SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Chloroacetates”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

SourceResearch connectionFrom yearThrough year

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 325 records · Page 18Linked to original sources

PubMed2005

Anti-tumor and proapoptotic effect of novel synthetic benzophenone analogues in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells.

A series of substituted benzophenone analogues, (2-aroyl-4-methylphenoxy)acetamides 4a-e, have been synthesized via three-step synthesis sequence beginning with the 2-hydroxybenzophenones 1a-e in excellent yield. 1a-e on reaction with ethyl chloroacetate afford ethyl (2-aroyl-4-methylphenoxy)acetates 2a-e which on alkaline hydrolysis afforded (2-aroyl-4-methylphenoxy)ethanoic acid 3a-e. Compounds 3a-e on condensation with p-chloroaniline furnished benzophenone analogues 4a-e. In the present report, we investigated the anti-tumor and proapoptotic effect of benzophenones in Ehrlich ascites tumor (EAT) cells. Treatment of benzophenones in vivo resulted in inhibition of proliferation of EAT cells and ascites formation. Further, we demonstrate that the induction of apoptosis in EAT cells is mediated through activation of caspase-3. These results suggest a further possible clinical application of these synthetic compounds as potent anti-tumor and proapoptotic compounds.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Primary myeloid sarcoma of the testicle with t(15;17).

The first case of acute promyelocytic leukemia presenting as a solitary testicular mass (myeloid sarcoma) that relapsed in the contralateral testicle is described. The neoplastic cells strongly expressed chloroacetate esterase, myeloperoxidase, CD33, CD43, and weakly, CD117. The presence of many azurophil granules and Auer rods was detected by electron microscopy. Translocation (15;17)(q22;q21.1) was revealed by cytogenetics and was verified by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Contralateral testicle is a favorite site for recurrence in a subset of testicular myeloid sarcomas. Subclassification of all cases of myeloid sarcoma ought to be attempted.

Adult↗

PubMed2007

Monosomy 7 as the sole abnormality of an acute basophilic leukemia.

We report the case of a 72-year-old man who had the very rare disease acute basophilic leukemia with the sole chromosomal finding of a monosomy 7. Most nuclear cells in the peripheral blood and bone marrow samples were either basophils or blasts. The blasts showed negative reaction with myeloperoxidase, periodic acid Schiff, chloroacetate esterase, alpha-naphthyl butyrate esterase, acid phosphatase, and Sudan black B. Metachromatic features of the blasts, however, were observed with toluidine blue stain. Electron microscopic evaluation showed the typical ultrastructure, with basophil and immature mast cell granules. Cytogenetic study revealed monosomy 7 in all metaphase cells, and this finding was confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridization. The Philadelphia chromosome was absent. Review of the literature revealed abnormalities in cases of ABL. To our knowledge, the case reported here is the first to have basophilic leukemia with monosomy 7 as the only chromosome abnormality.

Aged↗

PubMed2006

Relationship between chlorine consumption and chlorination by-products formation for model compounds.

The objective of this research is to investigate the relationship between chlorine decay and the formations of disinfection by-products (DBP), including trichloromethane (TCM) and chloroacetic acid (CAA) in the presence of four model compounds, i.e., resorcinol, phloroglucinol, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, and m-hydroxybenzoic acid. The chlorine degradation in model compounds with OH and/or COOH functional groups were rapid after chlorination. The TCM yields of carboxylic group substituted compounds (3-hydroxybenzoic acid [3-HBA], 4-hydroxybenzoic acid [4-HBA]) were found to be lower than that of the m-dihydroxy substituted compounds. Phloroglucinol, with one more OH substitution group than resorcinol, tends to form significant amounts of CAA after chlorination. However, it was observed that with the COOH substitution of 3-HBA and 4-HBA tend to exhibit more CAA formation potential than resorcinol. The developed parallel second and first-order reaction model for chlorine demand has been successfully utilized for TCM, CAA and DBP formation modeling. A high correlation between CAA and TCM was observed for the model compounds.

Acetates↗

PubMed2005

Synthesis and antimicrobial study of novel heterocyclic compounds from hydroxybenzophenones.

The triazolothiadiazine analogues 6a-e were obtained via a multistep synthesis sequences beginning with the hydroxybenzophenones 1a-e. Hydroxybenzophenones on reaction with ethyl chloroacetate affords ethyl (2-aroylaryloxy)acetates 2a-e which on treatment with hydrazine hydrate yields 2-(2-aroylaryloxy)acetohydrazides 3a-e. Intramolecular cyclization of 3a-e with carbon disulfide affords 5-(2-aroylaryloxy)methyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-(3H)thiones 4a-e, which on treatment with hydrazine hydrate yields 4-amino-5-(2-aroyl aryloxy)methyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-(2H)thiones 5a-e. Condensation of 5a-e with alpha-halocarbonyl compound results in 3-(2-aroylaryloxy)methyl-6-phenyl-1,2,4-triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4] thiadiazine 6a-e analogues. The compounds 4a-e, 5a-e and 6a-e were tested against variety of fungal and bacterial strains in comparison to fluconazole and chloramphenicol, respectively.

Anti-Infective Agents↗

PubMed2006

Synthesis and antimicrobial activities of some novel 1,2,4-triazolo[3,4-b]-1,3,4-thiadiazoles and 1,2,4-triazolo[3,4-b]-1,3,4-thiadiazines carrying thioalkyl and sulphonyl phenoxy moieties.

Thirty one new 6-aryl-3-{(4-substituted phenoxy) methyl}-1,2,4-triazolo[3,4-b]-1,3,4-thiadiazoles (6a-s) and 6-aryl-3-[(4-substituted phenoxy methyl]-7H-1,2,4-triazolo[3,4-b]-1,3,4-thiadiazines (7a-l) have been synthesized from 4-thioalkyl phenols (1a-b) through a multi-step reaction sequence. Compounds 1a-b reacted with ethyl chloroacetate in presence of acetone and potassium carbonate to give ethyl [4-(thioalkyl) phenoxy] acetates (2a-b). Further, 2a was oxidized to [4-(methyl sulphonyl) phenoxy] acetate (2c) using hydrogen peroxide in acetic acid. Reactions of (2a-c) with hydrazine hydrate in alcoholic medium furnished 2-[4-thiosubstituted phenoxy] acetohydrazides (3a-b) and 2-[4-methyl sulphonyl phenoxy] acetohydrazide (3c) which on treatment with carbon disulphide and methanolic potassium hydroxide yielded corresponding potassium dithiocarbazates (4a-c). They were then converted to 4-amino-5-[(4-thioalkyl phenoxy) methyl]-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiols (5a-b) and 4-amino-5-[(4-methyl sulphonyl phenoxy) methyl]-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol (5c) by refluxing them with aqueous hydrazine hydrate. The title compounds 6a-s were prepared by condensing 5a-c with various aromatic carboxylic acids in presence of phosphorus oxychloride. The intermediates 5a-c, on condensation with various substituted phenacyl bromides afforded a series of title compounds (7a-l). The structures of new compounds 2a-7l were established on the basis of their elemental analysis, IR, (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR and mass spectral data. All the title compounds were subjected to in vitro antibacterial testing against four pathogenic strains and antifungal screening against three fungi. Preliminary results indicate that some of them exhibited promising activities and they deserve more consideration as potential antimicrobials.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed2004

Synthesis and properties of N-hexadecyl ethylenediamine triacetic acid.

A new kind of surfactant named N-hexadecyl ethylenediamine triacetic acid (HED3A) was synthesized from anhydrous ethylenediamine, 1-bromohexadecane, and chloroacetic acid. Testing showed stability of HED3A in hard water, wetting power, dispersing power, and surface tension increased along with pH value. Stability in hard water of trisodium N-hexadecyl ethylenediamine triacetate (3NaHED3A) was at level 4, which was better than that of sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) and sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (LAS). Other properties of 3NaHED3A including wetting power, dispersing power, emulsifying power, and surface tension had intermediate value between SDS, LAS, AES, peregal-O, and cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC). The ethylenediamine triacetic acid (ED3A) group in 3NaHED3A can chelate many kinds of metal ions, which indicates a promising application prospect in many fields including metal anticorrosion, corrosion control agent, additives in electroplating solution, and ore selection and solid surface treatment.

Edetic Acid↗

PubMed2006

Natural killer-like T-cell lymphoma in a calf.

A case of natural killer (NK)-like T-cell lymphoma in a 9-month-old female Holstein calf is described. The liver, spleen and lymph nodes were affected with lymphoma. The neoplastic cells showed not only epitheliotropism in the biliary epithelium and hepatic cords but also preferential homing to follicular centres of the lymph nodes. In the cytoplasm, there were eosinophilic granules of various sizes, which were positive with phosphotungstic acid haematoxylin and naphthol AS-D chloroacetate esterase. Erythrophagia by lymphoma cells was rarely detected. Immunohistochemically, the neoplastic cells expressed surface CD3, surface CD5 and CD57, and perforin expression was present in the cytoplasmic granules. The lymphoma described resembled feline NK-like T-cell lymphoma in epitheliotropism in the liver and phagocytic activity but differed in respect of follicular involvement and marked variation in granule size.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Photocatalytical degradation of 1,3-dichloro-2-propanol aqueous solutions by using an immobilized TiO2 photoreactor.

The photocatalytic oxidation of 1,3-dichloro-2-propanol (1,3-DCP) was studied by following the target compound degradation, the total organic carbon removal rate and by identifying the oxidation products. The reaction was performed in a batch recycle reactor, at room temperature, using UV radiation, H2O2 as oxidant, and immobilized TiO2 as catalyst. 1,3-Dichloro-2-propanone, chloroacetyl-chloride, chloroacetic acid, formic and acetic acid were detected as reaction intermediates and a possible pathway for the oxidation of 1,3-dichloro-2-propanol is proposed. The effect of the oxidative agent's initial concentration was investigated and it was established that higher concentrations of H2O2 slow down the reaction rate. The investigation of the effect of the 1,3-DCP initial concentration showed no influence on the degradation process. The carbon and chloride ion mass balance calculations confirmed the fact that chlorinated intermediates are formed and that they degrade with a lower rate than 1,3-DCP.

Catalysis↗

PubMed2005

Morphology, cytochemical staining, and ultrastructural characteristics of the blood cells of the giant lizard of El Hierro (Gallotia simonyi).

The object of this study was to examine the erythrocytes, leukocytes and thrombocytes of the giant lizard of El Hierro (Gallotia simonyi) by light and electron (TEM) microscopy, and cytochemical staining. Smears were prepared from blood from the ventral coccygeal vein of 10 healthy adult lizards (five males and five females) from the Giant Lizard of El Hierro Reproduction and Research Centre, Canary Islands, Spain. The cytochemical stains used were: benzidine peroxidase (BP), chloroacetate esterase (CAE), alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE), acid phosphatase (AP), periodic acid-Schiff (PAS), toluidine blue (TB) and May-Grünwald-Giemsa (MGG). Electron microscopy was also performed on all samples. Heterophils had granules that were heterogeneous in both size and electron density, and stained with BP, PAS and ANAE. Eosinophil granules were homogeneously electron-dense and stained for AP, CAE and ANAE. Basophils had both highly and moderately electron-dense granules, and stained with TB and ANAE. Azurophil granules were of low electron-density and stained for AP, CAE and ANAE. Azurophil cytoplasm was vacuolated on TEM. The cytoplasm of lymphocytes contained many ribosomes and was positive for AP. Monocytes had a large nucleus and a vacuolated cytoplasm but did not stain by any of the cytochemical methods used. Thrombocytes had a relatively large nucleus but little cytoplasm; they did not stain cytochemically. The blood cells of the giant lizards of El Hierro differ from those of other members of the Order Squamata both morphologically and cytochemically. The variation in cytochemical responses in the blood of reptiles makes it necessary to study species individually if meaningful clinical decisions are to be made.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Morphologic and cytochemical characteristics of blood cells of juvenile loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta).

A morphologic classification based on the cytochemical characteristics of blood cells of 35 juvenile loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) is described. Cytochemical stains included benzidine peroxidase, chloroacetate esterase, alpha-naphthyl butyrate esterase (with and without sodium fluoride), acid phosphatase (with and without tartaric acid), Sudan black B, periodic acid-Schiff, and toluidine blue. The morphologic characteristics of erythrocytes were similar to those reported in green turtles. Six types of white blood cells were identified: heterophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes and thrombocytes. Except for the basophils, the rest of the white blood cells from loggerhead turtles had different cytochemical characteristics compared to blood cells from other sea turtle species. The leukocyte differential count was different from that reported for other sea turtle species. Heterophils were the most numerous leukocytes from these loggerhead turtles, followed by lymphocytes, eosinophils, monocytes and basophils. This paper provides a morphologic classification of blood cells of loggerhead sea turtles that is useful for veterinary surgeons involved in sea turtle conservation.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Conformational preferences and orbital interactions for methyl haloacetates.

Conformational preferences and orbital interactions of methyl chloroacetate (1), methyl bromoacetate (2) and methyl iodo-acetate (3) were analyzed using experimental infra-red data, theoretical calculations and NBO analyses. The conformational equilibria of compounds 1-3 can be represented by their cis and gauche rotamers. The gauche form of 1 is stable in the vapour phase and in a non-polar solvent, but the cis is predominant in a polar solvent. For 2 the gauche form is more stable than the cis, in both the vapour and liquid phases, but for compound 3 only the gauche form was observed both in vapour phase as in solution. These conformational preferences were attributed to the orbital interaction between two antibonding orbitals pi(C=O)(*)-->sigma(C-X)(*). This unexpected interaction was possibly due to the high (0.2) electron density on pi(C=O)(*), which results from the interaction between ether oxygen lone pair and pi(C=O)(*).

Acetates↗

PubMed2003

Synthesis of hapten and conjugates of coumestrol and development of immunoassay.

3-O-Carboxymethylcoumestrol was prepared as the hapten for immunoassay by a partial alkylation of coumestrol with ethyl chloroacetate in acetone alkalized with potassium carbonate. 3-O-Ethoxycarbonylmethylcoumestrol was separated by column chromatography and finally was hydrolyzed with formic acid. 1H and 13C NMR data (APT, COSY, HMQC, and HMBC) revealed that the reaction was regioselective, as 3-O-ethoxycarboxymethylcoumestrol was the only monosubstituted derivative. The hapten was then conjugated to bovine serum albumin and used for immunization of rabbits. A radioimmunoassay (RIA) system was established based on the polyclonal antiserum and a 125I-labeled hapten-tyrosine methyl ester conjugate as the radioligand. Parameters of the RIA: sensitivity: 12 pg per tube, 50% intercept: 140 pg per tube, working range: 20-4000 pg per tube. The cross-reactivity of a panel isoflavonoid and lignan phytoestrogens was either negligible (e.g. formononetin 0.07%; biochanin A 0.06%) or not detectable at all. The major immunoreactive peak in HPLC fractions from an alfalfa extract had the same retention time as coumestrol standard and represented 94.8% of the signal. The remaining 5.2% of immunoreactivity was distributed between five minor peaks. We conclude that after the validation for particular matrices, the method will be a useful tool for analysis of coumestrol, especially in low volume and low concentration samples.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Effect of sonication on the photo-catalytic mineralization of some chlorinated organic compounds.

Effects of the irradiation of ultrasound (US) on the photo-catalytic mineralization of some chlorinated organic compounds such as dichloroethane, tri- and tetrachloroethylenes, chloroacetic acids and chloromethanes were examined in oxygen saturated aqueous solutions suspended titanium dioxide (P25) particles. The yields of the sonochemical mineralization for these compounds were found to be extremely low compared to the photo-catalysis. However, the pre-sonication, US irradiation on the sample solution before the photo-irradiation, enhanced significantly the following photo-catalytic degradation to the complete oxidation. The effect was investigated in detail and it was found that the effect was mainly owing to the increase in the capability of the catalysis of which particles were sparsely dispersed by the sonication. The other contribution of the pre-sonication effect was found to be "pre-sonolysis", the initial formation of some intermediated products sonochemically, which are oxidizable more rapidly further to carbon dioxide than the original compound by the following photo-catalytic reactions. The pre-sonolysis effect was observed remarkably for trichloroacetic acid and tetrachloromethane, both of which are known to be hardly reactive to the photo-catalytic degradation. The photo-catalytic degradation with simultaneous sonication were also carried out for these compounds. The synergetic effect in the mineralization was observed both for carbontetrachloride and for trichloroacetic acid, the higher carbon dioxide yield being obtained in the simultaneous reaction than the sum of the yields in the photo-catalysis and the sonolysis each alone, while no significant synergetic effect was observed in the mineralization of other compounds.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2006

Comparative study of reactions of endocrine disruptors bisphenol A and diethylstilbestrol in electrochemical treatment and chlorination.

Transformations of diethylstilbestrol (DES) and bisphenol A (BPA) in conventional chlorination and electrochemically (EC) treated solutions were examined using spectrophotometry and chromatographic analyses. EC treatment was carried out using an undivided EC cell with a PbO2 anode and a stainless steel cathode. EC-treatment and conventional chlorination caused DES and BPA to undergo a rapid degradation accompanied by the generation of low molecular weight chlorinated organic species indicative of the breakdown of DES and BPA. The identified compounds were predominated by chloroacetic acids (HAAs), but approximately 80% of the total organic halogen (TOX) was comprised by unidentified species. For EC treatment, the HAA yields were lower and HAAs were predominated by monochloroacetic acid (MCAA), while in the case of conventional chlorination, trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) was predominant and MCAA was virtually absent. The changes in the HAA speciation and yields were concluded to be caused by the EC-driven reductive dehalogenation which, however, did not affect the unidentified fraction of TOX. This indicated that the unidentified part of TOX was comprised by aromatic chlorinated forms of BPA and DES. Their resistance to degradation in EC reactors indicates that these compounds may be stable in conditions typical for drinking water treatment and distribution.

Benzhydryl Compounds↗

PubMed2006

Reductive dehalogenation of haloacetic acids by hemoglobin-loaded carbon nanotube electrode.

Hemoglobin (Hb) was immobilized on carbon nanotube (CNT) electrode to catalyze the dehalogenation of haloacetic acids (HAAs). FTIR and UV measurements were performed to investigate the activity-keep of Hb after immobilization on CNT. The electrocatalytic behaviors of the Hb-loaded electrode for the dehalogenation of HAAs were studied by cyclic voltammmetry and constant-potential electrolysis technique. An Hb-loaded packed-bed flow reactor was also constructed for bioelectrocatalytic dehalogenation of HAAs. The results showed that Hb retained its nature, the essential features of its native secondary structure, and its biocatalytic activity after immobilization on CNT. Chloroacetic acids and bromoacetic acids could be dehalogenated completely with Hb catalysis through a stepwise dehalogenation process at -0.400V (vs. saturated calomel electrode (SCE)) and -0.200V (vs. SCE), respectively. The removal of 10.5mM trichloroacetic acid and dichloroacetic acid is ca. 97% and 63%, respectively, with electrolysis for 300min at -0.400V (vs. SCE) using the Hb-loaded packed-bed flow reactor, and almost 100% of tribromoacetic acid and dibromoacetic acid was removed with electrolysis for 40min at -0.200V (vs. SCE). The average current efficiency of Hb-catalytic dehalogenation almost reaches 100%.

Acetates↗

PubMed1998

Histochemical and ultrastructural modification of mucosal mast cell granules in parasitized mice lacking the beta-chymase, mouse mast cell protease-1.

The soluble beta-chymases mouse mast cell protease-1 (mMCP-1) and rat mast cell protease-II are predominantly expressed by intestinal mucosal mast cells (IMMCs) and may promote mucosal epithelial permeability when released during intestinal allergic hypersensitivity responses. To study the function of these chymases, we generated mice with a homozygous null mutation of the mMCP-1 gene and investigated their response to infection with the intestinal nematode Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. Whereas mMCP-2, -4, and -5 were transcribed normally, there was no transcription of the mMCP-1 gene in null (-/-) mice, nor was mature mMCP-1 protein detected in (-/-) jejunal mucosa. In contrast, levels of mMCP-1 in wild-type (+/+) jejunal mucosa increased 200- to 350-fold from 0.66 microg mMCP-1/g wet weight in uninfected mice to 129 and 229 microg/g wet weight on days 8 and 10 of infection, respectively. The kinetics of IMMC recruitment differed in -/- mice compared with +/+ controls on days 8 (P < 0.05) and 10 (P < 0.03) of infection. The IMMCs in infected -/- mice stained poorly, if at all, for esterase with naphthol AS-D chloroacetate compared with the intense staining observed in +/+ controls. Ultrastructurally, the prominent crystal intragranular structures that are found in intraepithelial +/+ IMMCs were absent from -/- IMMCs. These data show that disruption of the mMCP-1 gene leads to profound histochemical and ultrastructural changes in IMMC granules.

Animals↗

PubMed1976

A facile synthesis of 2-methyl-[3,4-di-O-acetyl-6-O-(chloroacetyl)-1,2-dideoxy-alpha-D-glucopyrano]-[2',1':4,5]-2-oxazoline.

The use of the chloroacetyl group as a protecting group has been studied for a 2-methylglyco-[2',1':4,5]-2-oxazoline. The reaction of chloroacetyl chloride or chloroacetic anhydride with 2-acetamido-1,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranose provided 2-acetamido-1,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-6-O-(chloroacetyl)-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranose which, on treatment with anhydrous ferric chloride in dichloromethane, produced the desired oxazoline. The glycosylating capability of the oxazoline has been investigated with aglycon hydroxides, to give the corresponding 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosides. The chloroacetyl group can be selectively removed by treatment with thiourea, and migration of O-acetyl groups was not observed under these conditions.

Acetylglucosamine↗