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PubMed1998

Helminth and protozoan gastrointestinal tract parasites in captive and wild-trapped African non-human primates.

The objective of this study was to investigate the gastro-intestinal (GIT) parasites commonly occurring in captive and wild-trapped (WT) non-human primates (baboons, vervets and Sykes) in Kenya and compare their prevalence. Three hundred and fifteen faecal samples were subjected to a battery of diagnostic tests, namely, direct smear, modified formal ether sedimentation, Kato thick smear, Harada-Mori techniques for parasite detection and culture to facilitate nematode larvae identification. Of these, 203 (64.4%) harboured helminths and 54 (17.1%) had protozoa. The helminth parasites comprised Strongyloides fulleborni 141 (44.8%), Trichuris trichuira 200 (63.5,%), Oesophagostomum sp. 48 (15.2%), Trichostrongylus sp. 73 (23.2%), Enterobius vermicularis 44 (14.0%), Schistosoma mansoni 4/92 (4.3%) and Streptopharagus sp. 68 (21.6%). Protozoan parasites consisted of Entamoeba coli 204 (64.8%), Balantidium coli 127 (40.3%) and Entamoeba histolytica 78 (24.8%). Both WT and colony-borne (CB) primates had similar species of parasites, but higher prevalences of protozoan infection were observed in CB baboons while helminth infections were relatively more common in WT primates. Some of the parasites observed in this study are reported to be zoonotic in various parasitological literatures. Chemoprophylaxis and other managerial practices were believed to be responsible for the lower worm prevalence in CB primates. Similar intervention against protozoa and other agents will not only improve primate health, but also increase safety to animal handlers and colony workers.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Electrophoretic analysis of non-human primates hair keratin.

Keratin characterization through electrophoretic techniques has been used for species identification in forensic science and in taxonomic studies. In the present work, protein components solubilized from hair of non-human primates were evaluated to investigate whether there is any species-specific pattern in an evolutionary perspective, by grossly comparing hair native keratins separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and isoelectric focusing (IEF). Extracted hair keratins for all specimens were separated by SDS-PAGE into 2-3 polypeptide bands with apparent MW in the range 39-54 kDa and into 3-7 polypeptide bands with apparent MW in the range 10-35 kDa. With this technique it was possible to distinguish different suborders, different families of the same suborder, and, sometimes, different genera from the same family. On the contrary, it was not possible to distinguish different species of the same genus and different specimens of the same species. With IEF, extracted hair keratins were separated into about 30 polypeptide bands with pI values in the range of pH 3.9-7.7. IEF discriminates poorly between different samples. Only in specimens from Papio genus did we find an additional polypeptide band. In conclusion, we found that the differences between electrophoretic patterns are largest for animals that are not closely related while specimens of the same species have the same patterns.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Primate evolution - in and out of Africa.

A synthetic analysis of molecular, fossil and biogeographical data gives a remarkably consistent scenario for the evolution of the catarrhine primates - the hominoids and Old World monkeys. This analysis supports the African location of the common ancestor of the Old World monkeys, and suggests that the Asian colobine monkeys and macaques dispersed out of Africa into Eurasia within the past ten million years. More interestingly and controversially, this analysis further suggests that the lineage leading to the living hominoids dispersed out of Africa about twenty million years ago, and that the common ancestor of the living African apes, including humans, migrated back into Africa from Eurasia within about the past ten million years.

Africa↗
PubMed1995

Colour vision. Dalton's eyes and monkey genes.

Recent molecular genetic studies show how changes in the protein component of a visual pigment alters its absorbance; they also explain the abnormal colour vision of one of the great pioneers of visual science.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Chemoprophylactic studies with ivermectin against subperiodic Brugia malayi infection in the leaf monkey, Presbytis cristata.

Four Presbytis cristata were treated with oral ivermectin at the same time as the subcutaneous inoculation of 100 infective larvae monthly for three months. Two animals given 0.2 mg/kg monthly and two others given 0.3 mg/kg monthly as well as three control animals became patent for microfilaraemia. However, only 1% of the infective dose was recovered as adult worms from animals in the higher drug dosage group compared to 8.2% and 6.2% in the lower dosage and control groups respectively.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Antifilarial activity of intravenous suramin and oral diethylcarbamazine citrate on subperiodic Brugia malayi in the leaf-monkey, Presbytis cristata.

The known filaricides, suramin and diethylcarbamazine citrate, were tested against subperiodic Brugia malayi infection in the leaf-monkey, Presbytis cristata. As expected, intravenous suramin at 10 mg/kg daily x 5 days or 17 mg/kg weekly x 5 weeks, did not show any microfilaricidal activity, but substantially reduced the recovery of live adult worms to 50.6% and 13.6% of controls respectively. Oral diethylcarbamazine citrate at 6 mg/kg daily x 6 or 10 days reduced final microfilarial counts to 30% of initial counts four weeks post-treatment and adult worm recovery was reduced to 4.5% and 0% of controls respectively. Although the antifilarial activity of these drugs against the infection in this non-human primate model appears to be similar to that seen in man, these results have to be confirmed using larger groups of animals.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1997

Influence of phylogeny on jugular fossa shape and otological disorders.

We examined the shape of the jugular fossa and its protrusion into the tympanic cavity in 51 human skulls and in 355 various monkey skulls. All human specimens had a done-shaped fossa, and the right fossa was larger than the left in 60 per cent of the specimens. Fossae protruded into the tympanic cavity in 20 per cent of these specimens. In contrast, none of the monkey specimens had a dome-shaped fossa. Some monkeys had saucer-shaped jugular fossa; the frequency of such fossa became higher as phylogeny progressed. Furthermore, the jugular fossae in monkeys did not protrude into the tympanic cavity. The shapes of both the jugular fossa and sulcus of the transverse sinus were generally symmetrical. The shape of the jugular fossa and its positional relationship to the tympanic cavity were considered from the viewpoint of the influence of phylogeny and the possible relationship to various otological problems.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Antigenic characterization of adult Wuchereria bancrofti filarial nematodes.

Adult Wuchereria bancrofti were recovered from infected Presbytis cristatus monkeys and radio-isotope labelled extrinsically with 125I and in vitro with [35S]methionine. 125I labelling of the surface of adult W. bancrofti permitted a comparison between the major surface antigens of this species and those from the related lymphatic filariae, Brugia malayi and B. pahangi. All species bear a prominent Mr 29,000 surface antigen but among the differences observed were the strongly labelled molecules with Mr 58,000 and 67,000 in W. bancrofti which are extremely faint in the Brugia species. The [35S]methionine label was effectively incorporated into somatic parasite proteins in vitro although it was not possible to identify any secreted proteins in this way. The antigenicity of these products was investigated using a variety of sera from homologous and heterologous infections and the immunoprecipitation patterns highlighted particular differences between somatic proteins of male and female worms. One secreted antigen was detected, however, by virtue of its phosphorylcholine epitopes, in the culture medium of mixed adult worms; medium from male W. bancrofti adults was negative although homogenates of either sex of adult W. bancrofti were strongly positive in the same system.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Vaccination of langur monkeys (Presbytis entellus) against Leishmania donovani with autoclaved L. major plus BCG.

The protective potential of killed Leishmania major (ALM) along with BCG was evaluated against L. donovani in Indian langur monkeys in single and triple dose schedules. A delayed protection was observed in monkeys after a single dose schedule of ALM (3 mg)+BCG (3 mg) given intradermally 2 months before intravenous challenge with L. donovani. Triple dose schedule each of 1 mg ALM + 1 mg BCG was more effective. The status remained unchanged until the end of the experiment (approximately 8 months). The study indicates that a combination of ALM + BCG may be a good candidate vaccine for exploiting against human Kala-azar.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed1999

Longitudinal humoral immune responses of Indian leaf monkey (Presbytis entellus) to Brugia malayi infection.

Humoral immune responses of the Indian leaf monkey (Presbytis entellus) experimentally infected with Brugia malayi and exhibiting disease manifestations were studied. Microfilaraemia, filaria-specific IgG and circulating immune complexes (CICs) were determined in the monkeys at different time-points after inoculation of B. malayi 3rd-stage larvae. Sera were analysed for recognition pattern of adult parasite antigen molecules by immunoblotting. More than 60% of the infected monkeys developed episodic or persistent limb oedema with or without fever and with low or no microfilaraemia. While both CIC and filaria specific IgG levels were comparable in animals showing no disease symptoms (asymptomatics) and some animals showing symptoms (symptomatics), IgG levels peaked during pre-patent stage in symptomatics and during latent stage in asymptomatic animals. However, some of the symptomatic animals showed a low level of filaria-specific IgG as compared to asymptomatic and other symptomatic animals. The immunoblot analysis showed non-reactivity of 17 and 55 kDa antigens with sera of symptomatic animals. The results thus suggest that humoral immune responses as measured in the present study do not precede the development of the manifestations. However, 2 non-reactive antigen molecules identified by symptomatic sera need further study to establish their possible involvement, if any, in the development of acute disease manifestations in this model.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Ocular dominance columns in area 17 of Old World macaque and talapoin monkeys: complete reconstructions and quantitative analyses.

The effects of monocular deprivation on cytochrome-oxidase (CO) expression were used to reveal ocular dominance columns in flatmounts of the striate cortex in macaque (Macaca fascicularis) and talapoin (Miopithecus talapoin) monkeys. This procedure allowed the first direct visualization of the complete pattern of ocular dominance bands in macaque monkeys, and less complete reconstructions in talapoin monkeys. In a second macaque monkey, the ocular dominance organization was revealed by injecting wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) into one eye. The organization of ocular dominance columns in the macaque monkeys conforms to previous descriptions, but the flat-mounted hemispheres provide accurate details on (1) the arrangement of columns, (2) the orientation of the representation of the optic disc, and (3) the breakdown of the bands in the cortex between the optic disc and monocular representations into a pattern of dots activated by the ipsilateral eye and larger surrounds related to the contralateral eye. Talapoin monkeys, the smallest of Old World monkeys, have sharply segregated ocular dominance bands. The columns in talapoins are narrower than those in macaques, so that even with less striate cortex than macaques, talapoins have more ocular dominance hypercolumns.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Architectonic subdivisions of the inferior pulvinar in New World and Old World monkeys.

Architectonic subdivisions of the inferior pulvinar (PI) complex were delineated in New World owl and squirrel monkeys and Old World macaque monkeys. Brain sections were processed for Nissl substance, myelin, cytochrome oxidase (CO), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), calbindin-D28K (Cb), or with the monoclonal antibody Cat-301. In all three primates, we identified the posterior nucleus (PIp) and the medial nucleus (PIm) of previous reports, and divided the previously recognized central nucleus (PIc) into two subdivisions, medial (PIcM) and lateral (PIcL). Each nucleus had several features that allowed it to be readily distinguished. (1) PIp was dark in Cb, and moderately dark in AChE and CO preparations. (2) PIm was Cb light, and AChE and CO dark. (3) PIcM was Cb dark, and AChE and CO light. (4) PIcL was Cb moderate with a scattering of dark neurons, and moderately dark for AChE and CO. (5) In sections processed for Cat-301, PIm in macaque monkeys and PIcM and PIp in squirrel monkeys stained darkly, while little staining was apparent in owl monkeys. The results allowed subdivisions of the inferior pulvinar to be more clearly defined, homologized, and compared across taxa. All monkeys appear to have the same four subdivisions of the PI, although properties vary.

Anatomy, Artistic↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Hypoglycemic activity of polypeptide-p from a plant source.

A hypoglycemic peptide, Polypeptide-p, has been isolated from fruit, seeds, and tissue of Momordica charantia Linn (bitter gourd). Amino acid analysis indicates a minimum molecular weight of approximately 11,000 (166 residues). Polypeptide-p is a very effective hypoglycemic agent when administered subcutaneously to gerbils, langurs, and humans.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Spatial and temporal response properties of the major retino-geniculate pathways of Old and New World monkeys.

Old World monkeys, apes and humans all enjoy trichromatic colour vision, and the absorption spectra of the photopigments are very similar in all species and all individuals. Colour vision in New World monkeys however, is very heterogeneous. In many species, the majority of individuals is dichromatic. Recently, anatomical and electrophysiological studies revealed that the retinal organisation in Old World monkeys and New World monkeys is very similar, although the cells belonging to the parvocellular pathway do not show any colour opponency and their spectral sensitivity is similar to that of the magnocellular cells. Apparently, the magnocellular and parvocellular pathways in the retina and the LGN have not developed as an adaptation to luminance and chromatic processing. It is more likely that the two pathways originally evolved to cover different ranges in the spatio-temporal domain. In the present paper, several spatial and temporal properties of parvo- and magnocellular cells (which are identical for dichromatic and trichromatic animals) are compared.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Reversible antispermatogenic effect of gossypol in langur monkeys (Presbytis entellus entellus).

The present investigation reports the antispermatogenic effect of the orally active highly purified gossypol acetic acid at 7.5 mg and 10 mg/day for 180 days in langur monkeys. The results revealed a dose-dependent response in semen analysis as well as testicular morphology. Uniform severe oligospermia was observed in the lower dose (7.5 mg) group, while azoospermia was observed in 2 out of 5 animals in the higher dose (10 mg) group and the remaining animals showed severe oligospermia. Scanning electron microscopy of spermatozoa revealed deleterious abnormalities in the head and midpiece. Testicular morphology revealed a decrease in the seminiferous tubule diameter and arrest of spermatogenesis. The lower dose group had a germ cell population up to primary spermatocytes while the higher dose group had only Sertoli cells and spermatogonia. Withdrawal of treatment for 180 days led to the recovery of all the parameters studied, to normalcy.

Animals↗