[FORMATION OF HARD SUBSTANCE AS A RESTORATIVE ACTIVITY OF THE DENTAL PULP].
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Animals↗
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Actions of bovine plasma fibronectin on cultured human dental pulp cells.
OBJECTIVE: Fibronectin (FN) has been shown to play a crucial role in odontoblast differentiation, and it is involved in the repair of dentine and pulp. The responsiveness of human dental pulp (HDP) cells to bovine plasma FN was investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: After isolation and selection noncarious freshly extracted third molars in vitro, HDP cells were incubated for 72 hours one of four concentrations (10, 20, 40, 80 micrograms/ml) of bovine plasma FN with Dulbecco's modified eagle medium (DMEM) containing 1% fetal calf serum (FCS). We examined cell proliferation (using an MTT assay), DNA synthesis (using incorporation of [3H]-thymidine), the cell area, and alkaline phosphatase (ALPase) activity of the culture supernatant. The expression of FN, types I and III collagens, binding of lectins concanavalin(ConA), or wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) in vitro was examined by means of immunocytochemistry. The expression degree and the cell area were analyzed semi-quantitatively with an image processing and analysis system. RESULTS: After 72 hours, HDP cells appeared contracted and smaller in the absence of FN when compared to cells incubated with FN. HDP cells were in spread state with all four concentrations of FN. FN (20, 40 micrograms/ml) stimulated cell proliferation, promoted incorporation of [3H]-thymidine, and increased the levels of ALPase activity in supernatant. The binding of ConA, the expression of type I collagen, and FN were significantly increased, while the binding of WGA, and the expression of type III collagen were significantly decreased in the FN (40, 80 micrograms/ml) groups when compared to the FN (10, 20 micrograms/ml) groups. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that HDP cells utilize FN for attachment and subsequent spreading. FN might have mitogenic activity and some role in the regulation of differentiation of pulp cells into odontoblasts.
Alkaline Phosphatase↗
Non-myelinated nerve fibres and their terminals in the sub-odontoblastic plexus of the feline dental pulp.
Serial thin sections of the coronal dental pulp of the cat's canine tooth were cut. Parts of the sub-odontoblastic neural plexus were photographed from 100 of the sections. The plexus consists of many slender, predominantly unmyelinated nerve fibres. Many axons are incompletely sheathed by their Schwann cell. Some axons leave the Schwann cell sheath and either end in the extracellar space or return to the Schwann cell after traveling a short distance. Several axons are often seen in close contact within a single invagination of the Schwann cell. They remain in contact for up to 7 micrometer.l Both Schwann cells and axons are see to branch in this region. These features may be characteristic of nerve fibres and terminals which respond to noxious stimuli.
Animals↗
Stimulation by low concentrations of fluoride of the proliferation and alkaline phosphatase activity of human dental pulp cells in vitro.
Fluoride has been used for decades, either systemically or topically, to prevent dental caries. The purpose of this study was to clarify the effects of low concentrations of fluoride on proliferation, differentiation and extracellular-matrix synthesis in normal human dental pulp cells (DP-1 and DP-2) in vitro. The effects were compared with those on a human osteoblastic osteosarcoma cell line, TE-85. Fluoride at micromolar concentrations significantly and dose-dependently stimulated [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA in DP-1, DP-2 and TE-85 cells, with optimal effects around 50 microM, by 127 +/- 7%, 124 +/- 0.6% and 152 +/- 13.4%, respectively. To assess the potential influence of fluoride on cell differentiation, the effects of mitogenic concentrations on alkaline phosphatase activity were measured. Fluoride significantly increased the enzyme's activity in DP-1 and TE-85 by 177 +/- 12% and 144 +/- 12.3%. To evaluate the effect on extracellular-matrix synthesis, the synthesis of type I collagen was indirectly determined by an assay of procollagen type I c-peptide production. Fluoride significantly increased that production by 150 +/- 8.7% in TE-85, but not in either DP-1 or DP-2. These observations suggest that fluoride, if used at low concentrations, could be a useful therapeutic agent where increased regeneration of dentine is desired, such as after pulp amputation, by stimulating the proliferation and differentiation of the dental pulp cells.
Alkaline Phosphatase↗
Dental pulp lipids from Bos taurus during odontogenesis.
During the fetal development of the dental pulp, the various lipid classes show no substantial differences in their relative ratios but differences occur between deciduous and permanent teeth. By chromatography, the amount of free cholesterol was found decreased in deciduous and permanent teeth as compared to fetal teeth. Esterified cholesterol increased in permanent teeth and triglyceride levels were high only in developing permanent teeth. Phosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin and phosphatidylserine were present in higher concentration in permanent unerupted teeth, while phosphatidylethanolamine was at first constant but then decreased during development in the permanent unerupted teeth. These data suggest that lipid changes are related to the assembly of plasma membranes and to the establishment of the innervation during ontogeny and postnatal development of dental pulp.
Aging↗
Human dental pulp vasculogenesis evaluated by CD34 antigen expression and morphological arrangement.
Vasculogenesis describes the process by which endothelial precursor cells form new blood vessels. To characterize the topography and the cellular processes underlying vascularization of human dental pulp, we examiend the expression of the human hematopoietic progenitor cell antigen CD34. Dental pulps, obtained from deciduous and permanent teeth, were morphologically examined at light- and electron-microscope levels and by expression of CD34. The findings indicate that vasculogenesis of dental pulp is a complicated process starting from single CD34(+) cells. These subsequently coalesce to form solid vascular cords inside the developing connective tissue, which later hollows. Pericytes were embedded within the fully formed microvessels' basement membrane. The presence of CD34(+) endothelial cells in permanent teeth reveals that the process of vasculogenesis persists into adult life, where it contributes to continuous adjustment of vessel and network structures in response to functional needs and dental tissue homeostasis.
Adolescent↗
[Establishment of dental pulp hyperemia in an animal experiment model].
To establish an animal model of dental pulp hyperemia, 96 molars in 12 Wistar rats were studied. In each rat, the four right molars, including the right upper and lower first and second molars, were assigned as the experimental group. The four left corresponding molars in each rat were included in the control group. The animals were anesthetized and a 3% silver nitrate solution was applied to the exposed dentin at the cusp tip of the molars for one minute. After 2, 5, and 24 hours, four animals in each subgroup were sacrificed. The upper and lower jaws in conjunction with the dentition were removed and fixed in a 10% neutral formalin solution for 24 hours. The first and second molars and the surrounding alveolar bone in en bloc were trimmed off, fixed for another 24 hours, and processed according to routine histological procedures. The histopathologic changes in the dental pulp were examined by light microscopy. For convenience of interpretation, the intensity of the pulp tissue reaction was graded as follows: grade O: normal pulp tissue; grade I: vessel dilatation and congestion, as well as stromal edema; grade II: focal pulp hemorhage and plasma extravasation; grade III: pulp tissue destruction including pyknotic change in the odontoblastic nuclei; and grade IV: abscess formation in the pulp tissue.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Animals↗
Dental pulp response to traumatic injuries--a retrospective analysis with case reports.
The reactions of the dental pulp to traumatic injuries can be extremely varied. They range from almost immediate pulp death to long-term slow pulp canal calcification. In this study the pulpal reactions were divided into three types: pulps with a very poor prognosis that required endodontic therapy soon after the tooth was traumatized. Seventy-nine teeth were studied in this category, and all 79 teeth required endodontic therapy; pulps with a moderate prognosis that required endodontic intervention some 18 to 24 months after the traumatic episode. Forty-eight teeth were studied in this category, and 27 of them required endodontic therapy: pulps with a very good prognosis that rarely required endodontic therapy. Fifty-two teeth were studied in this category, and only 2 required endodontic therapy. The prognosis of a particular pulp depends on the degree and type of trauma.
Adolescent↗
Effect of mineral trioxide aggregate on proliferation of cultured human dental pulp cells.
AIM: To investigate the effect of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) on the proliferation of human dental pulp (HDP) cells ex-vivo. METHODOLOGY: Human dental pulp cells were cultured with MTA or calcium hydroxide-containing cement (Dycal) using culture plate inserts. Control cells were cultured with culture plate inserts only. Cell proliferation was measured for up to 14 days using a Cell Counting kit, and the concentration of calcium ions released from the tested materials was assessed using a Calcium E-test kit. To confirm that the effect of MTA was attributable to released calcium ions, cell proliferation was measured in the presence of exogenous calcium chloride as a source of calcium ions while in the absence of MTA. RESULTS: Mineral trioxide aggregate significantly stimulated cell proliferation after 12 days, whereas Dycal had no such effect. The number of calcium ions released from MTA was significantly higher than that released from Dycal. Following the addition of calcium chloride, cell proliferation increased in a dose-dependent manner after 12 days. Moreover, cell proliferation showed a similar pattern whether a given concentration of calcium ions was produced by calcium chloride or by release from MTA. CONCLUSIONS: In this ex-vivo study, the elution components such as calcium ions from MTA had higher proliferation ability of HDP cells than control and Dycal.
Adult↗
Interleukin-10 inhibits expression of interleukin-6 and -8 mRNA in human dental pulp cell cultures via nuclear factor-kappaB deactivation.
The effects of interleukin (IL)-10 on the expression of IL-6 and IL-8 mRNA in human dental pulp cell cultures were investigated by using the Northern blot analysis. On stimulation with Prevotella intermedia lipopolysaccharide (PiLPS), IL-10 was produced in peripheral blood but was not detected in human dental pulp cell culture supernatants. IL-10 inhibited IL-8 mRNA expression, which is normally stimulated by PiLPS, IL-1alpha, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha and inhibited IL-6 mRNA expression, which is normally stimulated by IL-1alpha. In addition, IL-10 inhibited the activation of nuclear factor-kappaB, which is normally induced by PiLPS. We conclude that IL-10 inhibits expression of IL-6 and IL-8 mRNA in dental pulp cell cultures by inhibiting the activation of nuclear factor-kappaB.
Adolescent↗
Delta (delta) opioid receptors in small and medium-sized trigeminal neurons supporting the dental pulp of rats.
The control of pain perception is a challenge in clinical dentistry, most prominent during tooth pulp inflammation. The tooth pulp is a well-defined target, and is densely supplied by a sensory trigeminal innervation. Opioids are signaling molecules that are suggested to participate in pain perception. Here we analysed the presence of delta opioid receptor (DOR) in trigeminal neurons innervating the tooth pulp of rat molars. Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural analysis revealed that DOR was identified in peripheral nerves in the molar dental pulp, both in the root and the coronal pulpal parts, with branching in the highly innervated subodontoblast layer. DOR was localised in about one third of all the trigeminal dental neurons, identified by means of retrograde neuronal transport of fluorogold (FG) from the dental pulp. Of the DOR-labeled neurons, nearly all were small and medium-sized (147.5-1,810.2 microm(2), mean 749.1 +/- 327.3 microm(2)). Confocal microscopy confirmed that DOR-immunoreactivity was distributed as granules in the neuronal cytoplasm. Approximately 70% of the DOR-immunoreactive neurons were also immunopositive for vanilloid receptor 1 (TRPV1). Ultrastructural analysis demonstrated DOR-immunoreactivity in the unmyelinated and in some of the myelinated nerve fibers in the dental pulp. These results indicate that DOR may influence the function in a subset of small and medium-sized trigeminal sensory neurons supporting the tooth, which are mainly known for their ability to mediate nociceptive stimuli. Agonists, acting on DOR, may thus have an influence on a subpopulation of nociceptive neurons supporting the rat tooth.
Animals↗
Role of substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide in the regulation of interleukin-8 and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 expression in human dental pulp.
AIM: To determine whether leucocyte infiltration during neurogenic inflammation in the pulp is regulated by neuropeptides via inducing the release of proinflammatory chemokines interleukin-8 (IL-8) and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) from human dental pulp. METHODOLOGY: Cultured primary pulp cells and pulp tissue explants were stimulated with substance P (SP) and/or calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). IL-8 or MCP-1, secreted from cultured cells or produced in pulp explants, was analysed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: Substance P induced IL-8 secretion from cultured pulp cells (approximately threefold increase over control, P < 0.05) and from pulp tissue explants (two- to three fold). SP only minimally to moderately induced MCP-1 (approximately two fold) in cultured pulp cells. While MCP-1 induction in cultured pulp cells was detected after 24 h of SP stimulation, no induction was observed in pulp tissue. CGRP did not induce IL-8, but moderately increased MCP-1 production (approximately three fold) in cultured pulp cells. There was no synergistic induction of MCP-1 by SP plus CGRP stimulation of pulp cells. CONCLUSIONS: Substance P is a stronger inducer of IL-8 production in dental pulp than CGRP. IL-8 is more strongly induced than MCP-1 by SP, suggesting a more important role for IL-8 than MCP-1 in leucocyte infiltration during neurogenic inflammation in dental pulp.
Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide↗
Quantification of neuropeptides (calcitonin gene-related peptide, substance P, neurokinin A, neuropeptide Y and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide) expressed in healthy and inflamed human dental pulp.
AIM: To quantify the expression of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP), neurokinin A (NKA), neuropeptide Y (NPY) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) in healthy and inflamed human dental pulp tissue. METHODOLOGY: Six pulp samples were obtained from teeth having a clinical diagnosis of acute irreversible pulpitis. Another 12 pulp samples were obtained from premolars where extraction was indicated for orthodontic purposes. In six of these premolar teeth inflammation was induced by mechanical pulp exposure prior to sample collection. All samples were processed and 125I-labelled; neuropeptides were quantified by competition assays. ANOVA and Mann-Whitney's (post hoc) tests were used to establish statistically significant differences between the groups. RESULTS: Expression of five neuropeptides was found in all human pulp samples. Statistical analysis revealed a significantly higher (P < 0.05) expression of CGRP, SP, NKA and NPY in both inflammatory conditions compared with healthy pulp control values. VIP expression remained stable during the inflammatory conditions. CONCLUSION: Expression of CGRP, SP and NKA released from C-fibres and NPY released from sympathetic fibres is significantly higher in the inflamed human pulp compared with healthy pulp. Expression of VIP released from parasympathetic fibres is not increased during the inflammatory conditions of human dental pulp.
Adult↗
Cell proliferation in developing human dental pulp. A combined flow cytometric and immunohistochemical study.
Information concerning cell proliferation and differentiation in dental pulp may be important to understand tooth response to exogenous stimuli. Since few data concerning human dental pulp are available, we have investigated the growth fraction and the localization of proliferating cells in pulp tissue of third molars of young adult human males and females, using flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. Flow cytometric analysis demonstrates a low proliferative activity of pulp tissue that appears to be confined to radicular pulp, as revealed by immunohistochemical detection of proliferating cells. No polyploid or aneuploid cell populations could be identified, and G2-blocked cells, if any, represented a negligible cell population. Odontoblasts, cells of the sub-odontoblastic layer, and cells of coronal pulp were found to be not proliferating under normal conditions. These data provide the basis for future investigations on proliferative activity and regenerative potentiality of human pulp cells in experimental and clinical situations.
Adolescent↗
Ampicillin concentrations in human serum, gingiva, mandibular bone, dental follicle, and dental pulp following a single oral dose of talampicillin.
Eighty-one patients who underwent the extraction of impacted mandibular third molars in the nonfasting state were given a single oral dose of talampicillin (500 mg) preoperatively. Specimens of venous blood (n = 132), gingiva (n = 70), mandibular bone (n = 78), dental follicle (n = 63), and dental pulp (n = 59) were obtained during the operation and assayed for ampicillin content. The mean peak concentrations in serum (9.64 micrograms/ml), gingiva (4.72 micrograms/mg), mandibular bone (1.77 micrograms/ml), dental follicle (3.46 micrograms/ml), and dental pulp (5.53 micrograms/mg) all occurred at approximately 150 minutes after administration of talampicillin. The ratios of the corresponding serum concentration to the peak concentrations in the various oral tissues when both were plotted as drug concentration curves were: gingiva, 0.50; mandibular bone, 0.16; dental follicle, 0.34; and dental pulp, 0.52. Talampicillin was absorbed well by the intestine, and sufficient concentrations of the resulting metabolite, ampicillin, were found in oral tissues.
Administration, Oral↗
[THE SPECIFICITY OF CLINICAL CONDITIONS AND THE RESULTS OF TREATMENT OF CERTAIN DENTAL PULP DISEASES BY MEANS OF DEVITALIZATION].
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Dental Pulp↗
Amnesia for electric dental pulp stimulation and picture recall test under different levels of propofol or midazolam sedation.
AIM: To compare the amnesic effect of propofol and midazolam to electric dental pulp stimulation (invasive) and picture recall test (non-invasive) at two sedation levels with the aid of bispectral index (BIS) monitoring. METHODS: The subjects were 10 male volunteers (24-34 years) classified as ASA physical status I. Propofol was administered to achieve a sedation score of three with a target-controlled infusion technique; it was then regulated to give a sedation score of two (P group). Midazolam was administered by a titration dosage to achieve a sedation score of three (M group). It then gradually decreased to give a sedation score of two. The BIS score, sedation score, plasma/serum concentration of propofol and midazolam, blood pressure, pulse rate, respiratory rate, end-tidal CO(2) tension and arterial oxygen saturation were observed at each sedation level in both groups. Amnesic effects were evaluated using a picture recall test and electric dental pulp stimulation. RESULT: No difference was observed in the amnesic effect evaluated by picture recall test at the two sedation levels. Likewise, there was no difference at a sedation score of three when the amnesic effect was evaluated by electric dental pulp stimulation. In contrast, a significant difference was observed at a sedation score of two; midazolam produced amnesia in more subjects than did propofol. CONCLUSION: Propofol and midazolam did not show any significant difference in amnesic effects to non-invasive stimuli. For invasive stimuli, midazolam showed a stronger amnesic effect at the moderate sedation level, but not at the deeper sedation level.
Adult↗
[Study of diagnosis of dental pulp. (Correlation between pain threshold obtained by electric pulse trains on the tooth and histology of normal and pathologic tooth pulp)].
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Adolescent↗