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PubMed1977

The effect of test content and context on the anxiety-intelligence relationship.

The effect of test content and context on the anxiety-intelligence relationship was investigated by group-administering an intelligence measure presumably free of anxiety provoking cues, comprehension of cartoons, and several conventional intelligence and achievement measures to 177 boys and girls in Grades 4-6 in greater Tel-Aviv. Since the humor comprehension intelligence measure was as negatively correlated with test anxiety as were the conventional measures, it was concluded that trait anxiety is not a sufficient explanation of the anxiety-intelligence relationship.

Achievement↗

PubMed1999

Humour appreciation: a role of the right frontal lobe.

Humour occupies a special place in human social interactions. The brain regions and the potential psychological processes underlying humour appreciation were investigated by testing patients who had focal damage in various areas of the brain. A specific brain region, the right frontal lobe, most disrupted the ability to appreciate humour. The individuals with damage in this brain region also reacted less, with diminished physical or emotional responses (laughter, smiling). Performance on the humour appreciation tests used were correlated in a distinct pattern with tests assessing cognitive processes. The ability to hold information in mind (working memory) was related to both verbal (jokes) and non-verbal (cartoon) tests of humour appreciation. In addition, the demands of the specific type of humour test were related in a logical manner to cognitive processes, verbal humour being associated with verbal abstraction ability and mental shifting and cartoon humour being related to the abilities to focus attention to details and to visually search the environment. The ability of the right frontal lobe may be unique in integrating cognitive and affective information, an integration relevant for other complex human abilities, such as episodic memory and self-awareness.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1986

Doctor-patient communication in rheumatology: studies of visual and verbal perception using educational booklets and other graphic material.

Patients (n = 404) with osteoarthrosis and control subjects (n = 233) were studied to examine the communicational value of five styles of illustration (cartoon (C), matchstick (M), representational (R), symbolic (S), photographic (P) and two levels of text ('easy', 'hard'), presented as educational booklets about osteoarthrosis. Booklet comprehension was tested with a multiple choice questionnaire (MCQ) scored by two raw score and two, more sensitive, weight-of-evidence methods. Further studies assessed perception of image detail, tone, and colour by ranking, rating, latency, and questionnaire methods. A subgroup was tested psychometrically. The main findings were: pictures in booklets enhance communication; perception of pictorial style depends on its vehicle of presentation, cartoons being most effective in booklets, photographs overall; simplifying text does not significantly enhance communication; certain picture-text 'interactions' appear to increase comprehension (e.g. 'hard' text with 'easy' pictures); several 'endogenous' factors are associated with increased comprehension: 'psychological' (e.g., intelligence, memory, reading skill); 'demographic' (e.g., the young, males, higher social grades, higher educational levels); 'disease' (e.g., longer disease duration, previous information about the disease).

Bone Diseases↗

PubMed2006

A neuropsychological investigation into 'Theory of Mind' and enhanced risk of schizophrenia.

Theory of Mind (ToM) is the ability to correctly determine the intentions and behaviours of others. It is known that this capability is compromised in individuals with schizophrenia. It is has not been fully elucidated whether this observed phenomenon is of a state or trait nature. This study investigated whether ToM impairments could be linked to schizophrenia liability. A battery of ToM tests (the Hinting Task, a Self-Monitoring drawing task and cartoon picture stories) were used to compare healthy controls (n=13) with relatives of individuals with schizophrenia who had experienced psychotic symptoms (HR+, n=12) and those relatives who had not (HR-, n=13). All participants belonged to the Edinburgh High Risk Study. Significant group differences were seen on the Self-Monitoring and cartoon tasks for the HR+ group, particularly those who had experienced symptoms at or around the time of testing. The observed ToM deficits measured by this battery of ToM tasks appeared to be related to state effects rather than enhanced risk of schizophrenia.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

The effect of social role on theory of mind reasoning.

The aim of this project was to explore the effects of social status on Theory of Mind (ToM) reasoning. Neurologically normal adults' ToM performance was manipulated experimentally by temporarily putting them in a higher or lower status condition. Half the participants 'won' a mock competition and subsequently acted as instructor and evaluator. The other half 'lost' and subsequently acted as learner. Participants then completed ToM and control tasks including embedded false belief tasks and cartoon comprehension tasks. The hypothesis tested was that social role manipulation could affect performance on ToM tasks independently of any effect on control tasks. Results show an interaction between assigned status and task type. That performance on theory of mind tasks can vary independently of performance on matched control tasks is consistent with the idea that ToM reasoning can change as a result of a change in social status.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Afterword to Krazy: George Herriman's Krazy Kat cartoon and its appeal to E. E. Cummings.

George Herriman's "Krazy Kat," a linguistically innovative and trenchant comic strip that appeared in newspapers from 1916-1944, attracted the attention of our major American poet, e. e. cummings, who wrote a foreword to a collection of the strips and admired it for its transcendent celebration of love over egoism in a triadic relationship, its scorn of politics, and its brick-throwing irreverence. Similarities between Cummings's and Herriman's work include language play, humorous voices, examinations of dimensions of empathy and theory of mind, musicality, and humanistic religiosity.

Empathy↗

PubMed1978

Floorplans and cartoon strips--diagnostic techniques in working with children.

Two useful techniques in assessing and treating children ages 7-15 are described. Children are asked to draw a floorplan of their home. Drawing the floorplan reveals the child's ability to approach a task; some of the preferred activities in the home; the sleeping arrangements; and, most importantly, other significant people. With some children, constructing a comic strip can reveal their core conflicts and establish rapport. The comic strip is particularly useful with children who are very inhibited in their verbal utterances.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

'Here's the weavery looming up': verbal humour in a woman with high-functioning autism.

A case study of Grace, a 29-year-old woman with high-functioning autism, is presented. Grace is unusual for a person with autism in that she produces a great deal of humorous and creative word play. She is also unusual in that she writes and then audio-records 'letters' to her family, and produces copious cartoon-like drawings which she annotates, with the result that multiple examples of her humour are available in permanent form. We present examples of Grace's use of puns, jokes, neologisms, 'portmanteau' words, irreverent humour, irony, sarcasm and word play based on her obsessional interests. The examples are used to illustrate the forms and content of Grace's humour, and are discussed in relation to current theories of autism and of normal humour.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Social cognition in frontal lobe epilepsy.

This study investigated the social cognitive functioning of patients with frontal lobe epilepsy (FLE), using a range of procedures that have shown impairments in patients following focal prefrontal brain lesions. Fourteen participants with FLE were compared with 14 healthy controls on story tests of theory of mind (ToM), faux pas appreciation, mental and physical state cartoon humor appreciation, facial emotional recognition, and the ability to perceive eye gaze expression. They were not impaired on story tests of ToM and showed only a trend toward impairment on a test of faux pas appreciation. They were impaired on humor appreciation, with both mental and physical state cartoons, and on their recognition of facial emotion and perception of eye gaze expression. Hence the patients with FLE exhibited impairments on tests of social cognition following a distinct pattern, with relatively preserved ToM, but impaired humor appreciation and ability to detect emotional expression.

Adult↗

PubMed1983

More aggressive cartoons are funnier.

Independent rankings of humor and aggressiveness were obtained for sets of cartoons drawn randomly from two different magazines. The correlation of median humor and median aggressiveness rankings ranged from .49 to .90 in six studies involving six different sets of cartoons and six different groups of subjects, including children and adults, high and low socioeconomic status (SES) individuals, and native- and foreign-born individuals. This correlation is consistent with Freudian, arousal, and superiority theories of humor. Another prediction of Freudian theory, that high-SES subjects should be more appreciative of aggressive humor than low-SES subjects, was not supported.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1990

Humor, aggression, and aging.

Humor response to aggressive cartoons was investigated by using ratings of pain and funniness of cartoons by 154 young and elderly men and women. No significant age differences were found; however, sex differences were found. For both young and elderly females, an inverted-U described the relationship between pain and funniness ratings. For young and elderly males, there was no relationship between pain and funniness. This is a preliminary step in exploring age differences in humor but may be relevant for those working with elderly persons.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

The rod of Aesculapios: John Haygarth (1740-1827) and Perkins' metallic tractors.

James Gillray's cartoon Metallic Tractors, published in 1801, portrays Benjamin Perkins treating a boil on the nose of an alcoholic John Bull with a pair of metallic tractors. The tractors had been invented by his father, Elisha Perkins of Connecticut, and were supposed to relieve pain and other symptoms through the agency of animal magnetism. The tractors were revealed as nothing more than an expensive sham by Dr John Haygarth in Bath, who showed that wooden tractors were equally effective. Thus, he was one of the first to use a placebo in a single-blind clinical trial.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗

PubMed2005

Comprehension of humor in primary agenesis of the corpus callosum.

Individuals with agenesis of the corpus callosum (ACC) can, in some cases, perform normally on standardized intelligence tests. Nevertheless, recent studies suggest that individuals with ACC and normal IQ scores have deficits in domains of fluid and social intelligence. Anecdotal reports from families suggest diminished appreciation of the subtleties of social interactions, and deficits in the comprehension of jokes and stories. In this research, both the cartoon and narrative joke subtests of a humor test (developed by Brownell et al. [Brownell, H., Michel, D., Powelson, J., & Gardner, H. (1983). Surprise but not coherence: sensitivity to verbal humor in right-hemisphere patients. Brain and language, 18(1), 20-27] and Bihrle et al. [Bihrle, A. M., Brownell, H. H., Powelson, J. A., & Gardner, H. (1986). Comprehension of humorous and non-humorous materials by left and right brain-damaged patients. Brain and Cognition, 5(4), 399-411]) were given to 16 adults with complete ACC (all with IQs>80) and 31 controls of similar age and IQ. Individuals with ACC performed worse than controls on the narrative joke subtest (p<.025) when VIQ was controlled. However, on the cartoon subtest the two groups were not significantly different. Covarying age, forms of IQ, narrative memory, set-switching, and literal language comprehension did not substantially alter the group difference. However, covarying comprehension of nonliteral language and proverbs eliminated the difference, suggesting a common origin for the comprehension of jokes, nonliteral language, and proverbs, most likely related to capacity for understanding second-order meanings.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1988

Inhibiting and facilitating conditions of the human smile: a nonobtrusive test of the facial feedback hypothesis.

We investigated the hypothesis that people's facial activity influences their affective responses. Two studies were designed to both eliminate methodological problems of earlier experiments and clarify theoretical ambiguities. This was achieved by having subjects hold a pen in their mouth in ways that either inhibited or facilitated the muscles typically associated with smiling without requiring subjects to pose in a smiling face. Study 1's results demonstrated the effectiveness of the procedure. Subjects reported more intense humor responses when cartoons were presented under facilitating conditions than under inhibiting conditions that precluded labeling of the facial expression in emotion categories. Study 2 served to further validate the methodology and to answer additional theoretical questions. The results replicated Study 1's findings and also showed that facial feedback operates on the affective but not on the cognitive component of the humor response. Finally, the results suggested that both inhibitory and facilitatory mechanisms may have contributed to the observed affective responses.

Affect↗

PubMed2005

21 years of parasitology.

Every parasitologist must have seen the first issue of Parasitology Today in July 1985. More than 13 000 copies were sent to those on society and World Health Organization mailing lists. Modelled on the hugely successful Immunology Today, the new journal aimed to provide well-written digests covering all aspects of parasitology, spiced with smaller items of general interest--including the elegant cartoons of Len Goodwin and occasional acerbic comments on style and semantics. The format seemed well appreciated, and subscriptions quickly climbed to commercially sustainable figures, reflected in the increasing willingness of the publisher, Elsevier, to finance colour printing. Within the first year, the journal went "glossy", and under its later title--Trends in Parasitology--it is now ranked highest of all similar organs, with an impact factor of 6.788. As the journal celebrates its "coming of age", I was asked--as founder Editor--to reflect on key changes during these eventful 21 years.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

A systematic review on communicating with patients about evidence.

OBJECTIVE: To conduct a systematic search for (1) the effectiveness of evidence-based communication tools to increase patient understanding of evidence, (2) effective formats for representing probabilistic information and (3) effective strategies for eliciting patient preferences about evidence. A case scenario is used to illustrate some of the difficulties of putting these results into practice. DATA SOURCES: Systematic search of The Cochrane Library, Medline, Psychinfo, Embase and Cancerlit. REVIEW METHODS: Systematic reviews of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and high quality RCTs were included. Studies were excluded if they did not address the question, were focused on behavioural outcomes without attempting to increase understanding, were concerned with counselling as a therapeutic intervention, or were specific to communication regarding clinical trial participation. RESULTS: We found 10 systematic reviews of RCTs and 30 additional RCTs addressing our questions. Communication tools in most formats (verbal, written, video, provider-delivered, computer-based) will increase patients' understanding but are more likely to do so if structured, tailored and/or interactive. Probabilistic information is best represented as event rates (natural frequencies) in relevant groups of people, rather than words, probabilities or summarized as effect measures such as relative risk reduction. Illustrations such as cartoons, or graphs (vertical bar charts) appear to aid understanding. Values clarification exercises may be better than standard utility techniques for eliciting preferences in individual decision making. Looking for effective evidence-based communication tools for prostatic specific antigen testing highlighted the challenges for clinicians and consumers in accessing tools that are evidence-based in design as well as content. CONCLUSION: There is an increasing body of evidence supporting the design of effective evidence-based communication tools but variable access to such tools in practice.

Communication↗

PubMed1980

[The campaign "Viva la vie": trial of a modern technic of communication applied to the promotion of blood transfusion].

Since it was opened 18 months ago, the blood donor sampling Center at Orsay has used traditional means of advertising. However, although the results were satisfactory for the first year, they soon levelled off; and it was decided to adopt another approach, in the form a promotion campaign, including posters, brochures, cartoons... The campaign "Vive la Vie" has been limited to the immediate vicinity of Orsay. It was set up in such a way to enable the staff to implement it easily and progressively and thus precisely follow and record the results. The data are reported in this article. The advantages of the system are a two-step appeal which allows more persuasive information to be given; a graduated approach welcoming both the convinced and the more reluctant donors to the Centre; and the compiling of an index by means of the forms returned by the population.

Advertising↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The purpose and function of humor in OR nursing.

1. Laughter has always echoed throughout the halls and rooms of hospitals. The latest jokes and the funniest stories are heard in the OR department; from there come some of the funniest "dumb student" stories; macabre practical jokes; stories and jokes about surgeon/anesthesiologist/nurse relationships; and jokes, cartoons, and get-well cards that reveal patients' greatest anxieties and fears about surgery and the operating room. 2. Humor as an indirect form of communication (verbal or non-verbal) has many sociologic and psychologic purposes. Also, humor enhances learning, and stimulates alertness and creativity. The resulting laughter produces a positive physiologic change in the body. 3. Humor and laughter are healthy therapeutic tools we must value, learn to cultivate, and add to our professional and personal lives. However, there is still a need for more research on how to use humor therapeutically, especially in OR nursing.

Adaptation, Psychological↗