Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Blacks”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 325 records · Page 18Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

Survival experience of black patients and white patients with bladder carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Blacks are less likely than whites to develop bladder carcinoma. However, once they are diagnosed, black patients experience poorer survival. The authors investigated which factors were related to survival differences in black patients and white patients with bladder carcinoma stratified by extent of disease. METHODS: A population-based cohort of black patients with bladder carcinoma and a random sample of frequency-matched white patients with bladder carcinoma, stratified by age and gender, were identified through cancer registry systems in Atlanta, New Orleans, and San Francisco/Oakland. Patients had no previous cancer history and were ages 20-79 years at the time they were diagnosed with bladder carcinoma in 1985-1987. Medical records were reviewed at initial diagnosis, and 77% of patients were interviewed. Tumor grade, T classification, and other variables, including age, socioeconomic position, symptom duration, smoking history, and comorbidities, were recorded. Survival of black patients and white patients by extent of disease was modeled using Cox regression analysis. RESULTS: A greater proportion of black patients had histologic types of tumors that were associated with poorer survival. Among those with pure urothelial carcinoma, black patients had greater extent of disease at the time of diagnosis. Within specific extent-of-disease categories, there was some evidence of poorer survival for black patients with T2 tumors and strong evidence of poorer survival among those with T3 tumors compared with white patients. Black patients with muscle-invasive carcinoma who died within 6 months of diagnosis tended to present with life-threatening symptoms. Black patients and white patients did not differ with respect to diagnostic tests performed or therapy given. CONCLUSIONS: Black patients with bladder carcinoma had poorer survival due to greater extent of disease at diagnosis and a higher proportion of more aggressive histologies compared with white patients. Within urothelial carcinomas, by extent of disease (clinical/pathologic stage) these black/white survival differences were limited to patients with muscle invasion (T2 and T3 tumors).

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Diagnostic mammography performance and race: outcomes in Black and White women.

BACKGROUND: A previous study compared the performance (sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and cancer detection rate) of screening mammography in Black and White women. No study, to the authors' knowledge, has evaluated the difference in the performance of diagnostic mammography between Black and White women. METHODS: Univariate analysis was used to evaluate differences in characteristics and cancers between Black and White women. Stratified and adjusted logistic regression analyses were used to test the association of Black and White race with performance measures of diagnostic mammography. RESULTS: The sensitivity of diagnostic mammography was higher (91% vs. 84%) and specificity was lower (86% vs. 90%) among Black women compared with White women. After controlling for age, density, self-reported breast problems, and previous mammography, sensitivity was significantly higher (odds ratio [OR] = 1.82, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.22-2.80) and specificity was significantly lower (OR = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.70-0.81) among Black women. The crude cancer detection rate of mammography was higher for Black women (42.6/1000) than for White women (31.0/1000) and Black women had a higher proportion of cancers that were > 2.0 cm (57.4% vs. 46.2%) that were more often poorly differentiated (61.7% vs. 49.3%) and were more often estrogen-receptor and progesterone-receptor negative. CONCLUSIONS: Black women have lower specificity of diagnostic mammography and, consequently, more unnecessary workups than White women. Black women have higher sensitivity of diagnostic mammography, with cancers that are larger and more advanced than White women. Delay in responding to signs and symptoms would explain the size and later stage. However, more research is needed to understand the biologic differences of breast cancer characteristics between Black and White women.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Influence of nativity status on breast cancer risk among US black women.

Black women are at increased risk for breast cancer mortality. The black category is assumed to be homogeneous, an assumption that may be misleading. This study aims to examine the relationship between nativity and breast cancer risk factors among women identified as black. A sample of 236 black women over 18 years of age in Brooklyn, New York, was recruited. Data were collected on race/ethnicity, breast cancer risk factors, and other sociodemographic, behavioral, and early life experience factors. Logistic regression analyses were used to estimate prevalence ratios for association between nativity and breast cancer risk factors. US-born blacks were more likely to be unemployed, smoke, not breastfeed, and breastfeed for a shorter duration than foreign-born blacks (all p< or =0.01). Foreign-born blacks were more likely to have parents who achieved at least a high school education (p<0.05). After adjustment for smoking, employment, and parental education, US-born blacks were twice as likely to never breastfeed (PR 2.2, 95% CI: 1.1, 4.46) compared to foreign-born blacks. Among women who breastfed, US-born blacks were also less likely to breastfeed for 6-11 months or more than 12 months, but these associations were not statistically significant. Because lactation reduces breast cancer risk and is a leading modifiable risk factor, understanding its variation within black women will help physicians and public health practitioners to target patient counseling and education of breast cancer risk.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Issues in the natural history and treatment of coronary heart disease in black populations: surgical treatment.

Patient characteristics, treatment choices, and long-term survival were examined to seek possible explanations for marked differences in the racial distribution among 6594 consecutive patients who underwent arteriography or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) from 1970 to 1978. Overall, the percentage of whites undergoing coronary arteriography was 96% compared with 4% of the blacks; only black females showed a secular increase in the relative percentage. Clinical manifestations and predisposing factors for coronary atherosclerosis differed little between the blacks and the whites in this population. Angina, as measured by the Rose Questionnaire, had the same clinical significance in blacks as in whites. Findings indicated that similar covariates of comparable strength appeared to be operative as indices for severity of coronary heart disease in both blacks and whites. On the basis of regression analyses, whites had approximately a three times greater chance of having two or more diseased vessels than did blacks after adjustment for multiple clinical characteristics and risk factors. After adjusting for pertinent variables, whites with three-vessel disease were two and a half times more likely to have CABG than blacks (42.5% vs 16.2%). However, differences in choice of initial therapy for whites and blacks with multiple-vessel disease were significant only in those older than 50 years. Except for older blacks who demonstrated a decreased survival rate when managed surgically, survival rates were similar for blacks and whites. Trends in the evaluation and clinical management of black populations with suspect coronary heart disease should further clarify these preliminary findings.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1996

Preterm delivery and perinatal death among black and white infants in a Chicago-area perinatal registry.

OBJECTIVE: To explore associations between race, preterm delivery, etiologic classification of preterm delivery, and perinatal mortality. METHODS: The study population consisted of 13,010 black and 19,007 white mother-infant pairs delivered at Chicago-area hospitals in 1988-1989 categorized as term or preterm births. Preterm births were further divided by severity and etiology. Black-white differences in perinatal mortality within groups were calculated and adjusted for birth weight and other potential confounding variables. RESULTS: Black women were nearly twice as likely as whites to experience preterm (before 37 weeks' gestation) and very preterm (before 32 weeks' gestation) delivery associated with premature rupture of membranes (PROM) or classified as idiopathic. Although black infants were also found to have twice the perinatal mortality risk of white infants (relative risk [RR] 2.1, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.7-2.5), the overall preterm perinatal mortality rates did not differ between black and white women (RR 1.0, 95% CI 0.8-1.2). However, among preterm births, perinatal mortality was not uniform within categories of medical etiology. The mortality risk was the same for black and white infants born preterm following polyhydramnios or placental complications (RR 1.1, 95% CI 0.6-1.9), the same for black and white infants born preterm after labor induction (RR 1.1, 95% CI 0.6-1.9), and higher for black infants classified as idiopathic preterm deliveries (RR 1.6, 95% CI 1.1-2.3). In contrast, mortality rates tended to be lower for black infants born preterm following PROM-amnionitis (RR 0.8, 95% CI 0.5-1.2). The idiopathic disparity was explained by a differential birth weight distribution (adjusted RR 1.1, 95% CI 0.7-1.9); however, the apparent survival benefit among black infants born preterm following PROM increased even further after adjustment for birth weight (adjusted RR 0.4, 95% CI 0.2-0.7). CONCLUSION: Black infants born preterm after PROM appear to have a survival advantage compared with their white counterparts, an effect not observed within other etiologic categories of preterm delivery.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Echocardiographic measures of left ventricular structure and their relation with rest and ambulatory blood pressure in blacks and whites in the United Kingdom.

OBJECTIVES: This study attempted to determine whether people of black African descent have more left ventricular hypertrophy than those of white European descent and whether this can be explained by rest or ambulatory blood pressure. BACKGROUND: Mortality associated with hypertension is higher in black populations than among whites, but differences in morbidity and their associations with blood pressure are inconsistent. METHODS: We examined 1,166 black and white men and women 40 to 64 years old in a community survey in London, United Kingdom. Echocardiograms were obtained for all subjects and ambulatory blood pressure recordings for 319. RESULTS: Adjusted for body size, ventricular septal thickness was greater in blacks than whites (p < 0.05), and cavity dimension was smaller (p < 0.05). In men, ventricular septal thickness was > 10 mm for 32% of whites and 53% of blacks; for women these figures were 14% and 38%, respectively. Relative wall thickness was greater in blacks (p < 0.01 for men and women), but left ventricular mass index was similar in the two ethnic groups. In men, hypertension resulted in an increase in wall thickness in both ethnic groups, but cavity dimension decreased in blacks and increased in whites. Wall thickness was higher in blacks than in whites for equivalent levels of either rest (p = 0.05) or ambulatory (p = 0.007) blood pressure. CONCLUSIONS: Left ventricular mass index may not be valid for comparison between ethnic groups because this derived measure does not take into account ethnic differences in ventricular structural response to hypertension. Interventricular wall thickness may be more valid. Using this measure, we demonstrate greater ventricular hypertrophy in blacks than in whites, unexplained by differences in either rest or ambulatory blood pressure. The pattern of ventricular hypertrophy observed in blacks is associated with an increased mortality risk. Conventional blood pressure thresholds for instituting antihypertensive treatment may be too conservative for people of black African descent.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Predictors of physical disability in elderly blacks and whites of the Charleston Heart Study.

During the 1984/85 recall of the Charleston Heart Study Cohort, physical function data were obtained for 247 white males, 376 white females, 123 black males, 247 black females and 71 high socioeconomic status (SES) black males over 60 years of age. Black females had the highest prevalence of physical disability (55.8%), followed by white females (43.2%), black males (39.0%) and white males (25.8%) and high SES black males (22.3%). Physical disability was 1.5-2.5 times as prevalent among individuals with a history of cardiovascular disease (CVD) than those without such a history. Among individuals without a current history of CVD univariate analyses showed the following as significant (lower 95% CI greater than 1.0) predictors of physical disability: elevated systolic blood pressure in white females, black males, and black females; elevated cholesterol in black females; obesity in black females; and low educational level in white females. Regression analyses indicated that obesity in 1960 accounted for 10.9 and 2.9% respectively of the variability in physical disability scores in 1985 for black females and white females.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1999

Folate status, homocysteine metabolism, and methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase genotype in rural South African blacks with a history of pregnancy complicated by neural tube defects.

The birth incidence of neural tube defects (NTDs) in South Africa is threefold to sixfold higher in rural compared with urban blacks. We investigated whether folate deficiency and aberrant homocysteine metabolism could explain the high NTD incidence in rural black populations. Plasma folate and total homocyst(e)ine (tHcy) concentrations were determined in apparently healthy rural black women (n = 107), rural black women with a history of pregnancy complicated by NTDs (n = 54), and urban blacks (n = 101). Methionine load tests were performed on the 54 women with a history of NTD-affected pregnancy and 54 controls matched for age and body mass. The presence of the 677C --> T mutation in the methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene was investigated in both groups by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of genomic DNA and HinfI digestion of the PCR product. Apparently healthy urban black women (n = 101) had a lower (P < .001) plasma folate concentration compared with rural black women (n = 107). Women with a history of NTD-affected pregnancy did not differ significantly from controls with respect to plasma folate, fasting homocyst(e)ine, methionine, and the post-methionine load increase in plasma homocyst(e)ine. More than 50% of both of the latter groups had a post-methionine load increase in plasma tHcy less than the fifth percentile as observed in a healthy white control group. No homozygotes for the 677C --> T mutation in the MTHFR gene were found in black mothers with NTD-affected offspring or controls. It is concluded that black urbanization is characterized by a diminished folate status that is paradoxically associated with a lower NTD birth incidence. Homozygosity for the 677C --> T mutation in the gene coding for MTHFR does not constitute a genetic risk factor for NTDs in blacks. No aberrant homocysteine metabolism could be demonstrated in black women with NTD-affected pregnancies.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Clinical characteristics in black and white men with prostate cancer in an equal access medical center.

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether black men with newly diagnosed prostate cancer in an equal access health care center are more likely to present with metastatic disease, more poorly differentiated tumors, higher serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels, and/or at younger ages compared with white men. METHODS: A retrospective survey was conducted that identified black and white men with newly diagnosed prostate cancer at the Los Angeles Regional Veterans Affairs Clinics between 1991 and 1997. Patient data were analyzed for racial differences in age at diagnosis, clinical stage, PSA level, and Gleason score of the prostate biopsy specimens. RESULTS: A total of 477 evaluable patients (230 black, 247 white) with newly diagnosed prostate cancer were identified. No significant differences in the average age (66.9 +/- 7.3 versus 67.9 +/- 7.5) or clinical stage at diagnosis were found between black and white men. Among black men, 87% presented with clinically localized disease (T1-2, Nx, M0) compared with 88% of white men. Only 6% of black men presented with distant disease (Tx, Nx, M1) compared with 4% of white men. Black men had higher median PSA levels than white men (14. 2 versus 9.4 ng/mL, P = 0.0001). Black men also had slightly higher average Gleason scores (6.2 versus 5.9, P = 0.025). CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study to show a low and equal percentage of black and white men presenting with metastatic prostate cancer. In this equal access center, no differences were found in patient age or clinical stage of prostate cancer between black and white men at the time of diagnosis. However, black men presented with higher serum PSA values and slightly higher Gleason scores.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Racial differences in the significance of coronary calcium in asymptomatic black and white subjects with coronary risk factors.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the significance of a specific feature of coronary atherosclerosis--coronary calcium--in asymptomatic black and white subjects with coronary risk factors. BACKGROUND: The natural history and clinical evolution of coronary atherosclerosis differs between blacks and whites. Differences in the underlying pathobiology of atherosclerosis may be one determinant of the ethnic variability in the clinical manifestation of coronary atherosclerosis. METHODS: In 1,375 high-risk but asymptomatic subjects (93 blacks [6.8%] and 1,282 whites [93.2%]) with at least one risk factor but no prior evidence of coronary disease, we assessed coronary risk factors, calculated Framingham risk of a coronary event and evaluated coronary calcium with digital subtraction fluoroscopy. We then followed these subjects clinically for 70 +/- 13 months, noting the occurrence of the following coronary events: death due to coronary heart disease (CHD); myocardial infarction (MI); angina pectoris; and performance of coronary bypass or angioplasty. RESULTS: Risk factor profiles were similar in black and white subjects (6-year Framingham risk 15 +/- 7% in blacks, 14 +/- 8% in whites [NS]). Coronary calcium was present in 59.9% of white subjects but only 35.5% of black subjects (p = 0.0001). Nevertheless, after 70 months of follow-up, more blacks than whites (22 blacks [23.7%] vs. 190 whites [14.8%]; p = 0.04) suffered one of the following end points: CHD death, MI, angina or revascularization. The age, gender and coronary risk-adjusted odds ratio of black race for at least one event was 2.16 (95% CI 1.34 to 3.48). CONCLUSIONS: Despite having a lowered prevalence of coronary calcium than high risk whites, high risk blacks suffer more CHD events. Coronary calcium therefore does not carry the same pathobiologic significance in blacks that it does in whites, consistent with the concept that there are specific racial differences in the natural history of CHD and its evolution into clinically manifest events.

Aged↗
PubMed1998

Changes in the black-white infant mortality gap from 1983 to 1991 in the United States.

BACKGROUND: The long-standing difference in infant mortality in the United States between black and white infants has increased in recent years. To help identify the cause, we evaluated changes in birthweight distributions (BDs) and birthweight-specific mortality rates (BSMRs) among black and white infants born in the United States between 1983 and 1991. METHODS: Using national linked birth and death certificate data, we limited analyses to singleton births that occurred in the United States to resident, non-Hispanic black and white women. Birthweight data were analyzed in 500 g increments. The black-white gap was partitioned into deaths due to differences in BDs and BSMRs. RESULTS: The black-white infant mortality rate ratio increased from 2.1 in 1983 to 2.4 in 1991. Decreases in BSMRs among infants weighing from 500 to 2499 g occurred in both groups but were smaller among black than white infants; consequently, the percentage of excess deaths to black infants due to differences in BSMRs almost doubled during the study period, from 6.5% to 11.9%. Rates of very low birthweight (VLBW, < 1,500 g) increased for black infants, but the BD for white infants changed little. Although about 90% of the excess deaths to black infants resulted from differences in BDs, the changes in BDs had a minimal effect on the widening infant mortality gap. CONCLUSIONS: A significant reduction in the black-white infant mortality gap will require a reduction in VLBW and low birthweight (LBW, < 2,500 g). To keep the gap from growing, we must also investigate why decreases in BSMRs were smaller among black than white infants between 1983 and 1991.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1997

Higher education and income are related to a better Na:K ratio in blacks: baseline results of the Treatment of Mild Hypertension Study (TOMHS) data.

In the United States, blacks have higher rates of hypertension than whites. A possible contributing factor to this higher rate of hypertension could be dietary differences between blacks and whites relating to sodium and potassium intake, which in turn could be related to socioeconomic differences between blacks and whites. Baseline data from the Treatment of Mild Hypertension Study (TOMHS) was used to assess differences in the urinary excretion of sodium and potassium, and the Na:K ratio between black and white participants, and also to explore the relationship of socioeconomic status (SES) and urinary electrolyte excretion within each ethnic group. Participants were men and women ages 45 to 69 with stage I diastolic hypertension (DBP < or = 99 mm Hg). Level of education and annual household income were used as indicators of SES. Two overnight urine samples were collected and analyzed for Na and K at entry on 172 black and 710 white participants. Blacks had a significantly higher mean Na:K ratio than whites, 4.3 v 3.6 (P < .001). This was primarily due to higher urinary Na excretion in blacks than whites, 57.8 v 52.7 mmol/8 h (P = .05). Analysis by education and income level showed that higher levels of urinary Na and Na:K in blacks than whites was restricted to those with lower education and income levels. For higher education and income levels, blacks had slightly lower levels of urinary Na and Na:K than whites. Correspondingly, education and income levels were related to urinary Na and Na:K in blacks but not in whites. This suggests that lower SES blacks could benefit from interventions to reduce dietary Na and increase dietary K, which would decrease their urinary Na:K ratio and may make them less prone to developing hypertension.

Aged↗
PubMed1997

Differences in the prevalence of a TaqI RFLP in the 3' flanking region of the alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor gene between asthmatic and non-asthmatic black and white South Africans.

The prevalence of the Taq I(-) allele in variants of alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor (alpha 1PI) was investigated in a group of 28 black asthmatic patients and 32 black control individuals, and was compared to 43 white asthmatic patients and 32 white control individuals. The plasma concentration of alpha 1PI was determined in eight black and 14 white asthmatics without the Taq I(-) allele, and compared to seven black and three white asthmatics with the Taq I(-) allele. Alpha-1-PI concentration was also determined in 10 black and 29 white control individuals without the Taq I(-) allele and compared to seven black and three white controls with the Taq I(-) allele. There was a highly significant difference in the frequency of the Taq I(-) allele between black South Africans (24.1%) and white South Africans (6%) (p < 0.00001) and a significant difference in the frequency of the Taq I(-) allele between black asthmatics and white asthmatics (p = 0.0004) and between black controls and white controls (p = 0.011). The Taq I(-) allele was significantly associated with the M1 (Val213) variant as compared to the M1 (Ala213) of alpha 1PI (p = 0.0042). There was no difference in the concentration of alpha 1PI between the asthmatics (black and white) lacking the Taq I(-) allele and the asthmatics (black and white) with the allele. However, a significant increase in plasma alpha 1PI concentration was found in the asthmatics compared to the controls (p = 0.011). The Taq I(-) allele did not seem to interfere with the basal expression of alpha 1PI in the groups of asthmatic patients in this study.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

IgA nephropathy in blacks and Indians of Natal.

IgA nephropathy besides exhibiting a characteristic geographical distribution has been noted to have a low incidence in the blacks of the USA. There is a paucity of data on IgA nephropathy in the blacks of Africa. We report our findings among the blacks and compare these with Indians. An analysis of the primary glomerular diseases of 252 blacks and 75 Indians over 6 years (1981-1986) was done. Mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis was the commonest type in the black (35.7%), whereas mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis was the commonest in Indians (26.7%). IgA nephropathy occurred in 2 blacks (1 male, 1 female), whereas there were 10 Indians (8 males, 2 females). Available data among whites in Natal show that IgA nephropathy is not uncommon. HLA studies done in blacks with IgA nephropathy did not reveal the HLAB35 or the DR4 antigen. HLAB35 in our blacks is less common compared to Indians and whites of Durban. Thus, although glomerulonephritis is common in blacks, IgA nephropathy is rare. This suggests that infection which is common in our black population may not be responsible for the aetiology of IgA nephropathy. A dietary factor in the form of a high-fibre diet may protect the black population from IgA nephropathy. However, a genetic factor cannot be excluded.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Adrenal response to angiotensin II in black hypertension: lack of sexual dimorphism.

Adrenal responsiveness to angiotensin (Ang) II is markedly blunted in black hypertensive patients compared with white hypertensive patients. One characteristic of this blunted adrenal response in whites is a powerful sexual dimorphism: premenopausal white women rarely show blunted responses. This abnormality, most evident when the system is activated by a low-salt diet, is a cardinal feature of the syndrome of nonmodulation, affecting a large percentage of white hypertensive patients. Nonmodulation is also marked by an increase in cardiovascular risk beyond that from hypertension itself. This study investigated whether young black women are likewise spared its expression or whether the adrenal unresponsiveness common among black hypertensive patients is unaccompanied by a gender bias. We compared the adrenal response to Ang II in 382 hypertensive patients (313 white, 69 black; 238 male, 144 female). Ang II was infused when subjects were in balance on a 10-mmol Na(+) intake. As anticipated, white hypertensive patients showed a very strong sexual dimorphism, with women having twice the aldosterone response of men (P=0.0001). Blacks, on the other hand, showed no gender difference (P=0.9). Increasing age had the dramatic effect of reducing responsiveness in white women but not in blacks. Young black women demonstrated the same blunting of adrenal responsiveness as older black women and black men of all ages. Mechanisms protecting against a blunted adrenal response to Ang II in young white women are absent in blacks. These differences may contribute to the markedly increased prevalence of hypertension in young black women.

Adrenal Glands↗
PubMed1995

Stroke in young black patients. Risk factors, subtypes, and prognosis.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Stroke subtypes and prognosis differ among older black patients compared with whites; however, few data are available regarding stroke among young black patients. METHODS: To determine the risk factors for stroke, stroke subtype, and prognosis among young black patients, we retrospectively reviewed the medical records of all 15- to 44-year-old patients admitted with stroke to a university-affiliated public hospital from January 1990 through June 1994. RESULTS: Of the 248 eligible patients admitted with stroke, 219 were blacks. Hypertension was more frequently associated with stroke in young black than in non-black patients (55% versus 24%, P = .003). Cocaine abuse was frequent among both black and non-black patients (27% versus 38%, P = NS). Hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage (64%) was the most common subtype of intracerebral hemorrhage (n = 67), and lacunar infarction (21%) was the most common subtype of cerebral infarction (n = 112) in young black patients. Outcome in black patients with stroke at discharge was 69% independent, 8% dependent, and 23% dead. CONCLUSIONS: The high frequency of hypertension, hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage, and lacunar infarction among young black patients with stroke suggests accelerated hypertensive arteriolar damage, possibly due to poor control of hypertension.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Lactate and glycerol release from subcutaneous adipose tissue in black and white lean men.

To measure interstitial glycerol and lactate production from the sc adipose tissue of two regions in nine black and nine white lean men, sc microdialysis was performed in combination with adipose tissue blood flow rates measured with 133Xe clearance. In the postabsorptive state, the plasma glucose and insulin levels of the black men and white men were similar. The black men had higher plasma free fatty acids (825+/-97 vs. 439+/-58 micromol/L; P < 0.005), glycerol (99.5+/-5.1 vs. 54.1+/-3.3 micromol/L; P < 0.0001), and lactate (1056+/-95 vs. 729+/-45 micromol/L; P < 0.01). Interstitial glycerol concentrations in the black and white men were 227 vs. 163 micromol/L (P < 0.01) and 230 vs. 162 micromol/L (P < 0.05) in the abdominal and femoral regions. The adipose tissue blood flow rate was higher in the black men in the abdominal (7.9+/-0.9 vs. 3.1+/-0.5 mL/100 g x min; P < 0.01) and femoral area (5.2+/-0.6 vs. 2.8+/-0.3; P < 0.01). Interstitial lactate concentrations in black and white men were 1976 vs. 1364 micromol/L (P < 0.004) and 1953 vs. 1321 micromol/L (P < 0.004) in the abdominal and femoral regions, respectively. Glycerol release was higher in black men vs. white men for abdominal (0.21+/-0.02 vs. 0.14+/-0.02 micromol/100 g x min; P < 0.02) and femoral (0.22+/-0.02 vs. 0.15+/-0.01; P < 0.05) areas. Postprandially, black men had higher plasma glucose levels [1 h, 9.6+/-0.4 vs. 8.2+/-0.5 mmol/L (P < 0.05); 2 h, 8.9+/-0.4 vs. 7.2+/-0.4 mmol/L (P < 0.01)], but lower plasma insulin levels [1 h, 173+/-13 vs. 264+/-48 pmol/L (P < 0.05); 2 h, 136+/-20 vs. 209+/-34 pmol/L (P < 0.05)]. Plasma free fatty acid, lactate, and glycerol levels remained higher in the black men. After 1 h, lactate release was higher in the black men vs. that in the white men for abdominal (20.5+/-1.6 vs. 14.7+/-2.5 micromol/100 g x min;P < 0.05) and femoral (15.6+/-1.1 vs. 12.1+/-1.8; P < 0.03) areas. We conclude that the black men, who are relatively insulinopenic postprandially, have a brisker lipolysis and also release more lactate from sc fat tissue than white men. These differences in adipose tissue metabolism may be related to differences in the lipid profiles and glucose metabolism previously documented in these ethnic groups.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1991

Smoking cessation among blacks.

The burden of cancer on the U.S. black population has been compounded by a high prevalence of smoking among blacks. Lung cancer among blacks is a serious public health problem, with a mortality rate of 119 per 100,000 among black males compared to 81 per 100,000 for white males. Blacks, both male and female, have lower quit rates for smoking than does the general U.S. population. Why more blacks than whites continue to smoke is not clear, but the National Cancer Institute has recently funded several research projects to facilitate smoking cessation among blacks. It appears from preliminary findings that smoking cessation efforts among blacks are most successful if they use broadcast media that reach black audiences, if they tailor their print materials to address the needs of black smokers, and if black community networks are utilized.

Adolescent↗