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PubMed1977

Alternatives to hexachlorophene bathing of newborn infants.

In controlled trials newborn infants were bathed with Lactacyd, pHisoHex, Hibitane, Lanohex or tap water. Bacteriologic samples were taken from three sites (groin, axilla and cord) immediately after birth, following an initial bath with one of the test agents, and on day 3 or 5 after a water bath. Initial bathing with all agents, including water, reduced the concentration of bacteria on the skin to a similar extent. However, comparisons of bacterial flora at birth versus those on days 3 and 5 indicated differences in the actions of the various agents on pathogenic and nonpathogenic organisms. Lactacyd and Hibitane appeared to be suitable alternatives to hexachlorophene in the control of pathogenic bacteria on the skin of newborns. However, their absorption and toxicity in the newborn are unknown and, unless use of a skin disinfectant is warranted, routine bathing of newborns with tap water appears to be satisfactory.

Asepsis↗

PubMed1982

[Quantitative determination of CO2-resorption from thermo-indifferent carbon dioxide mineral-water baths through human skin].

By means of mass spectrometric precision analysis of the natural variation of the 12C/13 relation in carbon dioxide of different provenience we contrive to pursue quantitatively the penetration of CO2 from the water of natural containing carbonic acid mineral baths (mineral springs Bad Elster) into the human body (skin--blood--expiratory air). First experiments confirm that in a bath of 21 or 20 minutes duration must be reckoned with a quantity of approximately equal to 24 ml . min-1 . m-2 of resorbed carbon dioxide and that the size of the basic metabolic rate of the bathing patient as well as the CO2 concentration of the bath water have an influence on the resorption process as well as on the measurement. On the other hand, the unspecific effect of the bath activating metabolism itself does not lead to a simulation of increased resorption rates. The borderline value for the penetration of CO2 through the skin seems to be 1.0 g . 1-1, i.e. within the region of the alkali reserve of the blood. The examinations are carried on.

Adult↗

PubMed1980

Hypothermia in newborn lambs induced by experimental immersion in a water bath and by natural exposure outdoors.

A progressively cooling water bath technique was developed to measure resistance to body cooling in newborn lambs. Cold resistance, defined as the time taken to reduce rectal temperature to 35 degrees C, was measured in 429 lambs of 12 different breeds individually immersed in a water bath. Two alternative procedures were used with water temperature falling from 37 degrees C to 12 degrees C or from 25 degrees C to 10 degrees C. In lambs tested twice the repeatability of cold resistance was high: 0.95 and 0.81 respectively in the two types of test. There were clear breed differences in cold resistance, some breeds being up to three times more resistant than others. Health was unimpaired by treatment and preweaning mortality was not affected. Ten of the breeds represented in water bath tests were also used for measurements of rectal temperature 1 h after birth in the field. There was some similarity in the breed rank order for ability to resist hypothermia in the field and in the water bath. Water bath tests of hypothermia in lambs could facilitate genetic selection for improved perinatal survival in the field.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Do hot baths promote anal sphincter relaxation?

Hot perineal baths have been prescribed for the treatment of painful anorectal conditions such as anal fissures and perianal hematomas or for the postoperative care of hemorrhoidectomy. Despite this widely accepted benefit, no studies have been performed to determine whether there is a rational explanation for this procedure. Anorectal manometry was performed in 40 control subjects with no anorectal complaints before and after a hot perineal bath. No significant difference was found between anal pressures at rest or during voluntary contraction before and after the bath. We conclude from this study that no relaxation of anal sphincters can be obtained by hot perineal baths in normal subjects.

Anal Canal↗

PubMed2005

[The EU Bathing Water Directive. Risk assessment and standards].

In an attempt to reduce the risk of infection in natural bathing waters the European Union is in the process of improving the Bathing Water Directive 76/160/EWG, which regulates the safety of such waters. The proposal contains several positive innovations which will improve the protection of the bathers: (1) health-related indicators, (2) harmonized detection methods, (3) requirements for active bathing water management, and (4) stricter standards for coastal waters. One of the most salient features of the current draft is the introduction of bacterial standards that are more stringent for coastal than for fresh waters. This decision on different standards seems unjustified: it was taken solely on the grounds that in two epidemiological studies-one carried out in coastal, the other in fresh waters-the maximum excess rate of gastroenteritis among bathers in coastal waters was higher than among bathers in fresh waters. However, it was not taken into account that the concentrations of bacterial indicators at which the gastroenteritis rate began to increase was nearly identical in both studies. The ratio between the standard concentrations of E. coli and intestinal enterococci in the draft was set at 2.5. This value does not correspond to the ratio found in German surface waters with low pollution levels, with ratios ranging from 2.7 to 4.0, and to the even higher ratios found in raw and treated sewage effluents. As a consequence in a majority of cases the non-compliance of bathing waters in Germany would be caused exclusively by a violation of E. coli standards. In assessing risks of infection it must also be taken into account that the adequacy of E. coli and intestinal enterococci for signaling the presence of viruses in water is far from optimal. The decay of viruses in water-estimated by the decay of bacteriophages-was found to be substantially slower than the die-off of indicator bacteria.

Bathing Beaches↗

PubMed2003

Analysis of body water compartments after a short sauna bath using bioelectric impedance analysis.

Studies have suggested that long-term sauna bathing may lower blood pressure in persons with hypertension by causing a direct loss of extracellular water and plasma minerals. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of short-term sauna bathing on body water compartments as estimated by bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA). We recruited 15 men [mean age (+/-SD) of 23.93+/-5.12 years and mean body mass index (BMI) of 23.25+/-2.84 kg/m(2)] and 10 women matched for age and BMI. Total body resistance, reactance, and impedance were measured for all participants using BIA, at baseline, after a short sauna bath, and after a rest period. Total, extracellular, and intracellular water compartments were calculated using BIA formulae. There were no significant differences for any of the body water compartments when comparing the measurements taken before and after the sauna bath and after the rest period. However, it remains to be determined whether or not BIA is sensitive to rapid changes in water volume.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Comparison of narrow-band (311 nm) UVB and broad-band UVA after oral or bath-water 8-methoxypsoralen in the treatment of psoriasis.

BACKGROUND: There is a disparity between the absorption spectrum of 8-methoxypsoralen and the action spectrum for psoralen-sensitized erythema. In an action spectrum corrected for unsensitized reaction 313 and 365 nm have similar efficacies. OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the relative erythemogenic and antipsoriatic efficacy of narrow-band (311 nm) UVB with and without prior psoralen exposure. We also compared the effects of narrow-band UVB and broad-band UVA after oral and bath-water psoralen exposure. METHODS: Patients with psoriasis underwent half-side comparison studies. In one group the therapeutic efficacy of 311 nm UVB with and without oral psoralen was assessed. The second group received UVA and 311 nm UVB after oral psoralen. The third group was exposed to both radiation sources after bath-water exposure. RESULTS: The erythemogenic, pigmentogenic, and therapeutic efficacy of 311 nm was increased by oral psoralen. With systemic 8-methoxypsoralen, UVA was comparable to 311 nm UVB. After bath-water exposure, 311 nm was clearly superior to broad-band UVA. CONCLUSION: The efficacy of narrow-band 311 nm UVB can be enhanced by psoralen. Narrow-band 311 nm UVB is also effective after psoralen bath-water delivery.

Administration, Cutaneous↗

PubMed1983

A comparison of pre-operative bathing with chlorhexidine-detergent and non-medicated soap in the prevention of wound infection.

In a 60-week cross-over study on 5536 patients in 20 wards of three city hospitals (two general and one orthopaedic), pre-operative bathing with chlorhexidine-detergent failed to influence the incidence of postoperative infection, in spite of the relatively high incidence of infection with skin organisms. Of the patients bathing pre-operatively with chlorhexidine-detergent, 5.4 per cent subsequently became infected (4.0 per cent of clean wounds) and of those bathing with unmedicated soap 4.9 per cent (3.5 per cent of clean wounds). A single pre-operative bath with chlorhexidine-detergent would, therefore, appear to be of dubious value in preventing postoperative wound infection.

Baths↗

PubMed2004

Improving homocysteine levels through balneotherapy: effects of sulphur baths.

BACKGROUND: Plasma homocysteine (tHcy) is a risk factor for cardio-vascular diseases. Furthermore it has been associated with antioxidative status. Additionally balneotherapeutic sulphur baths have been shown to influence antioxidative status. METHODS: 40 patients with degenerative osteoarthrosis were randomised into two equal groups, a treatment group, receiving stationary spa therapy plus daily sulphur baths (sulphur group) and a control group receiving spa therapy alone (control group). Blood tHcy levels and urinary 8-OHdG (an indicator for oxidative stress) were measured at the beginning and the end of spa therapy. RESULTS: tHcy (micromol/l) was significantly reduced from 11.41 (+/-2.91) to 10.55 (+/-2.28) in the sulphur group (p=0.016) and rose insignificantly from 12.93 (+/-2.28) to 13.80 (+/-3.87) in the control group. 8-OHdG (ng 8-OHdG/mg creatinine) declined from 18.00 (+/-18.28) to 11.16 (+/-5.33) in the sulphur group (n.s.) and from 17.91 (+/-5.87) to 18.17 (+/-5.70) in the control group (n.s.). Differences between the two groups showed significant effects of sulphur baths for tHcy (p=0.006) but not for 8-OHdG (p=0.106). CONCLUSIONS: Sulphur baths exert beneficial effects on plasma tHcyt whereas effects on 8-OHdG seem to be unlikely.

8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine↗

PubMed2006

Effect of post-exercise sauna bathing on the endurance performance of competitive male runners.

The physiological adaptations to sauna bathing could enhance endurance performance. We have therefore performed a cross-over study in which six male distance runners completed 3 wk of post-training sauna bathing and 3 wk of control training, with a 3 wk washout. During the sauna period, subjects sat in a humid sauna at 89.9+/-2.0 degrees C (mean+/-standard deviation) immediately post-exercise for 31+/-5 min on 12.7+/-2.1 occasions. The performance test was a approximately 15 min treadmill run to exhaustion at the runner's current best speed over 5 km. The test was performed on the 1st and 2nd day following completion of the sauna and control periods, and the times were averaged. Plasma, red-cell and total blood volume were measured via Evans blue dye dilution immediately prior to the first run to exhaustion for each period. Relative to control, sauna bathing increased run time to exhaustion by 32% (90% confidence limits 21-43%), which is equivalent to an enhancement of approximately 1.9% (1.3-2.4%) in an endurance time trial. Plasma and red-cell volumes increased by 7.1% (5.6-8.7%) and 3.5% (-0.8% to 8.1%) respectively, after sauna relative to control. Change in performance had high correlations with change in plasma volume (0.96, 0.76-0.99) and total blood volume (0.94, 0.66-0.99), but the correlation with change in red cell volume was unclear (0.48, -0.40 to 0.90). We conclude that 3 wk of post-exercise sauna bathing produced a worthwhile enhancement of endurance running performance, probably by increasing blood volume.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Bathing or washing babies after birth?

One group of healthy full-term newborn babies was washed after birth and another was bathed to remove vernix caseosa and clean the skin. Few infections, none of them serious, occurred in either group. Bacterial colonisation of the umbilical cord on the third day of life was similar in both groups. The rectal temperature fell further and more infants cried during washing than during bathing. Thus bathing the baby after birth makes it calmer, quieter, and more comfortable than washing and causes less heat-loss. Clinical signs of infection and bacterial colonisation rates are no higher after bathing than after washing.

Baths↗

PubMed2000

Evaluation of a simplified semi-quantitative protocol for the estimation of Vibrio vulnificus in bathing water using cellobiose-colistin agar: a collaborative study with 13 municipal food controlling units in Denmark.

A simplified semi-quantitative method using pre-enrichment in alkaline peptone water supplemented with polymyxin B and plating onto cellobiose-colistin (CC) agar for the estimation of Vibrio vulnificus in bathing water was evaluated. This protocol was tested in a collaborative study with 13 food controlling laboratories in Denmark during the 1999 bathing season in periods when water temperatures exceeded 20 degrees C. The average percentage of yellow colonies larger than 1 mm in diameter on CC agar that could be identified as V. vulnificus by colony hybridization with a species-specific DNA probe was 79%. This high percentage of specificity demonstrated that by using CC agar in estimating the level of V. vulnificus in bathing water, recognition of yellow colonies larger than 1 mm is sufficient for the identification of V. vulnificus with no further characterization needed. The simplified protocol may be included in the routine control of the microbial quality of bathing water done by the local food controlling laboratories, since it involves simple traditional and low-cost microbiological methods with no use of molecular skills or sophisticated equipment.

Baths↗

PubMed1997

Bath-5-methoxypsoralen-UVA therapy for psoriasis.

BACKGROUND: After oral intake, 5-methoxypsoralen (5-MOP) is as effective as 8-MOP for PUVA therapy for psoriasis, with a lower incidence of acute cutaneous side effects. OBJECTIVE: We compared bath-water delivery of 5-MOP and 8-MOP for photochemotherapy of psoriasis. METHODS: Twenty-two patients underwent phototesting with 0.0003% 5-MOP or 8-MOP aqueous solutions. Twelve patients with palmar psoriasis were studied with a side-to-side comparison, and 10 patients with recurrent plaque-type psoriasis were treated with one therapy or the other. RESULTS: Minimal phototoxic dose (MPD) values were 2.8 +/- 1.2 J/cm2 with 8-MOP and 2.0 +/- 1.2 J/cm2 with 5-MOP (p < 0.01). Both therapies cleared palmar lesions but 8-MOP required more UVA irradiation (46.3 +/- 21.0 J/cm2 vs 30.2 +/- 21.5 J/cm2; p < 0.01) and more exposures (21.0 +/- 6.0 vs 17.0 +/- 5.0; p = 0.02). Bath-5-MOP-UVA was also more effective in the treatment of plaque-type psoriasis (cumulative UVA doses, 56.8 +/- 39.2 vs 59.1 +/- 27.9 J/cm2; number of exposures, 20.0 +/- 5.7 vs 21.6 +/- 4.7), but these differences were not significant (p = NS). Patients developed an intense tan significantly earlier with 5-MOP than with 8-MOP (3.5 +/- 0.5 weeks vs 4.4 +/- 0.5 weeks; p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Bath-5-MOP-UVA was more phototoxic than bath-8-MOP-UVA. It was more effective in the treatment of palmar psoriasis, whereas its greater pigmentogenic activity appeared to have an adverse effect on therapeutic effectiveness in the treatment of plaque-type psoriasis.

5-Methoxypsoralen↗

PubMed1995

Axillary temperature in transitional newborn infants before and after tub bath.

Twenty healthy newborn infants (mean 38.4 weeks gestation and 3,294 g) were studied to compare axillary temperatures before and after a deep-water tub bath. The bath was given in the mother's room in a plastic bassinet filled with 5 to 5 1/2 inches of warm water. Mean time was 4.4 hours postbirth. Mean infant temperature was 98.2 degrees F (36.8 degrees C) prebath and 98.0 degrees F (36.7 degrees C) postbath. Mean change was -0.2 degree F (-0.1 degree C) and was not significantly different. This significant absence of heat loss during tub baths suggests that infants need not be separated from their mothers and kept in nurseries under infrared warmers to prevent heat loss during their first bath.

Axilla↗

PubMed1997

[Syncope during bathing in infants, a pediatric form of water-induced urticaria?].

BACKGROUND: Apparent life-threatening events in infants are a difficult and frequent problem in pediatric practice. The prognosis is uncertain because of risk of sudden infant death syndrome. CASE REPORTS: Eight infants aged 2 to 15 months were admitted during a period of 6 years; they suffered from similar maladies in the bath: on immersion, they became pale, hypotonic, still and unreactive; recovery took a few seconds after withdrawal from the bath and stimulation. Two diagnoses were initially considered: seizure or gastroesophageal reflux but this was doubtful. The hypothesis of an equivalent of aquagenic urticaria was then considered; as for patients with this disease, each infant's family contained members suffering from dermographism, maladies or eruption after exposure to water or sun. All six infants had dermographism. We found an increase in blood histamine levels after a trial bath in the two infants tested. The evolution of these "aquagenic maladies" was favourable after a few weeks without baths. After a 2-7 year follow-up, three out of seven infants continue to suffer from troubles associated with sun or water. CONCLUSION: "Aquagenic maladies" could be a pediatric form of the aquagenic urticaria.

Baths↗

PubMed1989

Do preoperative chlorhexidine baths reduce the risk of infection after vascular reconstruction?

Pathogenic organisms are frequently present on the skin of vascular patients and are a risk factor for postoperative infection. A randomised trial of preoperative antiseptic baths was performed in 64 high risk vascular patients to determine whether two chlorhexidine baths could reduce the incidence of postoperative sepsis. Although pathogenic organisms were isolated preoperatively in 35% of patients, the wound infection rate after chlorhexidine baths (26%) was greater, though not significantly, than after baths with non-medicated soap (11%). An alternative theory that infection arises via lymphatics in the limb was not confirmed when organisms could not be isolated from groin lymph nodes in a group of 35 patients. The case for preoperative antiseptic regimes in vascular surgery remains unproven.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

The effects of lavender (Lavendula angustifolium) baths on psychological well-being: two exploratory randomised control trials.

OBJECTIVE: Two important aspects of psychological well-being are positive mood state and a positive outlook with respect to the future. This study investigates the use of lavender baths to improve these aspects of psychological well-being. DESIGN: A single blind, randomised control trial. SETTING: The participants' home and interview rooms at the University of Wolverhampton. PARTICIPANTS: Eighty women not receiving treatment for psychological disorders who were staff or students at the University of Wolverhampton. Forty participated in Study 1 and 40 in Study 2. INTERVENTION: Participants were randomly allocated to use either grapeseed oil or 80% grapeseed oil and 20% lavender oil in their bath for 14 days. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: In Study 1, the UWIST mood adjective checklist. In Study 2, the MacLeod and Byrne Future Events procedure. RESULTS: In Study 1 psychologically positive mood changes were found after the bathing regimen for energetic arousal, tense arousal, hedonic tone and anger-frustration. Only anger-frustration showed a selective effect for lavender oil. In the second study negative responses about the future were selectively reduced after lavender oil baths. CONCLUSIONS: These results are encouraging and suggest further investigation using potential patients may result in the development of a useful procedure for improving psychological well-being.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Dermal uptake of chloroform and haloketones during bathing.

Dermal contact with some organic disinfection by-products (DBPs) such as trihalomethanes in chlorinated drinking water has been established to be an important exposure route. We evaluated dermal absorption of two haloketones (1,1-dichloropropanone and 1,1,1-trichloropropanone) and chloroform while bathing, by collecting and analyzing time profiles of expired breath samples of six human subjects during and following a 30-min bath. The DBP concentrations in breath increased towards a maximum concentration during bathing. The maximum haloketone breath concentration during dermal exposure ranged from 0.1 to 0.9 microg / m(3), which was approximately two orders of magnitude lower than the maximum chloroform breath concentration during exposure. Based on a one-compartment model, the in vivo permeability of chloroform, 1,1-dichloropropanone, and 1,1,1-trichloropropanone were approximated to be 0.015, 7.5 x 10(- 4), and 4.5 x 10(- 4) cm / h, respectively. Thus, haloketones are much less permeable across human skin under normal bathing conditions than is chloroform. These findings will be useful for future assessment of total human exposure and consequent health risk of these DBPs.

Acetone↗