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Results for “Child Development Disorders, Pervasive”

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PubMed1994

Escape behavior in task situations: task versus social antecedents.

We designed an investigation to differentiate two types of challenging behaviors occurring in teaching situations: those evoked by task stimuli (i.e., task avoidance), and those evoked by social stimuli present in teaching situations (i.e., social avoidance). Four students with developmental disabilities who exhibited challenging behaviors in teaching situations were exposed to social interaction in a play situation and task demands in a teaching situation. Results indicated that the students exhibited two distinct behavior patterns. Two of the students exhibited a behavior pattern consistent with task avoidance and the other two students exhibited a behavior pattern consistent with social avoidance. Implications concerning task versus social avoidance and the need for more fine-grained analyses of the stimuli associated with escape behavior are discussed.

Autistic Disorder↗
PubMed1991

Autism and family home movies: preliminary findings.

Preliminary analyses of 12 home movies taken by parents before the recognition of autistic disorders of their own child confirm the major value of this method for describing early signs: anomalies of eye contact, deficient variability of emotional expression, defect of attention and initiation of communication, motor abnormalities, etc. The possibilities of subsequently using these documents in a research context are described: behavior assignment with a rating scale, comparative analysis with movies of normal children, blind examination, and scoring by investigators not informed of the diagnosis.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1989

The relationship of play behavior to cognitive ability in developmentally disabled preschoolers.

The relationship of play behavior to cognitive functioning in preschool developmentally disabled children was studied by comparing performance on Lowe and Costello's Symbolic Play Test (SPT) with that on the Bayley Scales and Stanford-Binet Scale. Subjects were 247 children referred for evaluation to a hospital-based child development clinic. Subjects were classified as mildly retarded, moderately retarded, atypical, borderline, and language disordered. Correlations between the Bayley/Binet and SPT for the whole sample were significant and in the low to moderate range. Correlations between cognitive and play measures for each clinical group were in the low to moderate range, except for atypical children where the correlations were negligible. The retarded and borderline groups achieved similar mental ages on the Bayley/Binet and SPT, but the language-disordered and atypical groups demonstrated marked differences in their Bayley/Binet and SPT functioning. Implications for using the SPT in clinical practice were discussed.

Child Development Disorders, Pervasive↗
PubMed1999

[Developmental psychopathology. Basic science for child and adolescent psychiatry and psychiatry].

Although the developmental perspective is not new, developmental psychopathology has only recently become an interdisciplinary and integrative field of research for the understanding of normal and pathological development as well. There have been new findings during the past two decades in several areas: the individual and sex differences of certain disorders, continuity and change of behavior, risk factors and protective factors as well as turning points in development. Also, the current classification systems include the developmental perspective on a special axis devoted to developmental disorders. Nevertheless, there are still huge gaps in our knowledge in nearly all relevant fields that need to be filled in the future. On the other hand, the available knowledge has not yet been applied to diagnostic procedures, to therapeutic interventions, or to preventive measures.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

The prevalence of autism spectrum disorders. Recent evidence and future challenges.

BACKGROUND: Until recently best estimate prevalence rates for autism spectrum disorders (ASD) were 0.5/1,000 for autism and 2.0/1,000 for the broader spectrum. Three recent studies have suggested a significantly higher prevalence rate for ASD of 6.0/1,000 (mean 95 % CI = 4.8-8.0). METHOD: Possible determinants of the apparent increase in the prevalence of ASD are outlined. Methodological aspects of the three recent studies are examined. FINDINGS: Increased recognition, the broadening of the diagnostic concept over time and methodological differences across studies may account for most or all of the apparent increase in prevalence, although this cannot be quantified. CONCLUSIONS: Findings from ongoing studies should help confirm or disconfirm the putative rate of 6.0/1,000 for all ASD. The possibility that autism has been over-diagnosed in recent studies needs to be ruled out. Notwithstanding these outstanding questions, it appears likely that the current true prevalence of ASD is considerably greater than previously recognised. This has significant implications for our scientific understanding of ASD and for families and services. Future directions for epidemiological research are outlined.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

The psychometric properties of the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales in children and adolescents with mental retardation.

The psychometric properties of the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales Survey Form were studied in a total population of children and adolescents with MR, and in the specific levels of functioning (n=826, age 4-18 years). The original division into (sub)domains, as assigned by the authors, was replicated in the total population and in the mild and moderate levels of functioning. In the severe and profound levels of functioning the structure was less well recognized. The reliability of the instrument proved to be good in the total population and the subgroups. The construct validity was high in all groups. The implications of these findings are discussed with respect to the usefulness of the Vineland for the population with MR.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2006

Using Carey Temperament Scales to assess behavioral style in children with autism spectrum disorders.

Many researchers have suggested that temperament information could be useful for understanding the behavioral variability within the autism spectrum. The purpose of this brief report is to examine temperament profiles of 110 children with ASD (ages 3-8 years, 61 with Autistic Disorder, 42 with PDD-NOS; and 7 with Asperger Disorder) via a commonly used parent report measure of child temperament. Internal consistency of temperament dimensions, test-retest reliability, descriptions of means and standard deviations are examined, relative to previously published norms. Internal consistency of the dimensions and test-retest reliability were comparable to published norms; however, children with autism were rated as presenting with more extreme scores than typically-developing children on several dimensions. Limitations and implications for future work are discussed.

Asperger Syndrome↗
PubMed2006

Reversible PDD.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2007

Use of complementary and alternative medicine among children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder.

This study examined the prevalence of the use of different types of conventional, complementary and alternative therapies by children diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Of 112 families surveyed, 74% were using complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) for their child with ASD. CAM use was most strongly associated with parent report of child's diagnosis. Most CAM was reported by families to be either helpful or without effect, but not harmful. The main reasons for choosing CAM were related to concerns with the safety and side effects of prescribed medications. Conventional health care providers should be aware of the high prevalence of use among children with ASD and be prepared to discuss the use of CAM with families.

Autistic Disorder↗
PubMed1986

Childhood autism: a complex disorder.

Twenty-four-hour urine samples from psychotic and autistic children were precipitated with benzoic acid at pH 4.3. Fractionation of the aromatic complexes thus formed with benzoic acid-protein and peptides and uric acid, proteins and peptides on G-25 columns-yielded filtration patterns that may be of diagnostic value. Peptide material could be extracted from the formed complexes and refractionated on P2 gels. Increased levels of peptide material, especially of N-substituted peptides, could be demonstrated. Several bioactive factors (Reichelt et al. 1981) are under study. Possible etiological factors are discussed, and a working hypothesis is presented.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Sleep-disordered breathing in Prader-Willi syndrome and its association with neurobehavioral abnormalities.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence and type of sleep-disordered breathing among patients with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) and its relationship to such neurobehavioral abnormalities as mental retardation, obsessive-compulsive behavior, and conduct disorders. STUDY DESIGN: Polysomnography (PSG) studies were conducted in 13 unselected subjects with PWS (age 1.5 to 28 years). PSG results were compared with tests of behavior and cognition (Development Behavior Checklist [DBC], Auditory Continuous Performance Test [ACPT], and Wechsler Intelligence Scale appropriate for age). RESULTS: Nine of 13 (69%) subjects had > 10 apneas and hypopneas per hour of sleep. Apart from a 2-year-old subject with normal body weight who demonstrated severe central hypopnea in rapid eye movement sleep, the sleep-breathing disturbance was due to upper airway obstruction. Age-adjusted body mass index was associated with more severe hypoxemia during sleep (min SaO2, r = -.87, P < .005) and more sleep disruption (arousals/hour of sleep, r = .62, P < .05; sleep efficiency, r = -.66, P < .05). Increasing severity of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) or sleep disturbance was associated with daytime inactivity/sleepiness and autistic-relating behavior (DBC) and with impulsiveness (ACPT). Unexpectedly, sleep hypoxemia appeared to be predictive of increased performance IQ. CONCLUSIONS: OSA is prevalent among subjects with PWS and is associated with increased body mass, daytime inactivity/ sleepiness, and some behavioral disturbances.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Porphyrinuria in childhood autistic disorder: implications for environmental toxicity.

To address a possible environmental contribution to autism, we carried out a retrospective study on urinary porphyrin levels, a biomarker of environmental toxicity, in 269 children with neurodevelopmental and related disorders referred to a Paris clinic (2002-2004), including 106 with autistic disorder. Urinary porphyrin levels determined by high-performance liquid chromatography were compared between diagnostic groups including internal and external control groups. Coproporphyrin levels were elevated in children with autistic disorder relative to control groups. Elevation was maintained on normalization for age or to a control heme pathway metabolite (uroporphyrin) in the same samples. The elevation was significant (P < 0.001). Porphyrin levels were unchanged in Asperger's disorder, distinguishing it from autistic disorder. The atypical molecule precoproporphyrin, a specific indicator of heavy metal toxicity, was also elevated in autistic disorder (P < 0.001) but not significantly in Asperger's. A subgroup with autistic disorder was treated with oral dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) with a view to heavy metal removal. Following DMSA there was a significant (P = 0.002) drop in urinary porphyrin excretion. These data implicate environmental toxicity in childhood autistic disorder.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Evaluating the reinforcing effects of choice in comparison to reinforcement rate.

A concurrent-operants arrangement was used to evaluate a boy's preference for a choice condition (in which he chose the reinforcement) over a no-choice condition (in which the therapist selected the reinforcement for him) when (a) these conditions produced equal rates of reinforcement and (b) lower rates of reinforcement were associated with the choice condition. The boy preferred the choice condition even when it resulted in a much less favorable rate of reinforcement than the no-choice condition (up to 4000% less).

Aggression↗