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At least 325 records · Page 18Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

Motivating drivers to correctly adjust head restraints: assessing effectiveness of three different interventions.

Three types of driver educational strategies were tested to determine the most effective approach for motivating drivers to adjust their head restraints to the correct vertical position: (1) a human interactive personal contact with a member of an ICBC-trained head restraint adjustment team, (2) a passive video presentation of the consequences of correct and incorrect head restraint adjustment, and (3) an interactive three-dimensional kinetic model showing the consequences of correct and incorrect head restraint adjustment. An experimental pretest-posttest control group design was used. A different educational treatment was used in each of three lanes of a vehicle emissions testing facility, with a fourth lane with no intervention serving as a control group. Observational and self-reported data were obtained from a total of 1,974 vehicles entering and exiting the facility. The human intervention led to significantly more drivers actually adjusting their head restraints immediately after the intervention than the passive video or interactive kinetic model approaches, which were both no different from the control group. The human intervention was recommended as the most effective and was implemented successfully on a limited basis during 3 months of 1995 and again during 3 months of 1996.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed2000

Regional mortality from motor vehicle traffic injury: relationships among place-of-occurrence, place-of-death, and place-of-residence.

Regional mortality data, which are compiled according to place-of-residence of the decedent, are an important reference for regional health planning and resource allocation. However, it would be inappropriate to apply these data to studies of environmental risk factors if a large proportion of fatal motor vehicle traffic injuries (MVTI) in fact occur outside the resident county. The aim of this study was to determine the proportion and characteristics of residents of a rural area of Taiwan who died from MVTIs that occurred outside the county of residence. We also explored the relationships among the place-of-occurrence, place-of-death, and place-of-residence of these decedents. The families or neighbors of residents of Huatung Area (eastern Taiwan) who died from MVTIs in 1994 or 1995 were interviewed to identify the place-of-occurrence of the MVTI. Of the 882 Huatung Area residents who died as a result of an MVTI during the study period and for whom relevant data were available, the MVTI occurred outside the resident county in 207 (23%) cases. Residents whose MVTI occurred outside the county of residence were more likely to be youths (aged 15-24) or young adults (aged 25-44) and driving automobiles or trucks. Of the 866 cases in which the exact place was known, the place-of-occurrence and the place-of-death (recorded on the death certificate) were in the same county in 849 (98%). Because a high proportion of fatal MVTIs occurred outside the resident county, the mortality rate calculated according to place-of-residence does not accurately reflect the environmental risk factors in this area. The finding that the characteristics of those whose MVTI occurred outside the county differed from those decedents whose MVTI occurred within the county indicates that there are two target groups for prevention programs. In addition, at least in Huatung Area, the place-of-death recorded on the death certificate could serve as a surrogate for the place-of-occurrence in epidemiologic studies.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed2002

Experimental study on fist-ellipse for Chinese auto drivers.

Sub-workspaces and the fist-ellipse of auto drivers are new concepts in the fields of ergonomics and automotive engineering. The paper introduces measurement, generation, application and location of the 95th percentile fist-ellipse (i.e., 95th sub-workspace for gearshift) for Chinese car drivers. It is a rigorous scientific approach to locate gearshift handles in conventional motor vehicles or locate a central control handle sidestick in a recent non-steering wheel conceptual car, expanding the concepts of the design tool contours of SAE.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Automobile seat comfort: occupant preferences vs. anthropometric accommodation.

Automobile seat design specifications cannot be established without considering the comfort expectations of the target population. This contention is supported by published literature, which suggests that ergonomics criteria, particularly those related to physiology, do not satisfy consumer comfort. The objective of this paper is to challenge ergonomics criteria related to anthropometry in the same way. In this context, 12 subjects, representing a broad range of body sizes, evaluated five different compact car seats during a short-term seating session. Portions of a reliable and valid survey were used for this purpose. The contour and geometry characteristics of the five seats were quantified and compared to the survey information. Discrepancies were discovered between published anthropometric accommodation criteria and subject-preferred lumbar height, seatback width, cushion length, and cushion width. Based on this finding, it was concluded that automobile seat comfort is a unique science. Ergonomics criteria, while serving as the basis for this science, cannot be applied blindly for they do not ensure comfortable automobile seats.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1998

Seat pressure measurement technologies: considerations for their evaluation.

Interface pressure measurement has generated interest in the automotive industry as a technique which could be used in the prediction of driver discomfort for various car seat designs, and provide designers and manufacturers with rapid information early on in the design process. It is therefore essential that the data obtained are of the highest quality, relevant and have some quantitative meaning. Exploratory experimental work carried out with the commercially available Talley Pressure Monitor is outlined. This led to a better understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of this system and the re-design of the sensor matrix. Such evaluation, in the context of the actual experimental environment, is considered essential.

Automobile Driving↗
PubMed1988

Psychological reactions to air pollution.

Interviews with a large representative sample of Los Angeles residents reveal that these citizens are somewhat aware and concerned about air pollution, but not knowledgeable about its causes. Direct behaviors to reduce causes of pollution or one's exposure to it are rare. A moderate percentage of people seek out information about air pollution or complain about it. Fewer follow state health advisories by reducing automobile driving or restricting activity during air pollution episodes. Preliminary modeling of citizen compliance with air pollution health advisories suggest that personal beliefs about negative health effects are a important predictor of compliance. Finally, modest but significant relationships are noted between ambient photochemical oxidants and anxiety symptoms. The latter finding controls for age, socioeconomic status, and temperature.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1971

Tyres and crime.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Automobile Driving↗
PubMed1987

Marijuana: an overview.

Marijuana is a crude, intoxicating drug that has become much more potent in the past decade. Adolescents intoxicated from marijuana suffer from impairment of short-term memory and automobile driving skills. The drug is easily detected in users by means of immunoassay analysis of urine specimens. Frequent use by young adolescents can impede normal maturation and cause or contribute to an amotivational syndrome.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Emergency medical care for open wheel racing events at Indianapolis Raceway Park.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To analyze open-wheel racing accidents at Indianapolis Raceway Park during six seasons (1988 through 1993) and describe factors that improve driver safety. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis. SETTING: Indianapolis Raceway Park, a three-track racing facility that includes a 0.686-mile banked, paved, and lighted oval track. PARTICIPANTS: Race drivers in three United States Auto Club racing divisions (Midget, Sprint, and Silver Crown). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: During 61 open-wheel racing events, 57 drivers were evaluated at Indianapolis Raceway Park after crashes. Eighteen were transferred to Methodist Hospital of Indiana; four drivers required admission two to the ICU. There were no driver deaths. CONCLUSION: Although open-wheel racing is one of the most common forms of motorcar racing, there have been no previously published studies regarding injury patterns or medical care at these events. This study reviewed race driver injuries during six seasons of open-wheel racing at the Indianapolis Raceway Park. During 61 open-wheel racing events, no drivers were killed, but two required intensive care hospitalization.

Accidents↗
PubMed1996

Breast cancer: a significant causal relationship.

It has been reported that the stimulation of travelling in a motor vehicle triggers abnormal hormonal and adrenal excretion and also abnormal changes in the body's fuel system. Figures presented in this paper suggest that motor vehicle travel may be important in breast cancer deaths.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed2002

Effects of alprazolam on driving ability, memory functioning and psychomotor performance: a randomized, placebo-controlled study.

Alprazolam is prescribed for the treatment of anxiety and panic disorder. Most users are presumably involved in daily activities such as driving. However, the effects of alprazolam on driving ability have never been investigated. This study was conducted to determine the effects of alprazolam (1 mg) on driving ability, memory and psychomotor performance. Twenty healthy volunteers participated in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study. One hour after oral administration, subjects performed a standardized driving test on a primary highway during normal traffic. They were instructed to drive with a constant speed (90 km/h) while maintaining a steady lateral position within the right traffic lane. Primary performance measures were the Standard Deviation of Lateral Position (SDLP) and the Standard Deviation of Speed (SDS). After the driving test, subjective driving quality, mental effort, and mental activation during driving were assessed. A laboratory test battery was performed 2.5 h after treatment administration, comprising the Sternberg Memory Scanning Test, a Continuous Tracking Test, and a Divided Attention Test. Relative to placebo, alprazolam caused serious driving impairment, as expressed by a significantly increased SDLP (F(1,19) = 97.3, p <.0001) and SDS (F(1,19) = 30.4, p <.0001). This was confirmed by subjective assessments showing significantly impaired driving quality (F(1,19) = 16.4, p <.001), decreased alertness (F(1,19) = 43.4, p <.0001), decreased mental activation (F(1,19) = 5.7, p <.03) and increased mental effort during driving (F(1,19) = 26.4, p <.0001). Furthermore, alprazolam significantly impaired performance on the laboratory tests. In conclusion, alprazolam users must be warned not to drive an automobile or operate potentially dangerous machinery.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

The pharmacodynamics of diphenhydramine-induced drowsiness and changes in mental performance.

The time course of diphenhydramine concentrations and effects on both mental performance and subjective feelings of drowsiness were assessed in 15 healthy men. Subjects received single oral doses of diphenhydramine, 50 mg, and placebo in this double-blind crossover study. Diphenhydramine plasma concentrations and central nervous system actions were assessed for 24 hours after each treatment. Cognitive impairment was assessed with an automobile driving simulator and digit symbol substitution scores, whereas drowsiness was self-assessed on a visual analog scale. Diphenhydramine produced significant feelings of drowsiness for up to 6 hours after the dose, whereas significant mental impairment was apparent for only 2 hours. Despite the difference in duration of these effects, drowsiness and mental impairment have parallel slopes when effects are related to diphenhydramine concentrations. These data suggest that although the apparent diphenhydramine concentration thresholds to produce drowsiness are lower (30.4 to 41.5 ng/ml) than those needed to produce mental impairment (58.2 to 74.4 ng/ml), these effects have profiles consistent with their being manifestations of the same pharmacologic effect.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Modern carbon fibre orthoses in the management of polio patients--a critical evaluation of the functional aspects].

AIM: Evaluation of practicability and functional benefit with modern carbon fibre knee ankle foot orthoses in polio patients. METHODS: In a retrospective analysis, fifty-five (55) polio patients between the ages of 42 and 80 years who had been provided with a carbon fibre orthoses for a minimum of three months, were asked about their acceptance as well as changes in functional capacity and comfort. RESULTS: Clear improvements were shown in walking, sitting and automobile driving as well as comfort and dressing/undressing of the orthoses. Through the use of these new orthoses, the maximum walking distance increased significantly--at least partially due to less weight (40%). 95% of all treated patients were very satisfied or satisfied. CONCLUSION: The use of carbon fibre material in the orthotic treatment of polio patients seems to be supported by the positive results of our study.

Activities of Daily Living↗