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PubMed1991

[Occupational bronchitis].

Industrial bronchitis is defined as a chronic bronchitis due to prolonged exposure to polluted air at the professional workplace. Up until the nineteen eighties, its proper existence was open to controversy, because outside professional factors, such as tobacco, were considered as predominant causes. However, the most recent epidemiological studies have shown that exposure to dust, in conjunction or not with fumes and gases, was responsible for chronic obstructive syndromes. Bronchitis observed in silicotic patients is an interesting example. On the other hand, in other occupations, such as soldering, in which only gases and fumes are inhaled, the risk of chronic obstructive bronchitis is minimal. Due to the threshold limit values enforced by law since many years in Switzerland, the probability of industrial bronchitis is low; therefore the proportional responsibility of tobacco as cause of pulmonary obstruction is increased and justifies preventive effort also in this field.

Air Pollutants, Occupational↗

PubMed1990

Lower respiratory tract lactoferrin and lysozyme arise primarily in the airways and are elevated in association with chronic bronchitis.

Lactoferrin and lysozyme are proteins found in high concentrations on mucosal surfaces, and they have activities potentially important for the modulation of inflammation. To investigate whether these proteins might contribute to the modulation of the intraluminal airway inflammation associated with chronic bronchitis, lactoferrin and lysozyme were measured in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid from 22 subjects with chronic bronchitis and, for comparison, with 10 symptom-free smokers and 16 normal subjects. As a further control, transferrin, a protein structurally homologous to lactoferrin but not known to arise in airway epithelial cells, was also measured. BAL was performed by sequentially instilling and retrieving five 20 ml aliquots of normal saline solution into each of three sites. Analyzing the first aliquots separately from the later four provided fluid that was enriched for airway contents. The concentration of lactoferrin (11.83 +/- 2.86 micrograms/ml vs 0.68 +/- 0.18 micrograms/ml, p less than 0.00001), and lysozyme (6.75 +/- 1.51 micrograms/ml vs 0.52 +/- 0.09 microgram/ml, p less than 0.00001), but not transferrin (3.22 +/- 0.38 microgram/ml vs 2.68 +/- 0.24 micrograms/ml, p = 0.55) was higher in the bronchial sample lavage fluid, suggesting an airway origin for lactoferrin and lysozyme. In subjects with chronic bronchitis, bronchial sample lactoferrin (23.1 +/- 0.5 micrograms/ml) and lysozyme (12.6 +/- 3.5 micrograms/ml) were elevated compared with the normal subjects' lactoferrin (1.9 +/- 0.5 micrograms/ml, p less than 0.0001) and lysozyme (0.77 +/- 0.22 microgram/ml, p less than 0.0001) and the symptom-free smokers' lactoferrin (4.1 +/- 0.8 micrograms/ml, p = 0.005) and lysozyme (4.9 +/- 1.3 micrograms/ml, p = 0.02). Transferrin concentrations did not demonstrate the same relationships. Finally, when the content of bronchial sample lactoferrin and lysozyme were compared with the content of bronchial sample neutrophils, poor correlations were found, which may imply an airway epithelial origin for the two proteins. Thus lactoferrin and lysozyme appear to arise in the lower respiratory tract within the airways and their levels are elevated in association with chronic bronchitis. This suggests that lactoferrin and lysozyme may contribute to the modulation of airway inflammation in chronic bronchitis.

Bronchi↗

PubMed1985

[Associated vaccination of poultry against infectious bronchitis, Newcastle disease and infectious bursitis].

The effectiveness of immunity was studied following a mixed vaccination with live vaccines against infectious bronchitis (strains H120 and H52), Newcastle disease (strain La Sota), and infectious bursitis (strain Th75Vn82). The three vaccines were applied simultaneously via the drinking water, through the spray method, and nasally. Experiments were carried out with a total of 31,466 birds: broilers, growing layers, broiler parents--all without preliminary treatment with biopreparations. Immunity against Newcastle disease was followed up through the hemagglutination-inhibition test and challenging with a virulent virus; against infectious bursitis--through immunodiffusion in agar gel after Ouchterlony; and against infectious bronchitis--through virus-neutralization with strain Beaudette. The birds were treated with mixed vaccines in the following combinations: infectious bronchitis--Newcastle disease; infectious bursitis--Gumboro; infectious bronchitis, Newcastle disease, Gumboro. The simultaneous application of live vaccines against infectious bronchitis, Newcastle disease, and infectious bursitis was shown to be well tolerated with no harmful aftereffects whatever. The immunity built up with the simultaneous use of the three vaccines was not inferior in effectiveness to that conferred with the use of two vaccines or only one of them.

Animals↗

PubMed1988

[Morphofunctional characteristics of the alveolar epithelium and alveolar macrophages in chronic bronchitis].

Quantitative histoenzymatic determination based on early autopsy material was introduced for evaluation of oxidoreductase and hydrolytic enzymes activity in alveolar macrophages (AM) and alveolar epithelial cells (AEC) of the lungs in chronic catarrhal (CC) and chronic purulent (CP) bronchitis with bronchopneumonia development in sites other than acute inflammatory lesions. AM hydrolase hypoactivity was recorded in both CC and CP bronchitis, whereas inhibition of dehydrogenase activity stood out in CP bronchitis along with disturbed activity of the key enzymes of energy and carbohydrate metabolism in AEC. Characteristic features were elucidated for relationships between the cells of the alveolar lining in various forms of chronic bronchitis. The findings suggest a conclusion on inhibited activity of AM in chronic bronchitis.

Adult↗

PubMed1987

Prevalence and incidence of chronic bronchitis and farmer's lung with respect to age, sex, atopy, and smoking.

This study was based on data provided by 9,483 farmers from a larger sample of 12,056 Finnish farmers. The data were collected in two postal surveys, with a 3-year interval between them, conducted by the Social Insurance Institution of Finland. About one-third of the whole population were smokers. Among men the prevalence of smoking was 58.6% and among women 10.2%. Among men the prevalence of smokers was larger in older groups, among women the situation was reversed. Based on past or present infantile eczema, atopic dermatitis, or allergic rhinitis, one-third of the subjects were classified as atopic. The prevalence of atopy was essentially the same in all age groups. The prevalence of chronic bronchitis was 8.0%, and the mean annual incidence was 2,017 per 100,000 farmers. Among farmers who tended cattle the prevalence of farmer's lung was 1.7% and the mean annual incidence was 540 per 100,000 similar farmers. Chronic bronchitis was twice as common among atopic as among non-atopic subjects and twice as common among smokers as among non-smokers. Atopy and smoking seemed to have an additive effect on both the prevalence and incidence of chronic bronchitis. The results strongly support the so-called "Dutch hypothesis" about the natural history of chronic bronchitis, according to which chronic bronchitis is closely related to asthma. Farmer's lung was only slightly more common among atopic than among non-atopic subjects and twice as common among non-smokers as among smokers.

Adult↗

PubMed1987

Role of environment in the development of chronic bronchitis.

Based on data in the Finnish Twin Registry, which was obtained by postal questionnaire, the prevalence of chronic bronchitis among non-smoking farmers was 3.6% and among a corresponding group of non-farmers (reference subjects) 3.4%. The six-year incidences of chronic bronchitis for these 2 groups were 2.7% and 0.7%, respectively. The difference in incidence between these groups was significant (p less than 0.001). The fact that the incidence among farming subjects was three times the incidence among non-farming subjects indicates that chronic bronchitis is a work-related disease among farmers. This is analogous to previous findings that symptoms compatible with chronic bronchitis occur more often among grain elevator workers than among urban dwellers. The occurrence of chronic bronchitis among both farmers and grain elevator workers probably is associated with exposure to grain dusts.

Adult↗

PubMed1986

[Pathophysiology of chronic bronchitis].

In patients with airflow obstruction "chronic bronchitis" should be differentiated from emphysema. We are dealing with 2 clinical types: type A, "pink puffer" ( = emphysematous type), and type B, "blue blooter" ( = bronchitic type). Patients with chronic airflow obstruction have very seldom pure bronchitis, mostly both diseases are present at the same time and one dominates the other. It is questionable, if chronic bronchitis is an entity of its own rather than a symptom. It is suggested the term "chronic mucous hypersecretion", be used, rather than "chronic bronchitis", and that the latter be avoided. From a pathophysiological point of view "chronic bronchitis" should not be used synonymous with "chronic airflow obstruction" (CAO) or "chronic airflow limitation" (CAL).

Airway Resistance↗

PubMed1987

[Comparative bronchoscopic characteristics of protracted and chronic bronchitis].

Comparative bronchoscopic characterization of lingering and chronic bronchitis was studied. The results of a bronchoscopic study and qualitative-quantitative evaluation of the data obtained showed that in most cases lingering bronchitis was characterized endoscopically by distinct inflammatory bronchial changes which in their spreading and intensity did not differ from those in chronic bronchitis. A conclusion is that an increase in a degree of hypersecretion, a mucopurulent and purulent type of the bronchial contents can serve as an endoscopic sign to differentiate between lingering and chronic bronchitis. The bronchoscopic results indicate that lingering bronchitis is a late symptom of a pathological process in the bronchial system. Therefore new clinical criteria are required for the detection of earlier stages of pathology of the respiratory tracts.

Adult↗

PubMed1985

[Importance of genetic factors and allergy in the occurrence of chronic bronchitis (a study of twins)].

The authors evaluate the qualitative and quantitative parameters characterizing hereditary predisposition to chronic bronchitis, both non-obstructive and obstructive patterns. The relationship was studied between allergoses and individual types of chronic bronchitis to establish the primary effect of allergy on the formation of chronic obstructive bronchitis as compared with chronic non-obstructive bronchitis, which was found to have a lower coefficient of heredity. Based on the difference in the proband concordance in mono- and dizygotic twins in respect of allergy the role of hereditary predisposition to the disease was revealed. The effects of some acute infectious respiratory diseases on the development and course of chronic bronchitis were studied.

Bronchitis↗

PubMed1985

Prevalence of bronchial asthma and chronic bronchitis in a community in northern Sweden; relation to environmental and occupational exposure to sulphur dioxide.

The prevalence of chronic bronchitis and bronchial asthma has been studied in a community in northern Sweden, where the major air pollutant is sulphur dioxide (SO2) from a sulphite pulp factory. In the town the annual mean winter concentration of SO2 during the years 1975-1979 was 20-40 micrograms SO2/m3 air. A questionnaire concerning respiratory symptoms was distributed to all individuals (2374) within the age group 16-72 years, and was answered by 2203 individuals (93%). Bronchial asthma was found in 78 (3.5%) individuals, chronic bronchitis in 57 (2.6%) and both diagnoses in 3 individuals (0.1%). There was a statistically significant relationship between presence of chronic bronchitis and sex, age, smoking and employment at the sulphite pulp factory. Sulphur dioxide exposure at the factory apparently acted synergistically with smoking in increasing the relative risk for chronic bronchitis in smoking employees compared to non-smoking non-employees. However, our results indicate no excess risk of chronic bronchitis in a population with long-term environmental exposure to SO2 in concentrations between 20-40 micrograms, when the concentration of other air pollutants is low.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1979

Chronic bronchitis and bronchial asthma in a rural community in Israel: relation to socioenvironmental factors.

Prevalence rates of chronic bronchitis and asthma in a rural community in Israel in 1976 were 2.5 and 2.1%, respectively. The relationships with age, sex, country of origin, marital status, number of children, household crowding, education, occupation and cigarette-smoking habits were studied. A number of significant univariate associations were found. A multiple regression analysis showed a significant independent association between chronic bronchitis and age. Age alone accounted for 4.6% of the variance in chronic bronchitis. Five other variables were significantly associated with chronic bronchitis. Together, these accounted for an additional 1.3% of the variance in chronic bronchitis. The multivariate analysis showed that only one variable--the number of children--had an independent relationship with asthma. It accounted for 0.8% of the variance. All the variables together accounted for 1.3% of the variance observed in bronchial asthma.

Adult↗

PubMed1979

[Morphological investigations of bronchial biopsy material in chronic bronchitis and asthma bronchiale (author's transl)].

Morphological investigations (light microscopy, enzyme histochemistry, immunopathology) were carried out in cases with asthma bronchiale and chronic bronchitis. According to the histological picture no additional parameters were found with enzyme histochemical and immunopathological methods to specify the diagnosis asthma bronchiale and chronic bronchitis. The most important diagnostic factors in chronic bronchitis are hyperplasy of mucous bronchial glands and atrophy of serous bronchial glands with a loss of activity of acid phosphatase. Diffuse thickenings of basal membrane were more often in asthma bronchiale, localized thickenings more often in chronic bronchitis. Hypertrophy of goblet cells, infiltrations with round cells and metaplasia are found both in asthma bronchiale and chronic bronchitis in different degree. Correlations exist between the activity of leucine aminopeptidase in the stroma of the bronchus and degree of cellular infiltration with lymphocytes and plasma cells.

Asthma↗

PubMed1984

[Analysis of immunocompetent cell subpopulations in chronic bronchitis patients during the use of different immunomodulating preparations].

Twenty-seven patients with chronic obstructive bronchitis and 47 patients with chronic non-obstructive bronchitis were subjected to subpopulation analysis of peripheral blood immunocompetent cells. Statistically significant changes in the content of T mu and T gamma cells, killer and suppressor activity of lymphocytes were discovered in patients with chronic bronchitis. One of the immunological differences between chronic obstructive and chronic non-obstructive bronchitis lies in the activity of Con A-induced suppressors, which is appreciably lowered in patients with chronic obstructive bronchitis.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗

PubMed1980

Asthma, symptoms of chronic bronchitis and ventilatory capacity among cobalt and zinc production workers.

This epidemiologic study was designed to determine whether occupational exposures to cobalt and zinc in the metallurgic industry increase the risk of asthma and symptoms of chronic bronchitis or decrease ventilatory capacity. The results indicated that, already at concentrations under 0.1 mg/m3, cobalt sulfate exposure increased the risk of asthma by about five times in exposed workers. The mechanism of sensitization was not studied further in this project. Neither zinc exposure nor sulfuric acid caused asthma or any other pulmonary impairments. All of the exposed groups had a highly significant chronic production of phlegm. This symptom was associated with smoking. Cobalt and sulfur workers had significantly more wheezing than the referents. The high frequency of this symptom probably reflected bronchial irritation caused by sulfur dioxide and cobalt sulfate. There was no evidence confirming that cobalt sulfate would have caused persistent bronchial obstruction or increased the risk of chronic bronchitis at the concentrations measured. Cobalt and/or sulfur dioxide exposure probably increased bronchial reactivity to methocholine transiently, but this effect did not last for more than 2 d. The prevalence of chronic bronchitis was between 0 and 2% in the exposed groups and 0% among the referents. There was no evidence that any exposure other than smoking would have caused chronic bronchitis. The Vmax50 meaurements did however indicate that sulfur dioxide and dusts probably increase the risk of chronic bronchitis gradually after more than 5 to 8 a of exposure at concentrations between 1--5 ppm (cm3/m3).

Adult↗

PubMed1981

[Morphometric investigations of the bronchial tree in chronic bronchitis. Part I. The alterations of lumen and thickness of the walls of bronchi and bronchioli (author's transl)].

The morphometry of bronchi and bronchioles was studied in 22 persons aged between 47 and 78 who had died after suffering from chronic bronchitis for many years. Additionally the lungs of five persons, died due to other reasons and never having suffered from chronic bronchitis (normal persons) were investigated. In compared to the normal conditions no essential alterations in the diameter of the lumen could be found in the proximal bronchi (including the main bronchus till down to the subsegmental bronchus of the third order). The mean diameter of the lumen of distal membranous bronchi is unchanged, as well, but bronchioles in chronic bronchitis has a bigger lumen amounting to 0.4515 +/- 0.027 mm (in normals 0.324 +/- 0.024 mm, P less than 0.05). The calibres in the terminal and respiratory bronchioles varied as follows: Ectasia in 58%, stenosis in 11%, without any alterations in 31%, that means: organic stenosis in the distal bronchi and bronchioles is of minor importance for the mechanisms of obstruction in chronic bronchitis. The thickness of the proximal and distal bronchi is enlarged in chronic bronchitis. As to the histological features lympho-cytoplasmocytic infiltrations of the mucous membrane could be found in nearly all proximal bronchi studied (in 97.5%), sclerosis of the wall in 32.6%, and metaplasia of the lining squamous epithelium in 15%. Cytology of the bronchial secretions revealed the predominance of neutrophiles among all cellular elements when the inflammatory process was exacerbating.

Aged↗

PubMed1981

[Morphometric investigations of the bronchial tree in chronic bronchitis. Part II. The morphology of tissue alterations of the bronchial walls. (author's transl)].

The data of the literature and the methods of this investigation have been discussed in the previous paper. The present report (21 cases of chronic catarrhal bronchitis and one case of chronic atrophic bronchitis) is containing the morphometric results of tissue changes in the bronchial walls of four proximal bronchial generations. In the catarrhal form of chronic bronchitis in contrast to normal conditions the Reid's index increases about two folds, its value being about equal for the main, labor, segmental and subsegmental bronchi of the first order. In catarrhal chronic bronchitis the relative volume (in %) of the bronchial glands of the bronchial walls increases in the same bronchial generations, vice versa, relative the volume of the connective tissue decreases, but the relative volume of the smooth muscle and of the cartilaginous discs has been found to be unchanged. This volume of the bronchial glands to periphery (from the main bronchus to the subsegmental) has been demonstrated to decrease a little (not significantly). The relative volume of smooth muscles and of the connective tissue increases. Morphometric findings could be obtained only in one case of atrophic chronic bronchitis; therefore they are inadequate for statistic analysis.

Aged↗

PubMed1980

[Bronchitis--a social medical study (author's transl)].

1. Every third or fourth patient visiting an outpatients department for pulmonary diseases was found to have chronic bronchitis. 2. Twice as many manual workers as other workers suffer from chronic bronchitis. This difference seems to be related to the dusty conditions to which manual workers are exposed. Manual workers in clean conditions have the same proportion of chronic bronchitis as non manual workers. 3. Up to the age of sixty there is no difference in the incidence of chronic bronchitis in male and female patients. Above the age of sixty the incidence in males exceeds than in females. 4. No difference between male and female patients up to the age of sixty years is also in regard of the combination of chronic bronchitis and pulmonary emphysema.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

[The cellular immunity and cyclonucleotide level in the immunoregulatory cells of patients with bronchial asthma and chronic bronchitis].

The paper presents the analysis of T-cell immunity in asthmatics and bronchitis chronics. Immunodeficiency in one-third of them was characterized by thymic failure. T-cell insufficiency was registered in 50% and 37% of atopic and bacterial asthma patients, respectively, in 40% and 25% of those with chronic obstructive bronchitis and nonobstructive one, respectively. Imbalance of immunoregulatory cells in atopic asthma in 87% of relevant patients and in 37% of chronics with obstructive bronchitis was indicated by enhanced suppressor activity. In patients with bacterial asthma and chronic nonobstructive bronchitis (in 40% and 25%, respectively) helper-cell activity rose. A cAMP concentration proved reduced in helper cells and helper + suppressor subpopulations in bacterial asthma and obstructive bronchitis chronics, respectively. Atopic bronchial asthma was associated with low suppressor subpopulation. Variants of immunocorrection in the above conditions are presented for discussion.

Adolescent↗