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PubMed1999

Toward an integrative perspective on bereavement.

For nearly a century, bereavement theorists have assumed that recovery from loss requires a period of grief work in which the ultimate goal is the severing of the attachment bond to the deceased. Reviews appearing in the 1980s noted a surprising absence of empirical support for this view, thus leaving the bereavement field without a guiding theoretical base. In this article, the authors consider alternative perspectives on bereavement that are based on cognitive stress theory, attachment theory, the social-functional account of emotion, and trauma theory. They then elaborate on the most promising features of each theory in an attempt to develop an integrative framework to guide future research. The authors elucidate 4 fundamental components of the grieving process--context, meaning, representations of the lost relationship, and coping and emotion-regulation processes--and suggest ways in which these components may interact over the course of bereavement.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1992

The aggression response and the Rorschach.

We propose the addition of four aggressive indices for Rorschach scoring: aggressive content, aggressive potential, aggressive past, and sado-masochism scores. Interrater agreement is presented and ranges from 92-100%. Nomothetic comparisons are made between groups with higher base rates for violence with mixed results, although the sado-masochism frequency was significantly higher in severe psychopaths than in moderate psychopaths. Idiographic use of the aggression indices is emphasized, with a particular focus upon inferring the quality, intensity, and directionality of intrapsychic aggression in relation to self and object representations.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

The "dumb spot" a special problem in countertransference.

A special kind of countertransference which we call the "dumb spot," has been observed and described. We have delineated "dumb spots" which are the result of unlearned theory, the result of learned but not accepted theory, and the result of learned, accepted but not used theory. Those "dumb spots" resulting from unlearned theory, especially in those areas where psychoanalysis is widening its scope of diagnostic categories, age range, and socioeconomic status, are not considered countertransference errors. Those "dumb spots" resulting from learned, accepted but not used theory, we feel do represent special cases of countertransference phenomena. Theory which is learned but not accepted must be differentiated into that which is not accepted as a result of intellectual judgment and that which cannot be accepted because it would require an alteration in the analyst's self or object representations.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Orphans of the 'Real': II. The future of object relations theory in the treatment of the psychoses and other primitive mental disorders.

Objective relations theory is a broad, multifaceted concept that covers a number of differing paradigms. The author highlights the historical development of this concept. Originally developed by Freud and Abraham, it gradually became a shibboleth that identified both the Kleinian and the Independent schools in Great Britain and the object relations school within the American school of ego psychology. The two British schools differed between each other and from the American school. Among these schools of thought, two major paradigms have emerged: (1) the one-person psychoanalytic model, and (2) the two-person model. More recently, derivatives of the two-person model have emerged as the schools of relationism, self psychology, and intersubjectivity. In addition, the contributions of the Lacanian school have altered concepts about the fundamental nature of object relations. What is consequently at issue in terms of the psychoanalytic conception and treatment of psychoses and primitive mental disorders (with patients suffering from being "orphans of the 'Real'") is (1) the differing conceptions of what is meant by internal objects, part-objects, selfobjects, and object-representations, and (2) the differing conceptions of unconscious mental life.

Freudian Theory↗
PubMed1982

Narcissism and female gender identity: a reformulation.

The theory of narcissism and the study of the psychological development of the female child have both been subjects of considerable controversy within psychoanalysis. Some issues central to these controversies have been discussed and evaluated with attention to the contributions made by advances in each area upon the other. From a historical perspective, Freud's illuminating introduction of the concept of narcissism opened the door toward explaining a variety of puzzling clinical phenomena. Deutsch then elaborated upon Freud's contribution as well as upon his specific bias in her description of the psychology of women. Later, Jacobson addressed herself to a reformulation of then existing views of female psychological development. Kohut's innovative clinical observations and Stolorow's functional definition of narcissism provided a unique vantage point from which to offer a critical restatement of narcissistic factors in the development of the female child. Specifically, narcissism was freed from its singular relationship to female development (the emphasis on castration shock and penis envy as rock bottom factors in female character formation) and related to structuralization of the representational world--self- and object-representations. Sexual differences can then be understood as most relevant for the content of these structures. In this context, the work of Stoller was cited. Finally, three topics that grew out of these considerations and elaborations were considered: the role of the little girl's attachment to and separation from her mother, the role of the psychosexual phases and an evaluation of penis envy, and the role of the father as an ideal. The reciprocal relationship between psychosexual development and the differentiation, integration and consolidation of self and object images has specific relevance for the manner in which femininity as the content of the self-representation of the developing girl enhances and is enhanced by the structuralization of the representations. The unfolding of the psychosexual phases with their associated imagery can be viewed as the gradual unfolding of more complex, differentiated and articulated self and object representations. Conversely, the gradual separation, integration and consolidation of self- and object-representations makes possible the development of increasingly more advanced forms of psychosexual experiences. Thus, the original question of the relationship between narcissism and female development has led to much broader issues. Narcissism concerns the structuralization and maintenance of the self. However, while narcissistic activities may promote structuralization, they may also serve to shore up a precarious sense of gender identity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Spatial choices of macaque monkeys based on abstract visual stimuli.

Our study investigates whether macaque monkeys (Macaca mulatta) are able to make spatial choices in a real space according to abstract visual stimuli presented on a computer screen. We tested whether there was a difference in the processing of stimuli reflecting the configuration of a response space ("spatial stimuli") and stimuli of simple geometrical patterns lacking implicit spatial information. We trained two monkeys to choose one of nine touch-holes on a transparent panel attached to a computer monitor according to one of four visual stimuli successively displayed on the screen. The first monkey followed the visual stimuli designed as a representation of the response space ("configurations"), the second monkey observed geometrical patterns or pictures without information about the response space. In the first phase the position or the size of the stimuli varied but the shapes remained the same. In the second phase we changed the stimuli - "configurations" represented the response space in a similar way as in the previous phase, but marked different touch-holes - the patterns were changed entirely. The comparison of these two monkeys using different stimuli was expected to reveal potential differences between pattern discrimination and using configuration information included in the stimuli. The results of this experiment showed that both monkeys were able to use visual stimuli in phase 1 effectively (independently on their position on the screen), but only the monkey that obtained configuration information learnt an effective strategy after the change of stimuli in phase 2.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Assessing object representations as a continuous variable: a modification of the concept of the object on the Rorschach scale.

Current methods for assessing the quality of internalized object representations have not provided a continuous variable that simultaneously includes both an accuracy and a maturity component. A modification of Blatt, Brooks, Brenneis, and Schimek's (1976) Concept of the Object on the Rorschach scale that would combine the two components by weighting the quality of each response according to its form level was proposed. Initial discriminant and convergent validity of this modification was checked through correlations and multiple regression analyses using behavioral, diagnostic, and demographic data from 84 adolescent inpatients as dependent variables. Results indicate the modified score was directly related to measures of peer relatedness, intelligence, psychological health, and reality testing, and indirectly related to measures of psychosis and hostile, unmanageable behavior. The results support the utility of the modification for providing a continuous score that assesses both developmental maturity and accuracy, the two dimensions on which the concept of object representation is based.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

[Differences in the assessment of 9-14-year-old sons of divorced and not divorced parents].

Twenty-eight 9- to 14 years old boys from divorced families were compared with twenty-six 9- to 14 years old boys from two-parent families. Californian Child Q-Sort assessments (Block and Block 1980) were obtained from themselves, as well as from mother, father, a friend, and from the trained interviewer. Boys with divorced parents indicated more stress without showing it to others. They longed for appreciation from the others, showed lower self-esteem and more helplessness, but not more dissocial behavior. Supportive representation of their mother correlated positively with ego-resiliency and self-esteem, and negatively with helplessness, while others did not seem to notice the boys' helplessness. They indicated less dissocial and more social behavior, they were more sensitive and had better relations with other children. Supportive representation of fathers was beneficial only for the control group. The data correspond to differences in quality of narrative language published previously. They are discussed from an attachment theory perspective.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Identification and its vicissitudes as observed in adolescence: object loss and identification.

This paper presents clinical material from the analysis of a late adolescent whose father died when he was just 9 years old. It emphasizes the impact of his father's death upon subsequent identifications. It was through a reactivation of certain critical issues in the transference that the patient was enabled to mourn the loss of his father and to achieve a wider and more mature range of selective identifications. Relevant information is presented to demonstrate how his primordial development influenced his reaction to his father's death. His later identifications were affected by his mother, brother and especially his stepfather. The influence of the death upon the analysis and his selective identifications with the analyst are explored. A brief review of the relevant literature confirms Blum's observation that the splitting of the ego owing to the simultaneous denial and acceptance of the reality of parental loss may be accompanied by a splitting of both parent and self-representations into idealized and denigrated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

DNA-protein interaction sites in differentiating cells. II. A subset of alphoid repetitive sequences with retinoic acid induced protein attachment and an unusual purine-pyrimidine 'signature'.

Two independent methods were used to recover the tightly or covalently attached DNA-protein complexes which form during the differentiation induction of HL60 cells by all-trans retinoic acid. One method employed nitrocellulose filter binding (described in the accompanying paper) to recover these protein-DNA complexes, following by representational difference analysis (RDA). RDA is an extremely powerful new technique for cloning the difference between complex DNA samples, exploiting a combination of kinetic enrichment during PCR amplification, and subtractive hybridization. In this case, we used filter-bound DNA from undifferentiated cells for subtraction of equivalent DNA from differentiating cells. A second approach used a combination of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)/KCI precipitation and affinity phase partitioning for purification of DNA bound to proteins, followed by selection of clones showing differentiation-specific attachment of proteins (by differential hybridization to protein-attached DNA from differentiating and undifferentiated HL60 cells). Both procedures yielded a high proportion of alphoid repetitive sequences, although slightly higher in the RDA sample than that of the other method (approximately 50% and approximately 30%, respectively). Plots of purine-pyrimidine composition showed that the alphoids recovered by both techniques were unusual and remarkably similar. Although the clones were related to each other, they differed more from the alphoid consensus than examples of alphoid sequences selected from data banks. There was also a contrast between the purine-pyrimidine composition plots of archetypal alphoid monomers and this subset. The principal difference observed related to two adjacent homopyrimidine tracts present in the archetypal monomers but altered in the subset. The possible significance of these differences is discussed with respect to the established roles of alphoid sequences and known/putative protein binding sites including that for the centromeric binding protein (CENB-P box) and response elements for retinoic acid receptors. Following induction of differentiation with retinoic acid, protein attachment (monitored by filter binding) was rapid, maximal at 40 minutes, and still elevated at 165 minutes. This was specific to the alphoid subset, and induced protein binding at a nonrepetitive site in DNA had different kinetics. Changing protein attachment at this subset of alphoid repetitive sequences contributes to differentiation-associated chromatin structural changes.

Base Composition↗
PubMed1992

A model of human knee ligaments in the sagittal plane. Part 1: Response to passive flexion.

The development of a mathematical model of the knee ligaments in the sagittal plane is presented. Essential features of the model are (a) the representation of selected cruciate ligament fibres as isometric links in a kinematic mechanism that controls passive knee flexion and (b) the mapping of all other ligament fibres between attachments on the tibia and femur. Fibres slacken and tighten as the ligament attachment areas on the bones move relative to each other. The model is used to study the shape and fibre length changes of the cruciate and collateral ligaments in response to passive flexion/extension of the knee. The model ligament shape and fibre length changes compare well qualitatively with experimental results reported in the literature. The results suggest that when designing and implanting a ligament replacement with the aim of reproducing the natural fibre strain patterns, the surgeon must not only implant through the natural attachment areas but must also maintain the natural fibre mapping and render all fibres just tight at the appropriate flexion angle.

Algorithms↗