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[The research of estrogen receptor modulator and correlative Chinese herbs].

OBJECTIVE: To review the study of estrogen receptor modulator and correlative Chinese herbs. METHOD: Based on to the documents in the world, the estrogen receptor modulator and correlative Chinese herbs summarized. RESULT AND CONCLUSION: Estrogen receptor modulator is biological compounds in botany. It can exert faint estrogen-like effects by low affinity with estrogen receptor. Some of the Chinese herbs have the estrogen-like activity, but further and more systemic research work are to be done.

Aging↗

[Pharmacist and chemist Henri Braconnot].

Henri Braconnot was born in Commercy in 1780. When he was 13 years old, he was bound apprentice in the pharmacy of Graux in Nancy. He remained here for two years, learning pharmacy, chemistry and botany. When the army called him, his position in Strasbourg allowed him to study. After it, he came to Paris and learned in some schools, particularly the Ecole gratuite de pharmacie. Returned in Nancy, forever, in 1802, he was then named as the chairman of the botanical garden and a member of the academy of the town, and he began his results in plant chemistry. He worked almost until his death that occurred in January 1855. Braconnot's work is essentially devoted to chemistry. His name is attached to the extractive principles of vegetables. Some orientations of his research are: plant acids, fats, extractive compounds that may have conduct him to alkaloïds, sugar obtained from saw-dust and rages, other organic plant chemicals, nitration of cellulose, and some others such as colours chemistry, hydrology, physiological chemistry, toxicology, mineralogy. He was never received as an apothecary, but pharmacy has always considered that he belonged to it.

Chemistry, Agricultural↗

[Voluntary poisoning by ingestion of Datura stramonium. Another cause of hospitalization in youth seeking strong sensations].

Natural hallucinogenic substances have been used in numerous cultures throughout the world for millenniums, providing a sacred intermediary between men and gods. They were used during initiatory, divinatory rites and played an essential role in the myths of exorcism and charm where the initiated enters a sort of trance which separates the soul from the body before "revival". It resulted that a number of plants were given names reflecting their relationship with the divinities, bestowing upon them an aura of mystery and sacredness. With the development of free information superhighways via the net, recipes using these hallucinogenic substances can now travel anywhere on the planet, offering the non-initiated a means of experimenting their search for strong sensations. At the same time, the science of botany has undergone a major revolution. Patient observation of nature is no longer necessary since a well-conducted computer search can easily yield a large supply of plants offered for on-line purchase. Children and adolescents in primary and secondary schools are becoming a new target for the botanical market: young people exchange the latest recipes and Internet addresses, or more simply the objects of their new on-line purchase. This has led to an outbreak in the use of mushrooms and hallucinogenic plants where the cultural notion of initiation or sacred rites has metamorphosed into a phenomenon of communication between young people, notably during festive parties. Datura stramonium has become quite popular and the number of hospitalizations for acute datura poisoning has increased rapidly, as indicated by the statistics of the Bordeaux Poison Center (14 hospitalizations for voluntary poisonings with datura in 2002, compared with 5 in 2001). Besides the self-inflicted risk, one of the most important problems is the delay to diagnosis, simply because the primary care physician did not think of such an "exotic" cause. We report here the case of a 22-year-old young man hospitalized following ingestion Datura stramonium seeds. He presented confusions and dreamlike frenzy. The clinical course was favorable in 72 hours with symptomatic treatment, marked by amnesia of the episode.

Adult↗

[Secondary Raman spectrum of beta-carotene molecule in living leaf of French phoenix tree].

Under visible incidence light 514.5 nm, the Raman scattering spectrum from the beta-carotene molecule in the leaf was directly obtained after it was immediately collected from French phoenix tree without any preparing the sample but cleaning. It is very easy to collect the secondary Raman lines addition to the first Raman spectrum in situ by micro Raman. By careful comparing and analyzing the Raman lines between 2,000-3,100 cm-1 and below 2,000 cm-1 regions, we obtained the correlated relation of the first and secondary Raman lines. The study results indicated that there is no damage to the structure and configuration of beta-carotene molecule in the live leaf by controlling laser power on the sample surface and integrating time for Raman signal, but large power laser or long time irradiation on the live sample would cause very strong fluorescence background in Raman spectrum which indicated that there is a photo damage in the center of photo reaction. The Micro Raman would become one of possible in situ methods for investigating live plant molecules growing up in different environment. At last we proposed and discussed the advantages and limits in micro Raman when it is applied to investigating live molecules in botany field.

Magnoliopsida↗

Hepatitis B surface antigen (HbsAg) in the sera of medical, nursing and microbiology students in Ibadan, Nigeria.

A total of 331 serum samples collected from medical students, student nurses, microbiology students, and patients presenting with Pyrexia of Unknown Origin (PUO) were tested for the presence of Hepatitis B surface Antigen (HbsAg). While only seven (14.0%) of 50 microbiology students (mean age 24.0 years) tested positive for HbsAg, six (6.7%) of 89 student nurses (mean age 21.6 years) and 13 (13.5%) of 95 medical students (mean age 24.3 years) in the clinical phase of their study were found to have HbsAg in their sera. Also, 10 (10.3%) of 97 patients with PUO (mean age 25.4 years), a group of patients from whom medical personnel are most likely to often collect blood for laboratory studies, were found to have HbsAg in their sera. No significant difference was found in the prevalence of HbsAg among the different groups examined in this study (P>0.05). The result of the study thus shows that medical and nursing students, unlike what is known for practising nurses, physicians and surgeons are not at a higher risk of HBV transmission than students of botany and microbiology. Likewise, patients with PUO do not constitute a group that is more likely to transmit HBV to medical personnel than other groups of patients. Vaccination against hepatitis B virus during the early period of medical and nursing training may therefore go a long way to reduce the high prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection previously reported among practising health personnel in Nigeria.

Adolescent↗

Measure of species variability for a microbial taxonomy based on the relative resemblance.

The concept of species currently in use in microbial taxonomy is based on sex because derives from that developed in zoology and botany. The absence of sex as the only system to reproduce does not allow to use the hybridization as the test to assess the conspecificity of microbial strains, forcing microbial taxonomists to use relative resemblance among strains as the only tool to define microbial species and to classify new microorganisms. Relative resemblance can be intuitively defined as the situation in which two strains of the same species must be more similar than each of them with a strain of any other species. Unfortunately, there are several algorithms to define the similarity between two strains, but none can be used to estimate the average distance between several members of the same species. This paper describes the problems inherent with the definition of species without hybridization tests and proposes two algorithms for a standard estimation of the overall variability of a species with the data obtained from a sample of strains. These measures will allow the non-subjective determination of the overall similarity among members of the same species using results from both phenotypic and molecular analyses. Both algorithms are based on a bootsrapping procedure implemented by RHO and SMA, two software applications freely available from the internet. These applications allow an easy evaluation of parameters such as the overall variability and levels of confidence associated with the sample of strains and the panel of characters under study.

Animals↗

A kind of Mozart of medicine: Joseph Plenck (1735-1807).

This is a tribute to one of the fathers of modern European dermatology and venereology, Dr Joseph Plenck, the Viennese protodermatologist of two hundred years ago, 1735-1807, who was professor and secretary of the Imperial Medical Josephine Academy, where today is the Institute for the history of medicine. Plenck introduced the systematization of dermatovenereological diseases based on their paradigmatic differences, which is deemed as "the only (system) with pretensions to accuracy". A man of diversified interests and a fruitful author, he wrote many treatises covering various fields from dermatology, venereology, and dentistry to surgery, obstetrics, anatomy, pediatrics, pharmacology, and botany. This remarkable physician definitely left a deep trace in the history of dermatology and venereology, and marked the transition from text-based to visually dependent culture in the field of dermatovenereology.

Austria↗

[Applied fundamental research of echinacea species].

Echinacea is a most famous "immune herb" in western countries, and continues to be the best selling herb for many years. For the last five years, our research group has cooperated with Institute of Medicinal Plants in Huairou District of Beijing, carrying out studies on Echinacea purpurea, which involved botany, cultivation, pharmacognosy, phytochemistry, quality control, pharmacology and toxicology of the species. Two other species introduced from Canada, Echinacea angustifolia and Echinacea pallida, were also included in the taxonomic, cultivated and pharmacognostic studies. The results acquired have opened up the path to introduce Echinacea species into Traditional Chinese Medicine, thus established the possibility of developing more promising drugs from them.

Animals↗

[Dissolved aluminum and organic carbon in soil solution under six tree stands in Lushan forest ecosystems].

Different depths of soils under 6 tree stands in Lushan Botany Garden were sampled and water-digested at room temperature. The dissolved aluminum and organic carbon were then determined by colorimetry, using 8-hydroxylquilin and TOC Analyzer, respectively. The results indicated that even derived from a naturally identical soil type, the test soils exhibited a diverse solution chemistry, regarding with the Al speciation. The soil solutions under Japanese cedar, giant arborvitae and tea had lower pH values and higher contents of soluble aluminum than those under Giant dogwood, azalea and bamboo. Under giant arborvitae, the lowest pH and the highest content of total soluble aluminum and monomeric aluminum were found in soil solution. There was a significant correlation between soluble aluminum and DOC, which tended to depress the accumulation of toxic monomeric aluminum. The 6 tree stands could be grouped into 2 categories of solution chemistry, according to aluminum mobilization.

Aluminum↗

Smallanthus sonchifolius and Lepidium meyenii - prospective Andean crops for the prevention of chronic diseases.

Smallanthus sonchifolius (yacon) and Lepidium meyenii (maca) were the traditional crops of the original population of Peru where they are also still used in folk medicine. These plants are little known in Europe and Northern America although at least yacon can be cultivated in the climatic conditions of these regions. This article deals with the botany and the composition, the structure of main constituents, biological activity of these plants and the cultivation of yacon in the Czech Republic. The potential of yacon tubers to treat hyperglycemia, kidney problems and for skin rejuvenation and the antihyperglycemic and cytoprotective activity of its leaves seems to be related mostly to its oligofructan and phenolic content, respectively. Maca alkaloids, steroids, glucosinolates, isothicyanates and macamides are probably responsible for its aptitude to act as a fertility enhancer, aphrodisiac, adaptogen, immunostimulant, anabolic and to influence hormonal balance. Yacon and maca are already on the European market as prospective functional foods and dietary supplements, mainly for use in certain risk groups of the population, e.g. seniors, diabetics, postmenopausal women etc.

Asteraceae↗

[The life history of Alexander Numan (1780-1852) during his time in Groningen].

Until the time Numan took on his professorship at the newly established Veterinary School in Utrecht in 1822, he had lived in the Province of Groningen. In order to understand why the minister of Public Education appointed a village doctor from the north of the country as professor for the practice of veteriary medicine, and after some years as director of the school, it was felt essential to investigate his earlier life period. The main sources used are two obituaries, resp. written by his son who was a professor of Law at Groningen University, and by his friend prof. Willem Vrolik who was the secretary of the Academy of Science, supplemented by family histories and some archival research. After a short description of his descent, youth adn education follows the main part devoted to his writings, his medical practice and membership of the Provincial Medical Commission and the Commission for Agriculture. In an appendix some genealogical data are presented on the family of his wife and their children. Alexander lost his father, who was a minister of the Reformed Church, when he was ten years old. He received his education in the circle of family members. A brother of his father, also a minister, teached him Greek and Latin. After this uncle had left the province, he lived in the home of another minister who teached him the modern languages. As this man was involved in politics of the Baravian Republic, young Alexander was exposed to many discussions on the polity of the State. After his mother had remarried with a medical doctor, this man, and also his brother who had a medical practice in another part of the province, complemented the education with an introduction in the sciences. Experiences in their dispensaries, where some knowledge of botany and chemistry could be obtained, and discussions when accompanying them on their visits to patients, were decisive in the choice of his profession. Only at the age of twenty he entered the Medical Faculty of Groningen University. Thanks to the elaborate preparatory studies, he was able to finish in three years. In 1804 he defended his thesis on a pharmaceutical subject. Immediately afterwards he set up practice in a village nearby the town of Groningen. He married two years later Catharina Dorothea Star Lichtenvoort, daughter of a wealthy lawyer. They had two children, a son born in 1807, and a daughter, born in 1808. Alexander built a flourishing medical and obstetrical practice, extending over a very large area, he teached apprentices in his dispensary, translated articles and a book by C.W. Hufeland and published case histories from his own practice. Several lectures given at local scientific societies were published. One deal with his thoughts on and experiences with animal magnetism, a topic very much en vogue in those days, especially in the Groningen Medical Faculty. In 1812 his translation of Allenmeines Viehazneibuch by J.N. Rohlwes was published, showing his interest in veterinary matters. As a book appeared not to be satisfatory enough for the needs of the Dutch farmers, he was invited by the board fo the 'Society for Public Welfare' (Maatschappij tot Nut van het Algemeen) to write an adapted version. This handbook (first ed. 1819) would receive many editions throughout the 19th century. This book together with his capacities as a teacher, his broad interests in medical and agricultural affairs, great scientific curiosity and appreciation by colleagues met in the several commissions made him an obvious candidate for the new post in Utrecht. Although he felt it difficult to leave his beloved homeland and terminate his practice, he felt great pride in accepting the post that would give him the opportunity to found a new discipline in his country. To be useful to society was one of the great motives of his life.

Education, Veterinary↗

[Improvement of diversity, trade and conservation of medicinal and aromatic plants].

The significance of medicinal and aromatic plant selection has risen in recent years due to increasing requirements on quality, safety, and efficiency of herbal products. Only selected varieties could guaranty the homogeneity of raw material. The chemical diversity of spontaneous populations is one of the main directions of investigations on medicinal and aromatic plants at the Institute of Botany. The target species under research are following: Origanum vulgare, Thymus spp., Hypericum spp., Achillea millefolium, and Helichrysum arenarium. The analysis of trade figures pointed out that the imported raw material mainly supplies the demands of pharmaceutical industry in Lithuania. The cultivated production covers only 4-6% of the demand for raw material. Wild plant material represents about 29% of total volume used in pharmaceutics. The trade in wild plant species and their resources is regulated by the legislations. In situ and ex situ conservation methods are used to avoid potential danger and existing threats to genetic diversity of medicinal plant species.

Achillea↗

[The voyage in 1547 to Stamboul (Constantinople) by the pharmacist-naturalist Pierre Belon from Mans].

Pierre Belon was born in Le Mans in 1517. After he had worked as apothecary assistant and he had studied botany, he was chosen to join in the embassy sent by French King François I to the Turkish Sultan in 1546. From 1553 he wrote his impressions upon his tour "Comments upon different peculiarities and memorable things". In Stamboul he dawdled around the typical Turkish drugstores and he observed and recorded the hygienic habit of the Turks. Not only are his "Comments" about the Eastern Countries a mine of useful information but they can be also considered as the foundation of renewal in the relationship between Europeans travellers and the Middle East.

France↗

[Utilization of spaceflight technology on medicinal plant study].

Utilization of spaceflight technology will benefit the modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine study. Many countries, such as USA or Russia, have conducted extensive experimental research with plants in the regenerative life-support system in space stations as well as the research on breeding or chromosomal aberration after spaceflight. The space botany is still in its preliminary stage in our country. Research has mainly been focused on breeding under space-environment. In addition, many experiments have been conducted with the spaceflown plants to investigate the growth, development, biochemical and physiological changes, as well as the inheritance and variation. Little has been done with regard to the facility development to contain the spaceflying seeds and no research has been reported on plant growth in spacecrafts. Medicinal plant study has certain characteristics and advantages in our country where small biological vessels are developed for the spaceflown seeds, which are then distinguished to microgravity group and radiation exposed group with analytical instrument. However, research has been carried out in medicinal plant breeding or inheritance. In future research, more effort should be directed to the study of medicinal plants as an important link of a future biological life support system as well as to the health care of astronauts by.

Ecological Systems, Closed↗

Courage and curiosity: surgeon-explorers in Australia and New Zealand. Part II. The science of the outback. The Herbert Moran Lecture concluded.

After the broad brush of the topographical features of Australia and New Zealand had been mapped, the process of fine-tuning the geographic details of these countries continued. In parallel with this, a great wave of detailed scientific exploration proceeded and it was to these expeditions that medical men brought special skills. Surgeons played a special role because of the need of their practical skills in the field. Dozens of expeditions were commissioned throughout the nineteenth century. The aim of some was to search for minerals and document the fertility and water supply for pastoral and agricultural lands. Others had as their major raison d'etre the documentation of the many groups of animals and plants which populated these domains new to Western science. Surgeons and physicians were valued not only for their professional skills in the field, but for the pursuit of botany, zoology and geology, and in many cases for ethnological studies as well.

Anthropology↗

[The career of Sebald Justinus Brugmans (1763-1819) in the service of military health].

Between 1811 and 1813, Sebald Justinus Brugmans (Franeker, 1763-Leyden, 1819), professor of Botany, Natural History, Chemistry and Medicine at the University of Leyden, served as a General Inspector of the French Imperial Military Health Service while he devoted himself to the improvement of hospital and barrack facilities and also to the improvement of the conditions of life for the regular army. Through his approach he was able to combat against epidemic diseases in unhealthy costal regions. For his career of almost 25 years he served under various rulers.

Biographies as Topic↗

[Scientific knowledge].

What is now called science did not exist at the time of the Renaissance; for example, the connection with magic and the occult continued to be inseparable from scientific practices. It is extremely difficult to identify a general coherence among the methods used in the widely different cultural practices that tried to understand and master the world of nature, and the notion of a scientific revolution in the period 1470-1560 appears as an artificial creation. The only real certainty is the humanist project of a restoration of ancient knowledge, which laid the epistemological foundations of the early Renaissance, notably the emerging experimental approach in connection with the impetus theory. Although physics seemed to embrace the new approach, scholars remained perplexed in the face of breakthroughs in botany, mineralogy, and medicine that destroyed their certainties.

History, 15th Century↗

Assortment of the plants in the Medieval diet in Czech countries (based on archaeobotanical finds).

The finds of remains of useful plants in archaeological objects were drawing attention already in the last century. However, it was not until after the World War II, in relation with renovation of historical cores of the towns, when a separate branch of the botany--archaeobotany constituted. In the Czech Republic it was E. Opravil who was the first to become engaged in a systematic archaeobotanical research at the beginning of the 60's. All the vegetal remains--fruits and seeds on the first place as well as pollen grains from prehistoric times to the post-medieval period, are the subjects of archaeobotany. The medieval waste pits are the richest sources of the vegetal remains. They contain a lot of diasporas of cultural as well as wild plants. The remains of useful plants are an authentic document of the vegetal component of diet. Even though some vegetal species, such as for example garlic, onion or stalk-plants, about whose cultivation we are informed from literature, occur only seldom, there appeared also the species not mentioned in literature. All the basic cereals have been known in our country already since the early Middle Ages. Wheat (Triticum aestivum) and rye (Secale cereale), as well as millet (Panicum miliaceum) that, along with buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum), were replaced by potatoes in the modern times were the most important. Also leguminous plants were of great importance in the diet even though their charred seeds seldom preserved. Remains of oil plants such as hemp (Cannabis sativa), flax (Linum usitatissimum) and poppy (Papaver somniferum) preserved well. It was successfully proved that cucumber (Cucumis sativus), among other numerous kinds of vegetables, was introduced by the Slavs already in the 8th century in Moravia and in the 9th century in Bohemia. The assortment of fruit was rich--especially the assortment of cultivated fruit. Among the imported kinds of fruit the first place occupied figs (Ficus carica), from the numerous finds it can be said that they formed a common part of the diet. Among imported fruit and spices from the peak period of the Middle Ages we succeeded in finding a date-tree (Phoenix dactylifera), nutmeg tree (Myristica fragrans) and, by means of pollen analysis, maybe a clove tree (Eugenia caryophyllata).

Archaeology↗