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PubMed1995

The anger recall interview and cardiovascular reactivity in women: an examination of context and experience.

Recent research has focused on the role of hostility as a risk factor for coronary heart disease. Hostility has been linked independently to cardiovascular mortality and, as a component of Type A behavior, to atherogenesis and myocardial infarction; however, the mechanisms by which hostility manifests its effects on the cardiovascular system have not been determined. In addition, hostility has been evaluated as a trait measure, with little emphasis on how anger-provoking episodes may be perceived by individuals. The present study seeks to evaluate the affective experience of hostility, through an anger recall interview, and relate qualities of that experience to one potential mechanism of cardiovascular risk, cardiovascular reactivity. Fifty-eight women, classified by structured interview as Type A or B, participated in an anger recall interview while their heart rate and blood pressure were monitored. Type A women manifested greater systolic reactivity when their anger was in response to frustration of autonomy needs, while Type B women exhibited greater heart rate reactivity in response to frustration of affiliation needs. All women who suppressed anger expression experienced higher pressor responses than women who expressed anger assertively. Future investigations may find the content of an interview as useful as the procedure itself in studies of cardiovascular reactivity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Driving anger, sensation seeking, impulsiveness, and boredom proneness in the prediction of unsafe driving.

The present study investigated the potential contribution of sensation seeking, impulsiveness, and boredom proneness to driving anger in the prediction of aggressive and risky driving. Two hundred and twenty-four college student participants completed measures of trait driving anger, aggressive and risky driving, driving anger expression, sensation seeking, impulsiveness, and boredom proneness. Findings provided additional support for the utility of the Driving Anger Scale (DAS; Deffenbacher, J.L., Oetting, E.R., Lynch, R.S., Development of a driving anger scale, Psychological Reports, 74, 1994, 83-91.) in predicting unsafe driving. In addition, hierarchical multiple regression analyses demonstrated that sensation seeking, impulsiveness, and boredom proneness provided incremental improvements beyond the DAS in the prediction of crash-related conditions, aggressive driving, risky driving, and driving anger expression. Results support the use of multiple predictors in understanding unsafe driving behavior.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Correlation between psychiatric nurses' anger and job motivation.

The purpose of this study was to determine the correlation between the level of anger and the job motivation of nurses working in a psychiatric ward. The research included 378 nurses who worked full time in inpatient psychiatric wards in 10 hospitals located in Turkey. A descriptive characteristics questionnaire, the Trait Anger-Anger Expression Scale, and a job motivation questionnaire were used as data collection tools. Psychiatric ward nurses who do not suppress their anger, who can control their anger when necessary, and who can decisively and appropriately verbalize difficult feelings such as anger and their desires have a higher level of job motivation.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

The relationship of momentary anger and impulsivity to bulimic behavior.

Past research has suggested that negative affect may be a causal factor for eating disordered behaviors. More specifically, research has shown that anger appears to be one aspect of negative affect that is particularly relevant in bulimic patients. Previous studies have also shown that the relationship between negative affect and eating disordered behaviors may partially depend upon personality variables such as impulsivity. The present study examined whether the relationship between anger and eating disordered behaviors is moderated by impulsivity. Subjects completed an ecological momentary assessment (EMA) protocol for an average of 2 weeks. Findings revealed that overall antecedent anger level and the variability of antecedent anger predicted binge-eating episodes and that these relationships were moderated by participants' level of impulsivity. These findings suggest that personality variables impact the way that anger and eating behaviors relate. They also suggest that the variability of antecedent anger may be a fruitful avenue for future research for those interested in causal variables associated with bulimia nervosa.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Forgiveness and chronic low back pain: a preliminary study examining the relationship of forgiveness to pain, anger, and psychological distress.

UNLABELLED: Clinical observations suggest that many patients with chronic pain have difficulty forgiving persons they perceive as having unjustly offended them in some way. By using a sample of 61 patients with chronic low back pain, this study sought to determine the reliability and variability of forgiveness assessments in patients and to examine the relationship of forgiveness to pain, anger, and psychological distress. Standardized measures were used to assess patients' current levels of forgiveness, forgiveness self-efficacy, pain, anger, and psychological distress. Results showed that forgiveness-related constructs can be reliably assessed in patients with persistent pain, and that patients vary considerably along dimensions of forgiveness. Furthermore, correlational analyses showed that patients who had higher scores on forgiveness-related variables reported lower levels of pain, anger, and psychological distress. Additional analyses indicated that state anger largely mediated the association between forgiveness and psychological distress, as well as some of the associations between forgiveness and pain. These findings indicate that forgiveness can be reliably assessed in patients with persistent pain, and that a relationship appears to exist between forgiveness and important aspects of living with persistent pain. PERSPECTIVE: This preliminary study suggests there is a relationship between forgiveness and pain, anger, and psychological distress in patients with chronic low back pain. Patients who report an inability to forgive others might be experiencing higher pain and psychological distress that are mediated by relatively higher levels of state anger.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Improvement of anger at one week predicts the effects of sertraline and placebo in PTSD.

In previous work we demonstrated an early, robust and sustained effect for sertraline vs placebo on irritability and anger in subjects with PTSD. In this report, we explore the same dataset to assess whether a clinician might usefully predict ultimate response to sertraline, on the basis of its effect upon anger after one week. Three hundred and eighteen subjects were assessed. Outcome was measured by whether or not the score was reduced by at least 50% from baseline. Ordinary least squares regression was used to estimate the effects of change in anger at one week. Logistic regression was applied to estimate the effects on odds of a 50% drop in score. Cut points were developed for one-week change scores on anger for sertraline and placebo. The best cut point was selected as predictive of non-response, i.e. a cue suggesting that treatment switch would be in order. An increase in anger of 30% at one-week best predicted the likelihood of not responding to treatment in both the drug and placebo groups. Twenty-five percent of all non-responders were incorrectly identified, while only 7% of all improvers were incorrectly categorized as non-responders using this cutoff. Our findings imply that, for patients similar to those in this study, an increase in anger after one week of treatment might be one factor to consider when making a decision about continuation of the medication.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Quantifying deficits in the perception of fear and anger in morphed facial expressions after bilateral amygdala damage.

Amygdala damage has been associated with impairments in perceiving facial expressions of fear. However, deficits in perceiving other emotions, such as anger, and deficits in perceiving emotion blends have not been definitively established. One possibility is that methods used to index expression perception are susceptible to heuristic use, which may obscure impairments. To examine this, we adapted a task used to examine categorical perception of morphed facial expressions [Etcoff, N. L., & Magee, J. J. (1992). Categorical perception of facial expressions. Cognition, 44(3), 227-240]. In one version of the task, expressions were categorized with unlimited time constraints. In the other, expressions were presented with limited exposure durations to tap more automatic aspects of processing. Three morph progressions were employed: neutral to anger, neutral to fear, and fear to anger. Both tasks were administered to a participant with bilateral amygdala damage (S.P.), age- and education-matched controls, and young controls. The second task was also administered to unilateral temporal lobectomy patients. In the first version, S.P. showed impairments relative to normal controls on the neutral-to-anger and fear-to-anger morphs, but not on the neutral-to-fear morph. However, reaction times suggested that speed-accuracy tradeoffs could account for results. In the second version, S.P. showed impairments on all morph types relative to all other subject groups. A third experiment showed that this deficit did not extend to the perception of morphed identities. These results imply that when heuristics use is discouraged on tasks utilizing subtle emotion transitions, deficits in the perception of anger and anger/fear blends, as well as fear, are evident with bilateral amygdala damage.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Cognitive-behavioral treatment of high anger drivers.

Relaxation and cognitive-relaxation interventions were compared to a no treatment control in the treatment of high anger drivers. The cognitive portion of the cognitive-relaxation condition adapted the style of Beck's cognitive therapy, particularly use of Socratic questions and behavioral experiments and tryouts, to driving anger reduction. Both interventions lowered indices of driving anger and hostile and aggressive forms of expressing driving anger and increased adaptive/constructive ways of expressing driving anger. The cognitive-relaxation intervention also lowered the frequency of risky behavior. Both interventions lowered trait anger as well. Limitations and implications for treatment and research were discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2003

Anger-associated panic attacks in Cambodian refugees with PTSD; a multiple baseline examination of clinical data.

Despite the increasing recognition of the importance of anger as a key aspect of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the presence of anger-induced panic attacks has been understudied in traumatized groups. The present investigation determines the prevalence of anger-associated panic attacks among Cambodian refugees suffering from PTSD. Specific characteristics of these episodes that were examined included frequency, symptoms, and cognitions (in particular, fear of death from bodily dysfunction). In a survey of 100 Khmer patients suffering PTSD, 58% reported anger-associated panic attacks in the last month. These attacks occurred at a mean rate of 6.2 attacks a month and were characterized by extreme arousal and in 81% of these cases, fears of death due to bodily dysfunction during the anger-induced panic. Mechanisms for this high rate of fear of death during anger arousal are discussed with a focus on culture-specific catastrophic cognitions.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Anger in healthy men: a PET study using script-driven imagery.

BACKGROUND: An understanding of the neurobiological basis of normal emotional processing is useful in formulating hypotheses regarding the pathophysiology of psychiatric illnesses. METHODS: This study examined the mediating functional neuroanatomy of anger in eight healthy men. Narrative scripts were developed from autobiographical information to induce anger and neutral states. The subjects imagined the content of the narrative scripts to induce anger during positron emission tomography to measure normalized regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF). Psychophysiologic responses and subjective ratings of emotional state were measured for each condition. Statistical parametric maps were constructed to reflect the Anger versus Neutral state contrast. RESULTS: Anger was associated with activation of the left orbitofrontal cortex, right anterior cingulate cortex affective division, and bilateral anterior temporal poles. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the subjective experience of anger is associated with rCBF increases in anterior paralimbic regions of the brain.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Regional brain activity during transient self-induced anxiety and anger in healthy adults.

BACKGROUND: Several studies have demonstrated that transient self-induced sadness activates anterior paralimbic structures. To further examine the specificity of these findings and the neural substrates involved in anger and anxiety, we studied the neural correlates of the induction of anxiety and anger in healthy adults. METHODS: We used H2(15)O and positron emission tomography (PET) to measure regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in 16 healthy adults during the induction of transient anxiety, anger, and neutral emotions. Subjects achieved differential emotions by recalling prior life events while viewing affect-appropriate faces. RESULTS: Both the anxiety and anger conditions were associated with increased normalized rCBF in left inferior frontal and left temporal pole regions and decreased rCBF in right posterior temporal/parietal and right superior frontal cortex, compared to the neutral induction. Additionally, compared to neutral induction, anxiety was associated with increased rCBF in the left anterior cingulate and cuneus and decreased rCBF in right medial frontal cortex, while the anger induction was uniquely associated with increased rCBF in right temporal pole and thalamus. CONCLUSIONS: Self-generated transient states of anxiety and anger are associated with both overlapping and distinct regional brain activity patterns and provide a template for further dissection of specific components of normal and pathologic emotions.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Multidimensional assessment of anger in Vietnam veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder.

This study examined the effects of combat exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) on dimensions of anger in Vietnam veterans. Vietnam combat veterans were compared with Vietnam era veterans without war zone duty on the Multidimensional Anger Inventory (MAI). Combat veterans were not significantly more angry than their veteran peers who did not serve in Southeast Asia. Additionally, various parameters of war zone duty were not highly associated with anger scores. However, combat veterans with PTSD scored significantly higher than veterans without PTSD on measures of anger arousal, range of anger-eliciting situations, hostile attitudinal outlook, and tendency to hold anger in. These results suggest that PTSD, rather than war zone duty, is associated with various dimensions of angry affect.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Anger expression and essential hypertension: behavioral response to confrontation.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine the range of anger-expressive behaviors and social competencies among essential hypertensive patients. METHODS: Behavioral reactions to both neutral and anger-evoking role-play interactions were measured in 26 hypertensive and 15 normotensive patients. Social behaviors were assessed using self-report measures of anger expression, assertiveness, self- and other-ratings of social competence and behavioral measures of anger expression observed during role-play interactions. RESULTS: Hypertensive patients showed less eye contact, used fewer positive assertive statements and were rated as being less assertive during confrontational role-play scenarios than normotensive controls. Hypertensive patients also exhibited higher pulse pressure reactions to confrontation than normotensives, particularly hypertensive patients who expressed anger overtly. CONCLUSION: Essential hypertension is associated with specific social skill deficits that are only apparent during the assertive expression of anger.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Plasma homocysteine concentrations are positively associated with hostility and anger.

Homocysteine is a sulphur amino acid that is positively associated with risk of vascular disease. Very few behavioral or psychological factors have been studied in relationship to homocysteine levels, despite the fact that several psychological factors have also been linked with risk for cardiovascular disease. One psychological attribute showing a strong association with risk is hostility, which is prospectively predictive of future cardiovascular disease endpoints. Another related psychological factor is anger expression; coronary heart disease risk is associated with both heightened expression and inhibition of anger. The purpose of this study was to test the relationship of hostility and anger expression with homocysteine concentrations in a sample of healthy, middle-aged men and women. Participants completed the Cook-Medley hostility questionnaire, the Speilberger Anger Expression questionnaire, and had blood taken for the assessment of plasma homocysteine concentrations. Results indicated positive and significant associations between hostility and homocysteine levels for all participants, and positive and significant correlations between anger-in and homocysteine levels for men only. These data are among the first to test the relationship between homocysteine and psychological risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, and suggest one potential mechanism for the increased cardiovascular risk associated with hostility and anger expression.

Anger↗
PubMed1999

A preliminary evaluation of the Colorado RETHINK Parenting and Anger Management program.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose was to report preliminary behavioral, social, and emotional results, and to project some potential economic results of a parenting and anger management program in a mountain state. METHOD: Following local and state-wide needs assessments, child abuse prevention was identified as the number two critical issue. An effective, research-based, preventive educational workshop program--RETHINK Parenting and Anger Management--was selected for testing and program evaluation. Measurable outcome objectives were written and assessments were developed and tested. A one-group pretest-posttest design with a convenience sample of parents was used for the study. Seventy-five of 99 parents completed pretests before and posttests after participating in the 6-week series of skill-enhancing workshops. RESULTS: Using a repeated measures analysis of variance, participants' group mean anger control levels increased (p = .016). Their family conflict levels fell (p = .006). Their overall anger levels fell (p = .000). Their violence levels fell, verbal aggression levels fell (p = .002). Their partners' violence levels also fell, verbal aggression levels fell (p = .004), and physical aggression levels fell (p = .032). In addition, participants reported increased knowledge levels (100%), improved attitudes (97.3%), improved behaviors (94.7%), and decreased unrealistic expectations of their children (69.3%). CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that professional preventive education specialists may now have an effective program to assist parents in managing their anger. Further research is encouraged. When parents participate in 6 weeks of skill building with well-trained professionals, positive changes in parenting and anger management are possible.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

The relationship between anger and depression in a clinical sample of young men: the role of insecure attachment.

BACKGROUND: Even though the relevance of insecure attachment in the etiology of dysfunctional anger is indicated by a number of findings, few studies have examined the relationship between anger and depression from the perspective of attachment theory. METHODS: Self-reported measures of trait anger, depression, and adult attachment style were simultaneously administered to 87 young men with clinically significant depressive symptoms. RESULTS: Higher levels of trait anger were associated with an insecure style of attachment. Such an association remained significant after controlling for the severity of depressive symptoms. In a multiple regression model, both a measure of anxious attachment and a measure of avoidant attachment emerged as independent predictors of trait anger. LIMITATIONS: The study was cross-sectional and the sample did not include women. CONCLUSIONS: Insecure attachment is a useful predictor of anger experience among patients with depressive symptoms.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Anger and hostility in maritally violent men: conceptual distinctions, measurement issues, and literature review.

Marital violence researchers have generally used the terms anger and hostility interchangeably. However, there are important differences between anger and hostility that may be vital to understanding the relationship between these constructs and marital violence. The present manuscript highlights the advantages of distinguishing between anger and hostility. In order to investigate the role of anger and hostility in marital violence, we provide a comprehensive review of 26 empirical studies in addition to critically examining researchers' definitions of anger and hostility and the methods of assessment utilized in this body of research. While many researchers have presented data suggesting that maritally violent men are higher in anger and hostility than maritally nonviolent men, the findings are not consistent and vary in accordance with the construct assessed and the assessment strategy used.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Hostility and anger expression in African American and European American men is associated with cardiovascular and lipid reactivity.

Physiological stress reactivity has been examined with respect to cynical hostility and anger expression, but primarily among Caucasians. Investigations of African Americans are far fewer and have focused only on the cardiovascular system. This study compared the relationships between hostility and anger expression on the one hand, and both cardiovascular and lipid reactivity on the other, among African Americans and European Americans. Forty-six men participated in a study examining cardiovascular and lipid reactivity to a speech stressor. African American men low in cynical hostility had greater blood pressure reactivity to the stressor; this effect appeared to be due primarily to low cynical men with high Anger In. Independent of ethnicity, those with a general tendency to either always express or always inhibit the expression of anger had higher triglyceride reactivity, relative to those with a more flexible style of anger expression. These results suggest that it is important to examine ethnicity in relationship to measures of hostility and anger expression, to uncover vulnerable individuals.

Adolescent↗