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At least 325 records · Page 18Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

[Experimental study of cadaver heart preservation--examination of the preservation solution and the time limit from death to cardiectomy].

In Japan, we have not been able to perform a heart transplantation for more than 20 years, because a concept of brain death has not been approved ethically or legally. We examined whether cadaver hearts could be used as grafts for heart transplantations, and which of UW solution (UW) and Euro-Collins solution (EC) was more suitable for cadaver heart preservation. Adult Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 4 groups of 5 each. In Group I, the hearts were harvested under beating. In the other groups, cardiac arrest was derived by exsanguination, and cardiectomy were performed after 15 (Group II, III) or 30 (Group IV) minutes from flattening of arterial blood pressure. Soon after the cardiectomy, UW (10 ml/kg) was infused in Group I, II and IV, and EC (10 ml/min) was infused in Group III. After simple cold storage (0 degree C) for 30 minutes, oxygenated KHB solution (37 degrees C) were perfused in Langendorff mode for 30 minutes, and were switched over to working mode. Aortic pressure and cardiac output were measured for 30 minutes. Following to the measurements, glutaraldehyde was perfused and studied microscopically. All cases could be switched over to working mode in group I and II, but 2 cases in Group III and 4 cases in IV could not make a pressure enough to keep working mode. In hemodynamic and histological study, there were no significant differences between Group I and II, but Group III and Group IV were clearly inferior to Group I and II. In cadaver heart preservation, UW solution was superior to EC solution.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adenosine↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The vascular anatomy and angiosome of the posterior auricular artery. A cadaver study.

BACKGROUND: Pedicled flaps based on the posterior auricular artery have been used for small auricular and mastoid cavity defects. OBJECTIVE: To precisely define the vascular anatomy and angiosome (cutaneous distribution) of the posterior auricular artery. METHODS: A fresh cadaver model was used for 3 separate investigations, studying the posterior auricular artery. Intra-arterial ink injections defined the angiosome, and subtraction angiography and latex injection defined the vascular anatomy in relation to bony and soft tissue landmarks. SUBJECTS: Eight fresh cadavers, 6 men and 2 women, were used, varying in age from 58 to 85 years. RESULTS: The posterior auricular artery has a predictable course in the posterior auricular sulcus. The branching pattern over the auricle and temporal bone and the artery's relationship to bony and soft tissue landmarks were consistent. The angiosome includes the anterior and posterior surfaces of the auricle and the periauricular skin superiorly, posteriorly, and inferiorly. CONCLUSIONS: The investigation documented the consistent vascular anatomy and angiosome of the posterior auricular artery. The cutaneous distribution suggests that a large pedicled or island flap based on the posterior auricular artery may be raised safely as a myocutaneous or myofasciocutaneous flap with temporalis fascia and/or periosteum, extending previously published dimensions. Further studies may extend the clinical application to include free flaps based on the posterior auricular artery.

Aged↗
PubMed1976

Cadaver storage time. An important factor in donor cornea survival.

The effects of cadaver storage on endothelial survival are assessed by the temperature reversal effect in rabbit eyes. Eyes removed at death show little deterioration after one week of refrigerator storage. Eyes left in the cadaver from one to four hours after death show increasing deterioration with time in the body; the deterioration becomes more pronounced as the days of refrigerator storage increase. The sooner an eye is removed from the body, the more reliably it will survive refrigerator storage.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

A natural resource. Prevalence of cadaver organs for transplantation and research.

To determine the prevalence of potential cadaver kidney, eye, and research-tissue donors in a tertiary referral hospital, the charts of 718 patients who died were studied. We found a potential kidney-donor rate of 2.4 per 100 hospital deaths, a potential eye-donor rate of 45.4 per 100 deaths, and a potential pancreas-donor rate of 26.5 per 100 deaths. In the study year, 20 potential cadaver kidney donors were projected, theoretically meeting the needs of the transplantation center. Recognized potential eye and pancreas donors were remarkably numerous. Effective education, surveillance, and procurement programs are necessary to salvage these potential donor tissues.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Morphology of the human internal vertebral venous plexus: a cadaver study after intravenous Araldite CY 221 injection.

Reviewing the literature on the vascular anatomy of the spinal epidural space, it appeared that the knowledge of the internal vertebral venous plexus is limited. Injection studies of the entire internal vertebral venous plexus after application of modern techniques, to the best of our knowledge, have never been performed. Based on the clinical importance of these structures, it was decided to study the human vertebral venous system after Araldite CY 221 injection, in order to update the morphological characteristics of the internal vertebral venous system. The vertebral venous systems of ten fresh human cadavers, between 64 and 93 years of age, were injected with Araldite CY 221 mixture. All cadavers were dissected and the posterior and anterior internal vertebral venous plexuses were studied in detail. The anterior part of the internal vertebral venous plexus is fairly constant. On the contrary, the posterior internal vertebral venous plexus showed a striking segmental and interindividual variability. In the thoracic area, two types of traversing veins are observed. Both types show a somewhat symmetrical "inversed V" configuration. No anatomical valves were observed. Nevertheless, anterograde flushing (via the femoral veins) of the vertebral venous system appeared to proceed much faster than retrograde flushing (via the superior vena cava). The classical picture of the internal vertebral venous plexus appears a simplification of the actual situation. Especially in the posterior part, segmental and interindividual differences are prominent. The preferential direction of the flow during flushing suggests the presence of functional valves, which are probably located in the thoracic part of the posterior internal vertebral venous plexus, resulting from the typical shape of the veins in this area. This might explain the difficulties with imaging of the posterior part of the internal vertebral venous plexus in vitro as well as in vivo. Further study is needed to determine whether the configuration of the posterior internal vertebral venous plexus in younger individuals is different, compared with the presently studied aged subjects.

Aged↗
PubMed1998

Potential use of embalmed cadavers to study mast cell presence.

BACKGROUND: Embalmed cadavers in medical classes represent a potential source for collecting human tissues without the inherent problems of obtaining fresh or surgical specimens. Although the manner of fixation and vagaries of embalming techniques eliminate many such tissues for histological assessment, other techniques can be applied successfully to embalmed tissues. Pertinent to the present study, mast cells contain granules that are preserved under good fixation in formaldehyde, a main ingredient in embalming fluids. Visualization of these granules is possible, even though the ultrastructure of these cells is not preserved. METHODS: Two techniques for the visualization of connective tissue mast cells were compared using embalmed and fresh specimens: Alcian blue and avidin conjugated to fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC-Avidin). Both will bind to mast cell granules, even in the presence of formaldehyde. RESULTS: Although mast cell numbers in the connective tissue did not differ between embalmed and fresh tissues, comparisons between the techniques involved showed the FITC-Avidin technique to be possibly more sensitive, perhaps because of the increased contrast from the fluorescent dye. CONCLUSIONS: Thus for some studies, human cadavers may provide a valuable source of tissue. However, use of embalmed tissue necessitates ensuring good embalming, checking for dehydration, and proper storage until embedment.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Cadaver profile at university of Stellenbosch Medical School, South Africa, 1956-1996.

Data on 1,698 cadavers donated during the period 1956-1996 were obtained from files of the Department of Anatomy and Histology at the University of Stellenbosch Medical School, Tygerberg Hospital, South Africa, to project a profile of the characteristics of those accepted on the program for dissection. A breakdown of the data also provided information on the profile of donors belonging to different population groups. Donors to our program were predominantly male (68%) and predominantly colored, which in South Africa identifies those of mixed heritage (63%). The average age of death was 55 years (range 15-98). Donors belonging to the white population group had the highest female : male ratio. Circulatory disorders accounted for most deaths in the white population group (48%), whereas cancer was the leading cause of death in the colored and black population groups ( approximately 25%). Pulmonary tuberculosis accounted for 13% deaths in the colored population group, 14% of deaths in the black population group, but only 0.5% of deaths in the white population group. Cervical cancer and breast cancer accounted for approximately one-third of cancer deaths in women, with cervical cancer more common in colored and black female donors and breast cancer more common in white female donors. The cadaver profile in general reflects the health status of the different population groups in South Africa. The profiles of the colored and black groups reflect that of disadvantaged population groups (a high prevalence of infectious disease; relatively young populations), whereas the white donor profile is that of a privileged population group (a high prevalence of degenerative disease; aging population).

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

The human cadaver in the age of biomedical informatics.

Major national and international critiques of the medical curriculum in the 1980s noted the following significant flaws: (1) over-reliance on learning by rote memory, (2) insufficient exercise in analysis and synthesis/conceptualization, and (3) failure to connect the basic and clinical aspects of training. It was argued that the invention of computers and related imaging techniques called to question the traditional instruction based on the faculty-centered didactic lecture. In the ensuing reform, which adopted case-based, small group, problem-based learning, time allotted to anatomical instruction was severely truncated. Many programs replaced dissection with prosections and computer-based learning. We argue that cadaver dissection is still necessary for (1) establishing the primacy of the patient, (2) apprehension of the multidimensional body, (3) touch-mediated perception of the cadaver/patient, (4) anatomical variability, (5) learning the basic language of medicine, (6) competence in diagnostic imaging, (7) cadaver/patient-centered computer-assisted learning, (8) peer group learning, (9) training for the medical specialties. Cadaver-based anatomical education is a prerequisite of optimal training for the use of biomedical informatics. When connected to dissection, medical informatics can expedite and enhance preparation for a patient-based medical profession. Actual dissection is equally necessary for acquisition of scientific skills and for a communicative, moral, ethical, and humanistic approach to patient care. Anat Rec (New Anat) 269:20-32, 2002.

Anatomy↗
PubMed2006

An unusual case of a mediastinal mass in a cadaver.

Since 1975, only approximately 60 saphenous vein graft aneurysms have been reported in the medical literature. We now report this unusual finding in a male cadaver who had undergone a recent coronary artery bypass grafting procedure. Although aneurysm formation is an unusual complication of saphenous vein graft surgery, the diagnosis must be suspected particularly in the face of a mediastinal mass on chest radiography in patients who have undergone coronary artery bypass grafting. Needle biopsy in these cases may prove lethal. We believe this to be the first description of this complication in a cadaver.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Endo-robotic resection of the submandibular gland in a cadaver model.

BACKGROUND: By means of a prospective, nonrandomized investigation, we evaluated the feasibility of performing endo-robotic resection of the submandibular gland in a cadaver model and compared the results of robotically enhanced endoscopic surgery with those from a conventional endoscopic technique. METHODS: Procedural times were recorded in a consecutive series of 11 endoscopic submandibular gland resections using the daVinci Surgical System (Intuitive Surgical, Sunnyvale, CA) and a modified endoscopic surgical approach previously developed in a porcine model. The presence of neurovascular injury was assessed postoperatively, and the specimens were examined histologically. RESULTS: Eleven endo-robotic submandibular gland resections were successfully performed in six cadavers (no conversions to open resection were necessary). The median duration of the procedures was 48 minutes (range, 33-82 minutes). Creation of the operative pocket took an average (+/-SD) of 12.2 +/- 5.3 minutes, assembly of the robot required 9.3 +/- 4.1 minutes, and the mean time for submandibular gland resection was 29.4 +/- 8.9 minutes. The time required for robotic assembly was offset by the reduced operative time necessary compared with conventional endoscopic resection. Histologic examination confirmed the presence of normal glandular architecture, without evidence of excessive mechanical or thermal injury. There were no cases of apparent neurovascular injury. CONCLUSIONS: Robotically enhanced endoscopic surgery in the neck is feasible and offers a number of compelling advantages over conventional endoscopic neck surgery. Clinical trials will be necessary to determine whether these advantages can be achieved in clinical practice.

Cadaver↗
PubMed1982

[Determination of the time of dealth after dismemberment. Muscle electrophoretic criteria for estimating the early postmortal period in cadaver parts (author's transl)].

Proteolytic fission products that allow estimation of the time of death can be demonstrated by electrofocussing of cadaver muscles already within the first 5 days postmortem. The fractionation rate, which progressively increases the later the tissue is examined, is based on the number of fractions resulting from protein decomposition. Some fractions appear relatively late, while others occur with increasing frequency and can be used as criteria to determine the time of death. This examination procedure can be used as a method for estimating the time of death in cadaver parts.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Hepatitis C infection in cadaver organ donors: strategies to reduce transmission of infection and prevent organ waste.

The transmission of hepatitis C virus (HCV) by organ transplantation has been unequivocally demonstrated. Among recipients of organs from anti-HCV-positive donors, 57%-96% test positive for HCV RNA. Consequently, several organ procurement organizations have adopted a policy restricting the use of anti-HCV-positive donors to life-saving transplants (heart, liver, or lung). The differences in the rate of transmission of HCV infection by anti-HCV-positive donors could be related to the prevalence of HCV RNA among these donors. In a national collaborative study of 3,078 cadaver organ donors from eight organ procurement organizations in the United States, the prevalence of anti-HCV antibodies and HCV RNA were 4.2% and 2.4%, respectively. The sensitivity and negative predictive value of anti-HCV antibodies for HCV RNA were 100%. However, despite a specificity of 98.1%, the positive predictive value was only 55.1%. Discarding organs from enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay 2-positive donors would eliminate transmission, but organs from 1.88% of donors would be wasted. Clinical and laboratory characteristics did not distinguish anti-HCV-positive donors with and without HCV RNA. Hence, to reduce waste it is necessary to develop confirmatory tests with a higher specificity for HCV RNA than those that are currently available. Even if anti-HCV-positive but HCV RNA-negative donors could be identified and utilized, 2.4% of cadaver organ donors that test positive for serum HCV RNA would remain unsuitable for transplantation of non-life-saving organs. Hence, several authors have suggested the use of kidneys from anti-HCV-positive donors in recipients with pre-existing HCV infection.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Cadaver↗
PubMed1991

Anatomy of the hip: correlation of coronal and sagittal cadaver cryomicrosections with magnetic resonance images.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is noninvasive and provides images with higher soft tissue contrast than possible with any other imaging modality. Unlike CT which depicts anatomy in the axial plane, MRI is capable of producing images in thin cross sections acquired directly in any plane, usually axial, coronal or sagittal planes. The use of diagnostic MR images is facilitated by an understanding of the detailed anatomy that is depicted. The purpose of this study was to identify anatomical structures in coronal and sagittal cryomicrosections of the hip region. Thin cryosections of the hips of fresh-frozen cadavers were obtained by a method developed by one of the authors (WR). These sections were matched with thin-section, high resolution MR images of a normal volunteer. The complex anatomy of the hip and its surrounding muscles, tendons and ligaments was exquisitely depicted on both the cadaver microcryosections and the matched MRT images.

Cadaver↗
PubMed2004

A new guidance device facilitates percutaneous puncture of the foramen ovale in human cadavers.

PURPOSE: Trigeminal neuralgia is the most common neurological cause for facial pain. Contemporary interventional treatment relies on surgical microvascular decompression or, alternatively, percutaneous interventions targeting the semilunar ganglion via the foramen ovale. For the latter approach, only free-hand punctures using fluoroscopy devices have been reported. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate a new fluoroscopy-based guidance device for transforaminal puncture. METHODS: Two experienced examiners punctured the foramen ovale bilaterally free-hand, and using a guidance device in human cadavers (n = 9). The number of attempts for puncture was recorded. A new attempt was counted each time the needle had to be retracted for redirection. RESULTS: As compared to the free-hand puncture of the foramen ovale (4.44 +/- 2.79), the new guidance device significantly reduced the number of trials needed (1.37 +/- 0.69). CONCLUSION: The employment of a guidance device facilitated percutaneous transforaminal puncture and resulted in a significantly decreased number of puncture attempts as compared to free-hand techniques in human cadavers.

Cadaver↗
PubMed2004

Displacement of the medial meniscus within the passive motion characteristics of the human knee joint: an RSA study in human cadaver knees.

The objective of this study was to validate an in vitro human cadaver knee-joint model for the evaluation of the meniscal movement during knee-joint flexion. The question was whether our model showed comparable meniscal displacements to those found in earlier meniscal movement studies in vivo. Furthermore, we determined the influence of tibial torque on the meniscal displacement during knee-joint flexion. Three tantalum beads were inserted in the medial meniscus of six human-cadaver joints. The knee joints were placed and loaded in a loading apparatus, and the movements of the beads were determined by means of RSA during knee-joint flexion and extension with and without internal tibial (IT) and external tibial (ET) torque. During flexion without tibial torque, all menisci moved in posterior and lateral direction. The anterior horn showed significantly greater excursions than the posterior horn in both posterior and lateral direction. Internal tibial torque caused an anterior displacement of the pathway on the tibial plateau. External tibial torque caused a posterior displacement of the pathway. External tibial torque restricted the meniscal displacement during the first 30 degrees of knee-joint flexion. The displacements of the meniscus in this experiment were similar to the displacements described in the in vivo MRI studies. Furthermore, the application of tibial torque confirmed the relative immobility of the posterior horn of the meniscus. During external tibial torque, the posterior displacement of the pathway on the tibial plateau during the first 30 degrees of flexion might be restricted by the attached knee-joint capsule or the femoral condyle. This model revealed representative meniscal displacements during simple knee-joint flexion and also during the outer limits of passive knee-joint motion.

Aged↗
PubMed1998

Graft-tunnel mismatch in endoscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Intraoperative and cadaver measurement of the intra-articular graft length and the length of the patellar tendon.

The results of a study conducted on 50 knees endoscopically reconstructed for an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) lesion with a free bone-patellar tendon-bone graft and 9 cadaver knees are reported. The mean lengths of the patellar tendon (45.48 +/- 4.71 mm) and intra-articular ACL graft (20.44 +/- 1.98 mm) were measured in the operated knees. The mean length of the tibial bone tunnel (51.62 +/- 2.60 mm) was also measured with a tibial guide at 55 degrees. No statistically significant correlation was found between these three measurements. The length of the patellar tendon was weakly correlated with body height. Measurement of the tibial tunnel on the cadaver knees with increasing degrees of inclination revealed a mean length increase of 0.68 mm per degree (confidence limits: 0.49-0.86). Comparison between the tunnel lengths obtained with the guide and those measured with a Kirschner wire showed a mean difference of 2.3 mm. It is thus desirable to make the tunnel about 53 mm long to ensure excellent fixation of a 28 mm bone block with a 25 mm interference screw. Correct measurement of the anatomical structures involved is in any event an essential requirement for proper execution of the surgical technique.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Repair of large supraspinatus rotator-cuff defects by infraspinatus and subscapularis tendon transfers in a cadaver model.

Transosseous repair of a supraspinatus tendon (SSP) defect (Patte size II) can be difficult if the tendon is retracted and the muscle atrophied. In this situation alternatives are margin convergence techniques, local tendon transfers or distant tendon transfers in massive tears. The object of this study was to compare two local tendon transfers in terms of the feasibility of the shift, the area covered by the shift and the force needed to accomplish the shift. Thirteen fresh-frozen cadaver shoulders were used. First a supraspinatus defect extending to the apex of the humeral head (Patte size II) was created. Transosseous repair was attempted with the infraspintus (ISP) and with the subscapularis (SCP) in all cases; repair was successful in all ISP cases, while use of the SCP resulted in a successful repair in only 8 of the 13 (61.5%). A significantly (P=0.012) larger defect area was covered by the ISP transfer than by the SCP shift: 89.7+/-8.5% versus 31.2+/-31.1% of the original defect, respectively. The tensile force needed to accomplish the shift was significantly (P=0.004) lower when the ISP was used (15+/-11 N) than with the SCP (37.1+/-15 N). In this cadaver model the ISP shift proved more favourable than the SCP shift for covering a Patte size II SSP defect.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Vascularized pedicled iliac crest graft for selected total hip acetabular reconstructions: a cadaver study.

Bone grafting is an essential part of most total hip acetabular reconstructions. There are a limited number of surgical options, each with inherent disadvantages for the management of structural acetabular defects. In this cadaver study, the authors aimed to evaluate the availability of vascularized pedicled iliac crest graft for the purpose of acetabular reconstruction. The hip joints, ilia and deep circumflex iliac artery pedicles of six adult preserved cadavers were dissected bilaterally. A segment of the iliac crest was elevated on the vascular pedicle and its access to different parts of the acetabulum was evaluated. The average pedicle length was sufficient for coverage of the superior and anterior acetabular walls. The access to the posterior wall, however, required modification of the bone size. A vascularized pedicled iliac crest graft is suitable for the reconstruction of selected acetabular deficiencies.

Acetabulum↗