicion that recommendations for cleaning of disinfectant containers before refilling, handling of diluted stock solutions and using of disinfectants were not closely adhered to. Standard disinfection procedures outlined in the disinfection and sterilization policy by the Ministry of Health should therefore be followed.

Bacteria↗