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At least 325 records · Page 18Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

Modeling the chemical protective performance of NBC clothing material.

The heat load, imposed by air-permeable NBC (nuclear, biological, and chemical)-protective suits, can be reduced by improving the air permeability of the suit. However, increased air permeability will reduce the chemical protective performance, since increasing the air permeability of the NBC-protective material will result in higher air velocities through the material. In this study the relation between the chemical protective performance and air velocity through NBC-clothing is evaluated. A theoretical model was developed that describes the chemical protection of air permeable NBC-protective clothing material under various conditions. The initial breakthrough concentration and the 50% breakthrough time are modeled as function of parameters like the air velocity and the challenge concentration. Using this model, the effect of airflow through the material on the breakthrough concentration of mustard vapor was calculated and compared with results of breakthrough experiments. The predictions of the model are in good agreement with the experimental results. The air velocity through the material and thus the air permeability of the material appear to be parameters of critical importance. High air velocity through the material results in high breakthrough concentrations, and therefore poor protective performance of the material. To describe the total breakthrough curve, a semiempirical model of experimental breakthrough results was made. This model describes the total breakthrough concentration of vapor through NBC-protective material as a function of parameters like the air velocity and the challenge concentration. This model can be used as a tool to optimise the protective performance of NBC-protective clothing material.

Adsorption↗
PubMed1997

Skin dose from radionuclide contamination on clothing.

Skin dose due to radionuclide contamination on clothing is calculated by Monte Carlo simulation of electron and photon radiation transport. Contamination due to a hot particle on some selected clothing geometries of cotton garment is simulated. The effect of backscattering in the surrounding air is taken into account. For each combination of source-clothing geometry, the dose distribution function in the skin, including the dose at tissue depths of 7 mg cm(-2) and 1,000 mg cm(-2), is calculated by simulating monoenergetic photon and electron sources. Skin dose due to contamination by a radionuclide is then determined by proper weighting of the monoenergetic dose distribution functions. The results are compared with the VARSKIN point-kernel code for some radionuclides, indicating that the latter code tends to underestimate the dose for gamma and high energy beta sources while it overestimates skin dose for low energy beta sources.

Beta Particles↗
PubMed2003

Residual washing detergent in cotton clothes: a factor of winter deterioration of dry skin in atopic dermatitis.

Although it is well known that the skin in patients with atopic dermatitis becomes drier in winter, the mechanisms of winter deterioration of dry skin are not fully understood. Our purpose was to determine whether residual washing detergent in cotton clothes plays a role in the winter deterioration of atopic dry skin. We studied 148 Japanese patients with atopic dermatitis who visited our dermatology clinic during winter months. They wore cotton underwear, which they had washed in cold tap water. We examined the distribution of dry skin on their trunks. We then asked them to stop washing their clothes with common anionic, additive-enriched detergents, and to use a nonionic, additive-reduced detergent for a period of two weeks. Photographs of 2 or 3 representative dry skin sites on the trunk were taken before and after the trial. By comparing the before-after trial photographs, the severity of dry skin at the end of the trial was assessed on a 5-point scale ranging from markedly improved to worsened. Of the 148 patients examined, 115 (78%) had widespread or localized dry skin on the trunk. The dryness of the skin was prominent around the shoulders. Of these 115 patients, 87 (76%) showed marked or moderate improvement of dry skin after the two-weeks of use of the nonionic, additive-reduced washing detergent. No patient showed worsening of the dry skin. These results suggest that residues of common washing detergents in cotton underclothes play an important role in the winter deterioration of dry skin in patients with atopic dermatitis who use cold tap water for washing their clothes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Evaluations of permethrin-impregnated clothing and three topical repellent formulations of deet against tsetse flies in Zambia.

Permethrin-impregnated clothing and three topical repellent formulations of deet (diethyltoluamide) were field tested against natural populations of tsetse flies, mostly Glossina morsitans centralis Machado, in central Zambia. Volunteers wore different combinations of clothing impregnated with permethrin 0.125 mg ai/cm2 and repellents while riding in a vehicle that was driven slowly (4-6 km/h), with the windows and rear door open, through fly-infested areas. The mean rate of tsetse bites was about twenty per 75 min for unprotected people. The treatment combination of permethrin-impregnated clothing (blue cotton coveralls) and either of two controlled-release deet formulations on exposed skin of face and arms provided 91% mean protection, but this was not significantly better (P greater than 0.05) than wearing deet repellent alone (76-87% protection). No significant differences of protection were observed between the three repellent treatments, although the two controlled-release formulations (intended to be more persistent) were applied at approximately half the dosage of the standard 75% deet. Wearing permethrin-impregnated coveralls alone provided relatively poor protection (34%) for the untreated and exposed skin of head and hands. However, olive drab mesh jackets treated with permethrin reduced the tsetse biting rate by 75%.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Infant clothing, bedding and room heating in an area of high postneonatal mortality.

Documentation of infant care practices (clothing, bedding and room heating) was undertaken in an area where the postneonatal mortality rate is 9.3 per 1000 live births. Three hundred and eleven infants (mean age 5 weeks) were studied in their own home during winter and spring. Low room temperatures were associated with low socioeconomic status, but not consistently with clothing or bedding thicknesses. The estimated thickness of bedding covering infants was less if their mothers were less well educated. Infants at high risk for possibly preventable postneonatal mortality, based on a locally developed scoring system, had less bedding and colder rooms. Ideas of illness management were often inappropriate, in that a large number of mothers would further wrap up their infants if they had a cold (58%), were febrile (8%) or had a convulsion (21%). The clothing and bedding appropriate for different environmental conditions in health and illness needs physiological evaluation. Meanwhile parents should be reminded of the risk of both hypothermia and hyperthermia.

Bedding and Linens↗
PubMed2004

Effect of clothing varieties on solar photosynthesis of previtamin D3: an in vitro study.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Vitamin D3 plays important roles in the absorption of calcium and phosphorus from the gastrointestinal tract and in the treatment of rickets; in addition, it facilitates the deposition of minerals in bones, thus minimizing the possibility of developing osteomalacia. Sunlight naturally induces vitamin D3 photosynthesis. Such a process is affected by a number of factors such as age, geographical location, skin color, sunscreen application and clothing. It is intended in the present investigation to study in vitro the effect of clothing on the solar photoproduction of vitamin D3. METHODS: Fifteen different fabric samples were tested for their effect on the efficiency of the in vitro solar conversion of 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC) to vitamin D3. 7-DHC was dissolved in methanol to give a concentration of 2.6 x 10(-4) M. Solutions were exposed to sunlight in quartz containers for predetermined periods either uncovered or covered with the fabric sample under test. Changes in the concentrations of 7-DHC and the photoproducts were monitored by HPLC. Fabrics were graded as the number of threads per square inch (in(2)), and their sunlight attenuation was determined. RESULTS: 7-DHC is transformed to previtamin D3 upon exposure to sunlight, and the amount generated exhibited an almost linear relationship. When fabric-covered samples of 7-DHC were irradiated, photoproducts were also detected and their concentrations depended on the degree of sunlight attenuation imposed by the fabric. Generally, the higher the number of threads per in(2) the more the light attenuation produced. CONCLUSION: Clothing plays an important role in attenuating sunlight, thus leading to diminished vitamin D3 production to an extent that would require dietary compensation.

Cholecalciferol↗
PubMed1966

Skin temperature, thermal comfort, sweating, clothing and activity of men sledging in Antarctica.

1. Three men were studied while dog-sledging 320 km in 12 days in Antarctica. Conventional Antarctic clothing (;sweaters and windproofs') was worn. Four hundred observations were made of medial thigh skin temperature, thermal comfort, sweating, clothing, activity and environmental conditions.2. Work occupied an average of 11.0 hr/day and sleep 7.5 hr. Estimated daily energy expenditure averaged 5100 kcal (range 2740-6660 kcal).3. Skin temperature fell on exposure to cold despite the clothing worn, but was not changed by the level of activity. Sweating, and thermal comfort, were directly related to both skin temperature and activity.4. Inside the tent, the modal value of skin temperature was 33 degrees C (range 27-36 degrees C) and the men were comfortable in 94% of observations.5. During the 9.2 hr/day spent outdoors the modal value of skin temperature was 27 degrees C (range 18-33 degrees C) and the men felt too cold (but did not shiver) in 11% (range 7-20%) of observations, suggesting that cold stress was not negligible. However, they also felt too hot in 20% of observations and were sweating in 23%.

Acclimatization↗
PubMed1994

Heat strain in the Canadian Forces chemical defence clothing: problems and solutions.

The Canadian Forces chemical defence protective clothing can induce an overwhelming strain on one's ability to regulate body temperature. Recently a number of investigations have been completed at the Defence and Civil Institute of Environmental Medicine that focused initially on understanding the interaction of metabolic rate, ambient temperature, and ambient vapour pressure on the severity of heat strain associated with wearing the protective clothing. This paper presents a summary of these initial studies together with an overview of different attempts to reduce heat strain during exercise in a hot environment. Factors such as improved aerobic fitness or a period of dry heat acclimation have little if any benefit on tolerance time while wearing the clothing during light or moderate exercise. The best solution to the problem of heat strain remains the use of microclimate conditioning (personal cooling), and these techniques have been successful for Naval and Air Force personnel. For our Land Forces, however, microclimate conditioning is not feasible until a lightweight high-energy power source is developed.

Acclimatization↗
PubMed1978

The effect of clothing on the initial ventilatory responses during cold-water immersion.

The effect of clothing on ventilatory responses during cold-water immersion was studied. Subjects were immersed in water at 13.9 degrees C on two occasions wearing either a bathing suit only or clothed with jacket, shirt, pants, and sports shoes. It was found that the initial gasp and subsequent minutes of expired ventilation were significantly attenuated, whereas the changes in end-tidal PCO2 were only significantly different for the 2nd and 3rd min of the immersion. It would appear that the use of clothing may prove beneficial during the first few minutes of a cold-water immersion by decreasing the powerful drive to increased respiration.

Clothing↗
PubMed1997

Heat strain models applicable for protective clothing systems: comparison of core temperature response.

Core temperature (Tc) output comparisons were analyzed from thermal models applicable to persons wearing protective clothing. The two models evaluated were the United States (US) Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM) heat strain experimental model and the United Kingdom (UK) Loughborough (LUT25) model. Data were derived from collaborative heat-acclimation studies conducted by three organizations and included an intermittent-work protocol (Canada) and a continuous-exercise/heat stress protocol (UK and US). Volunteers from the US and the UK were exposed to a standard exercise/heat stress protocol (ambient temperature 35 degrees C/50% relative humidity, wind speed 1 m/s, level treadmill speed 1.34 m/s). Canadian Forces volunteers did an intermittent-work protocol (15 min moderate work/15 min rest at ambient temperature of 40 degrees C/30% relative humidity, wind speed approximately 0.4 m/s). Each model reliably predicted Tc responses (within the margin of error determined by 1 root mean square deviation) during work in the heat with protective clothing. Models that are analytically similar to the classic Stolwijk-Hardy model serve as robust operational tools for prediction of physiological heat strain when modified to incorporate clothing heat-exchange factors.

Acclimatization↗
PubMed2006

Use of insecticide-treated clothes for personal protection against malaria: a community trial.

BACKGROUND: The study sought to determine the effect of using insecticide-treated clothes (ITCs) on personal protection against malaria infection. The specific objectives were to determine the effect of using ITCs on the rate of infection with malaria parasites and the effect on indoor mosquito density. METHODS: This study was done in Dadaab refugee camps, North Eastern Province Kenya between April and August 2002, and involved a total of 198 participants, all refugees of Somali origin. The participants were selected through multi-stage cluster sampling. Half of the participants (treatment group) had their personal clothes worn on a daily basis (Diras, Saris, Jalbaabs, Ma'awis and shirts) and their bedding (sheets and blankets) treated with insecticide (permethrin). The other half (comparison group) had their clothes treated with placebo (plain water). Indoor mosquito density was determined from twelve households belonging to the participants; six in the treatment block and six in the comparison block. During pre-test and post-test, laboratory analysis of blood samples was done, indoor mosquito density determined and questionnaires administered. Using STATA statistical package, tests for significant difference between the two groups were conducted. RESULTS: Use of ITCs reduced both malaria infection rates and indoor mosquito density significantly. The odds of malaria infection in the intervention group were reduced by about 70 percent. The idea of using ITCs for malaria infection control was easily accepted among the refugees and they considered it beneficial. No side effects related to use of the ITCs were observed from the participants. CONCLUSION: The use of ITCs reduces malaria infection rate and has potential as an appropriate method of malaria control. It is recommended, therefore, that this strategy be considered for use among poor communities like slum dwellers and other underprivileged communities, such as street children and refugees, especially during an influx to malaria-prone regions. Further research on cost-effectiveness and sustainability of this strategy is worthwhile.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Clothing prevents ultraviolet-B radiation-dependent photosynthesis of vitamin D3.

Photoprotection of the skin is mainly a function of clothing, although the effectiveness of the latter against UV-B solar radiation (wavelengths 290-320 nm) has not been measured in vivo. Since UV-B mediates the cutaneous formation of vitamin D3, we examined the attenuation of that photosynthetic reaction by the commonly used fabrics cotton, wool, and polyester in black and white colors. Direct transmission of UV-B was attenuated the most by black wool (98.6% of incident irradiance) and the least by white cotton (47.7%). None of the fabrics allowed the photoproduction of previtamin D3 from 7-dehydrocholesterol irradiated in vitro with up to 40 min of simulated sunlight or the elevation of serum vitamin D3 after irradiation with approximately one minimal erythema dose (MED) of UV-B in volunteers wearing jogging garments made of these fabrics. Increasing the whole body irradiation dose to six MEDs still failed to produce a serum vitamin D3 response in garment-clad subjects. Regular (seasonal) street clothing also prevented an elevation of the vitamin D3 in response to UV-B radiation. We conclude that clothing prevents or significantly impairs the formation of vitamin D3 after photostimulation with up to six MEDs of UV-B.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Thermophysiological effects of two different types of clothing under warm temperatures.

This paper is aimed to investigate which part of the body should be uncovered by clothing for the heat stress to be lessened under the influence of an ambient temperature increase from 32 degrees C to 40 degrees C. Two types of clothing were used as experimental garments: one was turtle necklined sports jacket with short sleeves and short pants (HALF) and the other was open round necklined sports jackets with long sleeves and short pants (OPEN). Both types of clothing were made of 100% vinyl. Uncovered area was same between HALF and OPEN. Five males volunteered as subjects. The subjects wearing either HALF or OPEN sat quietly in a bioclimatic chamber for 160 min, where ambient temperature (Ta) was gradually increased from 32 degrees C to 40 degrees C by 2 degrees C every 30 min with a relative humidity of 40%. Thermophysiological parameters such as esophageal temperature (Tes), tympanic temperature (Tty), local sweat rate, skin temperatures at 11 sites and evaporation were continuously measured. Main findings are as follows: 1) Tty was kept lower significantly in HALF than in OPEN during warm exposure. 2) An increase of local sweat rate was significantly lower in HALF. 3) Skin temperature at abdomen region was kept lower significantly in HALF, reflecting lower core temperature in HALF. It is concluded that HALF seems more beneficial than OPEN in reducing heat strain during warm exposure, due to more effective cooling by evaporation from the uncovered forearms (HALF) than from the uncovered upper trunk (OPEN).

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Effects of head cooling on sweat rate in exercising subjects wearing protective clothing and mask for pesticide.

This study examined the effects of the head cooling on the sweat rates in 6 healthy female subjects at an ambient temperature of 28 degrees C and a relative humidity of 60%. The exercising subjects wore protective clothing and a mask for pesticide. Head cooling was made by putting frozen gel strips on the parietal and the front head which were held by a net-bandage (with cooling). On separate days, the same experiments were made without head cooling (without cooling). The total weight of the frozen gel strips was 250 g. After the subjects rested for 15 min in a chair, they repeated three times the work/rest schedule of 15 min exercise on a bicycle ergometer (50 W) followed by 5 min rest. Frozen gel strips were put on the head just before the first exercise bout. Main results were summarized as follows: 1) The forearm sweat rate, heart rate and the changes in Tre from the initial level (delta Tre) were significantly lower "with cooling" than "without cooling". 2) The amount of sweat adhered to the clothing ensemble was significantly lower "with cooling" than "without cooling". 3) The changes in Tty from the initial level (delta Tty) tended to be clearly lower "with cooling" than "without cooling". 4) Skin temperatures of the forehead and the cheek under a mask tended to be lower "with cooling" than "without cooling". 5) Subjective sensation ratings seemed to be improved in most subjects "with cooling". Thus, it was concluded that head cooling seemed to be more effective in reducing thermal strain in working subjects wearing the protective clothing and a mask for pesticide at hot environments.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Effects of skin pressure by clothing on digestion and orocecal transit time of food.

In order to reveal the influence of clothing skin pressure on digestion of food through the gastrointestinal tract, we examined the absorption of dietary carbohydrate and orocecal transit time of a test meal by means of a breath hydrogen test on 7 healthy young women. In this experiment, we collected breath samples from the participants wearing loose-fitting experimental garment on the second day of the experiment and from the same participants but wearing an additional tight-fitting girdle on the following day for 16 hours and 9 hours, respectively. Skin pressure applied by a girdle on participant's waist, abdomen and hip region was 15.5 +/- 0.4 mmHg (mean +/- SE), 11.0 +/- 0.2 mmHg, and 13.6 +/- 0.6 mmHg, respectively, and the values were 2-3 times larger than those of the experimental garment. The hydrogen concentration vs. time curve showed that breath hydrogen levels at its peaks (15:00, 15:30, 16:00, 16:30, and 17:00 hr) on the third day of the experiment were significantly higher than those of the corresponding time on the second day (p < 0.05 at 17:00 and 15:00, p < 0.01 at 15:00, 16:00 and 16:30). Consequently, significantly pronounced breath hydrogen excretion was observed under the "pressure" clothing condition (p < 0.01). On the other hand, the transit time of the test meal for the subjects wearing a girdle did not differ significantly from that for the subjects wearing the garment of less pressure (270 +/- 18 minutes and 263 +/- 21 minutes, respectively). These results indicate that the clothing skin pressure has an inhibitory effect on the absorption of dietary carbohydrate in the small intestine, but no effect on the orocecal transit time of a meal.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Exercise training in sweat clothing in cool conditions to improve heat tolerance.

Training in sweat clothing in cool conditions has appeal as the most practical and exercise-specific method of improving heat tolerance when athletes cannot achieve natural acclimation to hot conditions prior to competition. However, both early and more recent studies have not provided sufficient evidence to allow a conclusive endorsement of this method. Despite this, it is apparent that training in sweat clothing in cool conditions can induce levels of thermal strain in trained individuals which are very similar to those experienced when the same exercise is performed in hot-humid conditions. Certainly, training in sweat clothing in cool conditions is preferable to attempting no artificial acclimation measures, although statistically significant improvements in heat tolerance beyond those induced by the training itself are rare.

Acclimatization↗
PubMed1985

Perceived somatotype, body-cathexis, and attitudes toward clothing among college females.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between perceived somatotype and body-cathexis for female subjects and to determine the perceived ideal somatotype of college females. The relationship between perceived somatotype and attitudes toward fashion and clothing use was also examined. 91 female undergraduates were administered the Perceived Somatotype Scale, the Body-cathexis Scale, and several measures of fashion and clothing interest and use. Analysis of variance indicated that the ectomorphic build was perceived as the ideal somatotype for college females. As subjects' self-perceived somatotype deviated from the ideal and moved toward the mesomorphic and endomorphic, body-cathexis scores decreased. Contrary to stereotypic assumptions, perceived somatotype was unrelated to the fashion and clothing measures.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Body cathexis and clothed body cathexis: is there a difference?

To investigate the difference between perceptions of the nude body and of the clothed body 29 women were administered the Body Cathexis Scale and a Clothed Body Cathexis Scale. Paired t tests indicated that these working women were significantly more satisfied with their clothed bodies than with their nude bodies.

Adult↗