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At least 325 records · Page 18Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Talking Wellness: a description of a community-academic partnered project to engage an African-American community around depression through the use of poetry, film, and photography.

The design, implementation, and preliminary evaluation of an enhanced community-engagement program that uses poetry, film, and photography at a film festival in south Los Angeles is described. This project is one of several Talking Wellness projects designed to develop social capital and enhance community engagement in projects designed to improve the community's capacity to communicate effectively about depression, to decrease the associated stigma, and to participate in the design and evaluation of research interventions. The high degree of collaboration in the development and evaluation of this community participatory research model is illustrated by describing the selection and design of the intervention and the development of the survey questionnaires used for data collection. The project is described from the perspective of community members involved in the process.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Community health advocacy: primary health care nurse-advocate teams in urban communities.

In summary, our health advocacy program uses PHC teams in urban, underserved communities to deal with the interaction of social and health factors in solving problems related to access to appropriate (as perceived by residents) and affordable health care. This approach encourages grass-roots participation in problem identification and solution, a fundamental ingredient of community empowerment. Further, this program facilitates community identification of nurses as resource persons who encourage collaboration to improve the community's health status and as health providers who enhance the authority and autonomy of community participation in the resolution of health issues.

Community Health Nursing↗
PubMed1990

Hypertension control in a rural community. An assessment of community-oriented primary care.

To determine the effectiveness of a community-oriented primary care approach for the detection, treatment, and control of hypertension, data were analyzed from a survey of all 3094 adults living in a geographically well-defined rural community. Among the 2939 (96.1%) persons who completed the survey, 587 (20%) were found to meet study criteria for the diagnosis of hypertension. Hypertensive adults who identified a neighborhood health center with a community-oriented primary care philosophy as their source of care were more likely to have their disease detected, treated, and controlled than were hypertensive adults who identified other sources of care. The improved control was most evident for men and for blacks, but in every race-sex stratum, hypertensive patients of the neighborhood health center were more likely to be under control. Even when controlling in logistic models for age, race, and sex, identification of the neighborhood health center was associated with better control of hypertension (beta = 0.591, P = .004). In this rural community, community-oriented primary care delivered through a neighborhood health center appears to be associated with increased likelihood of detection, treatment, and control of hypertension.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

[Intervention technics in the community: community diagnosis].

The practice of community mental health care demands the introduction of suitable models of intervention. Community medicine, which has preceded the development of community mental health, offers operative models based on epidemiologic concepts and techniques. This paper analyses the different components of community diagnosis, a necessary step in the process of community intervention. A practical example illustrates the use of the latter by the mental health worker.

Community Mental Health Services↗
PubMed1986

Symposium on surgical manpower in the smaller community. Is there a future for the community general surgeon?

The author attempts to assess the factors affecting the future of surgery in Canadian communities with a population of 10 000 to 30 000. Five problems are identified: (a) unrealistic patient expectations, (b) government cutbacks causing reduced equipment budgets, (c) difficulty in getting competent, modern anesthesia from well-trained general practitioners, (d) undergraduate and postgraduate training focus and (e) political enlargement of medical schools and reduced funding for health care. The proposed solutions are as follows: realistic patient expectations should be possible through authoritarian advertising compaigns; residency training should be keyed to community surgery; community health care standards can be promoted and maintained by creating a link between the community surgeon (specialist) and the tertiary hospital of his choice. This can be accomplished by creating a new class of staff appointment in the tertiary hospital, the "referring consultant" (i.e., the community surgeon).

Canada↗
PubMed1994

Assessing Catholic community hospitals versus nonprofit community hospitals, 1989-1992.

Catholic community hospitals are becoming more like nongovernment, not-for-profit community hospitals of a similar bed size located in the same states. After controlling for state, urban-versus-rural location, and bed-size range, a matched set of 303 Catholic community hospitals are compared with nongovernment, not-for-profit community hospitals. This empirical study documents that the average 1992 Catholic hospital is less profitable, with older equipment, and treats more Medicare patients than the average matched community hospital.

Catholicism↗
PubMed1996

Community panel discussions: from research to community action.

HYPERTENSION AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE are increasing among minorities. Participants at the workshop on the Epidemiology of Hypertension in Hispanic Americans, Native Americans, and Asian/Pacific Islander Americans voiced a need to intensify a systemic approach for community-based strategies to guide prevention, treatment, and control. To answer this need, a panel addressed recommended community-based strategies from inclusion of community members in the research process to implementation and application of findings for community action. Recommended strategies include encouraging close cooperation and data sharing between investigators and community groups; including differences in culture, heritage, and local influences in hypertension research; training and working with minority researchers and health care professionals; and intensifying comprehensive and culturally appropriate education programs that focus on prevention, treatment, and control of hypertension. This article contains a summary of key areas of emphasis, as well as implementation strategies to decrease hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases in specific ethnic groups.

Cardiovascular Diseases↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Incidence of community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization. Results of a population-based active surveillance Study in Ohio. The Community-Based Pneumonia Incidence Study Group.

BACKGROUND: Pneumonia is the leading cause of death due to infectious diseases in the United States; however, the incidence of most infections causing community-acquired pneumonia in adults is not well defined. METHODS: We evaluated all adults, residing in 2 counties in Ohio, who were hospitalized in 1991 because of community-acquired pneumonia. Information about risk factors, symptoms, and outcome was collected through interview and medical chart review. Serum samples were collected from consenting individuals during the acute and convalescent phases, and specific etiologic diagnoses were assigned based on results of bacteriologic and immunologic tests. RESULTS: The incidence of community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization in the study counties in 1991 was 266.8 per 100,000 population; the overall case-fatality rate was 8.8%. Pneumonia incidence was higher among blacks than whites (337.7/100,000 vs 253.9/ 100,000; P < .001), was higher among males than females (291.4 vs 244.8; P < .001), and increased with age (91.6/100,000 for persons aged < 45 years, 277.2/ 100,000 for persons aged 45-64 years, and 1012.3/ 100,000 for persons aged > or = 65 years; P < .001). Extrapolation from study incidence data showed the projected annual number of cases of community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization in the United States to be 485,000. These data provide previously unavailable estimates of the annual number of cases that are due to Legionella species (8000-18,000), Mycoplasma pneumoniae (18,700-108,000), and Chlamydia pneumoniae (5890-49,700). CONCLUSIONS: These data provide information about the importance of community-acquired pneumonia and the relative and overall impact of specific causes of pneumonia. The study provides a basis for choosing optimal empiric pneumonia therapy, and allows interventions for prevention of pneumonia to be targeted at groups at greatest risk for serious illness and death.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Partnerships and participation of community residents in health promotion and prevention: experiences of the highfield community enrichment project (better beginnings, better futures).

We provide a description and analysis of the role of partnerships between community residents and service-providers in planning and implementing a health promotion/prevention programme for children and families. The context for this study is the Highfield Community Enrichment Project, a multi-component, community-based promotion/prevention project operating in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The nature and amount of resident participation in this project are described, as well as barriers to resident participation and strategies to reduce those barriers. The findings are interpreted in terms of empowerment and partnership theory, and the implications of these findings for involving citizens from low-income communities in planning promotion/prevention programmes are discussed.

Community Health Planning↗
PubMed2004

Overcoming historical and institutional distrust: key elements in developing and sustaining the community mobilization against HIV in the Boston Haitian community.

The Metro Boston REACH 2010 HIV Coalition needs to develop innovative processes aimed at overcoming a history of distrust that has led to limited cooperation from the Haitian community. Among the key elements being implemented are the development of a community vision through a community mobilization process; the development of an innovative working group process, in which coalition members worked together to develop and implement culturally and linguistically appropriate HIV prevention curricula; participatory leadership and joint accountability processes, manifested in decision-making approaches, such as the fund allocation system, and in the provision of technical assistance workshops on team building, designed to engender cohesion, skills, and resources sharing among coalition members. The success of this venture is measured through the growing expectation that this coalition could serve as a community planning body for all HIV-related services aimed at reducing HIV infection in the Greater Boston Haitian population.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Community participation in health activities in an Amazon community of Brazil.

This article describes community participation in a comprehensive eight-year health program at Porto Nacional, a town in Brazils Amazon region. The authors discuss various techniques employed to encourage community participation, indicate methods used to resolve low-key conflicts in a positive manner, describe the major contributions made by community participation in this program, and present a number of conclusions considered applicable to other communities in this part of Brazil.

Brazil↗
PubMed1995

Community stop-smoking contests in the COMMIT trial: relationship of participation to costs. Community Intervention trials.

BACKGROUND: This study quantifies resources used to conduct 26 community-wide quit-smoking contests, the percentage of smokers that participated in these contests, and the statistical associations between resource inputs and participation percentages. METHODS: Data collected from the 11 COMMIT intervention communities (adult population range 47,490-185,913) included number of contest participants, contest procedures, and resource inputs. Stepwise regression was used to find the most meaningful association(s) of independent variables with contest participation percentage. RESULTS: Contest participation percentages ranged from 0.27 to 3.11% of smokers (mean = 1.26%). Total cost (COMMIT and community-contributed resources and dollar expenditures) to conduct a contest averaged $24,857 (range $5,751-$74,556), or $78.57 per contest participant. Expenditures in various specific resource categories varied greatly. Total expenditures per smoker in the community (excluding expenditures for prizes) was the independent variable most highly correlated with contest participation percentage, accounting for 63% of the total variability in participation percentages. CONCLUSIONS: The percentage of smoker participation in community-wide stop-smoking contests appears primarily to be a function of total resource expenditures, regardless of the specific types of resources funded. Stop-smoking contests are judged to be quite cost effective. Study strengths and weaknesses are discussed.

Costs and Cost Analysis↗
PubMed2000

Injury-producing events among children in low-income communities: the role of community characteristics.

STUDY PURPOSE: Injury remains the leading cause of death in children aged 1 to 4 years. Past studies of determinants of injuries among young children have most often focused on the microlevel, examining characteristics of the child, parent, family, and home environments. We sought to determine whether and how selected neighborhood economic and physical characteristics within these low-income communities are related to differences in risk of events with injury-producing potential among infants and young children. METHODS: Our study used both individual-level data and information on the characteristics of the neighborhood of residence to describe the prevalence of events with injury-producing potential among infants and young children in three low-income communities in Baltimore City, Maryland. Our sample was 288 respondents who participated in a random household survey. Information on respondent (age, employment, and length of residence in the neighborhood) and neighborhood characteristics (average per capita income, rate of housing violations, and crime rate) were available. Methods of multilevel Poisson regression analysis were employed to identify which of these characteristics were associated with increased risk of experiencing an event with injury-producing potential in the month prior to the interview. RESULTS: Although all three communities were considered low income, considerable variation in neighborhood characteristics and 1-month prevalence rates of events with injury-producing potential were observed. Younger age of respondent and higher rates of housing violations were associated significantly with increased risk of a child under 5 years old in the household experiencing an event with injury-producing potential. CONCLUSIONS: Information on community characteristics was important to understanding the risks for injuries and could be used to develop community-based prevention interventions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Four-year monitoring of parasite communities in gobiid fishes of the south-western Baltic. I. Guild and component community.

The parasite communities of goby species (Teleostei, Percomorphi) from the south-western Baltic Sea were investigated from 1997 to 2000 in three different seasons. In total, 30 parasite species were found in the guild of four goby spp. from Dahmeshöved (Lübeck Bight). The component community of Pomatoschistus minutus comprised 22, Pomatoschistus pictus 20, Gobiusculus flavescens 18 and Gobius niger 14 parasite species, whereas Pomatoschistus microps from the Salzhaff (Mecklenburg Bight) harboured 24 species. The digenean Podocotyle atomon (ingested with prey) and Cryptocotyle concavum (active penetration) were the most common parasites. Cryptocotyle lingua and the nematode Hysterothylacium sp. in Gobius niger as well as the specialists Aphalloides timmi and Apatemon gracilis (Digenea) in Pomatoschistus microps were also very abundant. There were large changes in the parasite communities within the years as well as between the seasons of a year; only Gobius niger presented rather homogeneous communities. The ratio of core parasite species in the hosts was at most 28% ( Gobiusculus flavescens) and at least 9% ( Gobius niger). The core species can attain their maximum values at different seasons, which is not only influenced by the parasite but also by the host species. It is concluded that the composition of parasite communities was predominantly determined by the ways of life of the host as well as of the parasite species. Another important factor is the population density of intermediate hosts.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Knowledge of heart attack symptoms in 20 US communities. Results from the Rapid Early Action for Coronary Treatment Community Trial.

BACKGROUND: Effective treatment for patients with acute myocardial infarction is limited by patient delay in seeking care. Inadequate knowledge of heart attack symptoms may prolong delay. An intervention designed to reduce delay was tested in the Rapid Early Action for Coronary Treatment (REACT) Community Trial. In this report, the impact on knowledge of heart attack symptoms is presented. METHODS: Twenty communities were randomized to intervention or comparison status in a matched-pair design. Intervention strategies included community organization, public education, professional education, and patient education. The main outcome measures were based on information regarding knowledge of symptoms collected in a series of four random-digit-dialed telephone surveys. RESULTS: Knowledge of REACT-targeted symptoms increased in intervention communities. No change was observed in comparison communities. The net effect was an increase of 0.44 REACT-targeted symptoms per individual (P<0.001). The intervention effect was greater in ethnic minorities, persons with lower household incomes, and those with family or spouse history of heart attack (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The REACT intervention was modestly successful in increasing the general public's knowledge of the complex constellation of heart attack symptoms. The intervention program was somewhat more effective in reaching disadvantaged subgroups, including ethnic minorities and persons with lower income. Despite these successes, the post-intervention level of knowledge was suboptimal.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Randomised, controlled, community-level HIV-prevention intervention for sexual-risk behaviour among homosexual men in US cities. Community HIV Prevention Research Collaborative.

BACKGROUND: Community-level interventions may be helpful in population-focused HIV prevention. If members of populations at risk of HIV infection who are popular with other members can be engaged to advocate the benefits of behaviour change to peers, decreases in risk behaviour may be possible. We assessed a community-level intervention to lower the risk of HIV infection, focusing on men patronising gay bars in eight small US cities. METHODS: We used a randomised community-level field design. Four cities received the intervention and four control cities did not. Participants were men from each city who went to gay bars. Men completed surveys about their sexual behaviour on entering the bars during 3-night periods at baseline and at 1-year follow-up. In the control cities, HIV educational materials were placed in the bars. In the intervention cities, we recruited popular homosexual men in the community and trained them to spread behaviour-change endorsements and recommendations to their peers through conversation. FINDINGS: Population-level of risk behaviour decreased significantly in the intervention cities compared with the control cities at 1-year follow-up, after exclusion of surveys completed by transients and men with exclusive sexual partners in a city-level analysis, in the intervention cities we found a reduction in the mean frequency of unprotected anal intercourse during the previous 2 months (baseline 1.68 occasions; follow-up 0.59: p = 0.04) and an increase in the mean percentage of occasions of anal intercourse protected by condoms (baseline 44.7%; follow-up 66.8%, p = 0.02). Increased numbers of condoms taken from dispensers in intervention-city bars corroborated risk-behaviour self-reports. INTERPRETATION: Popular and well-liked members of a community who systematically endorse and recommend risk-reduction behaviour can influence the sexual-risk practices of others in their social networks. Natural styles of communication, such as conversations, brought about population-level changes in risk behaviour.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Long-term effect of Sea-Nine on natural coastal phytoplankton communities assessed by pollution induced community tolerance.

Sea-Nine211 has been introduced as a new biocide in antifouling paints with an immediate degradation when it is released from ship hulls. The active component of Sea-Nine211 is 4,5-dichloro-2-n-octyl-isothiazoline-3-one (DCOI). In the present study, the toxicity of DCOI and the occurrence of Pollution Induced Community Tolerance (PICT) were tested in microcosms containing eutrophic coastal water with its natural composition of phytoplankton. The experiment was performed in closed systems with a single addition of the nominal concentrations 0, 3.2, 10, 32 and 100 nM DCOI, for a period of 16 days. Pollution induced community tolerance (PICT) was observed in the phytoplankton communities exposed to the nominal concentrations 32 and 100 nM DCOI. Chemical analysis of DCOI in the coastal water utilised in the toxicity and PICT experiment was performed by GC-MS using a solid- phase extraction method. Half-life was calculated to be 2.5 days for the nominal concentrations 32 and 100 nM DCOI. The results of the present study show that nominal concentrations of 32 and 100 nM DCOI significantly increased the community tolerance already after 2 days of exposure and that the tolerance was maintained for a period of 16 days even when DCOI was degraded during this period. The causes for the persistent tolerance are discussed in relation to the degradation of DCOI and structural changes in the phytoplankton communities.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1997

Macrobenthic community colonization and community development in dredged material disposal habitats off coastal Louisiana.

We examined marine benthic macroinvertebrate colonization and community structure at multiple spatial scales (study areas, reference and disposal sites, and depth zones within sites) within a 3-day period at three relatively widely separated (ca 60 km) dredged material disposal areas (Mermentau and Atchafalaya Rivers and Freshwater Bayou) in coastal Louisiana. Study areas had different histories of dredged material disposal, but all three are subject to frequent natural habitat disturbances (e.g. freshets). Nine phyla and 51 taxa were represented among the three study areas at reference (R) and disposal (D) sites (Freshwater Bayou: 21(R), 18 (D); Mermentau River: 14 (R), 17 (D) and Atchafalaya River: 38 (R), 40 (D)). Only 15 taxa were common to all three study areas. At the Freshwater Bayou, average taxa richness and abundance responded to water depth, not sites. These response variables averaged higher mean values at the Mermentau River disposal than at the reference site. No consistent pattern in the average of these response variables was detected between sites at the Atchafalaya River. Multidimensional scaling ordination and non-parametric multivariate inferential analysis provided a distinctly different picture of community structure within study areas compared to parametric analyses. A relatively moderate to strong separation in community structure between sites was detected depending on study area. Non-parametric multivariate inferential analysis detected significant differences in internal community structure at the scale of stations and sites within study areas. The weight of evidence suggests that frequent natural disturbances explain differences in macrobenthic animal community structure more than effects of dredged material disposal.

Journal Article↗