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PubMed1998

Correlation of alcohol intoxication with life-threatening assaults.

The number of violent crimes has increased substantially over the past decade with an associated increase in injury-related mortality. The influence of alcohol intoxication on accidents involving motor vehicles has been investigated extensively, but few studies have examined the influence of alcohol and drug intoxication on life-threatening assaults. This study examined the correlation of alcohol intoxication with life-threatening victimization by penetrating torso trauma. Retrospective evaluation of patients presenting with penetrating nonmissile anterior torso trauma to an urban Level 1 trauma center between January 1988 and December 1991 was performed. Serum ethanol levels and urine toxicology studies were assessed at initial presentation for all patients. Sixty-two patients with anterior abdominal stab wounds were evaluated, of which 51 (82%) were male. Ethnic distribution paralleled that of the surrounding community, with 50 (81%) African-American, 8 (13%) Latino, and 4 (6%) white patients. The mean age was 32 years. Fifty-two (84%) patients tested positive for alcohol, with 39 (63%) having serum levels of ethanol above the legal intoxication limit. Twelve (19%) patients tested positive for cocaine on urine toxicology screen. Polysubstance use was evident in 10 (16%) patients with positive test results for both alcohol and cocaine. These data demonstrate a strong correlation between alcohol use and life-threatening assaults.

Abdominal Injuries↗
PubMed1993

[The dynamic hematological indices in alcoholic intoxication in relation to the ecological situation].

Comparative investigations of conventional male rat red blood with modelling of chronic alcohol-toxic influence of different types were carried out. Even a short alcohol intoxication developing against the background of ecologically unfavourable factors of the environment was shown to cause rapid development of decompensation of the blood system protective mechanisms. In these cases hematologic picture resembled that after long and hard alcohol abuse.

Alcoholic Intoxication↗
PubMed1989

Bedside diagnosis of alcohol intoxication with a pocket-size breath-alcohol device: sampling from unconscious subjects and specificity for ethanol.

We describe a novel mouth-cup device for sampling breath from unconscious subjects and analysis with a hand-held breath-alcohol instrument, the "Alcolmeter SD-2." This equipment was evaluated in healthy volunteers after they drank a moderate dose of alcohol. Three kinds of breath were analyzed: (a) end-expired air from a conventional mouth-tube, (b) breath sampled from the mouth-cup, and (c) air from a nasal tube supplied with the breath analyzer. The ethanol concentration in breath from the mouth-cup was slightly less than in end-expired air but significantly greater than in nasal air. Results with mouth-tube and mouth-cup correlated highly with blood-ethanol concentration as determined by gas chromatography; nasal-tube air correlated less well. The Alcolmeter responded not only to ethanol but also to methanol, 1-propanol, and 2-propanol, whereas ethylene glycol gave no response. The time-response curve for methanol was different, and this might permit differential diagnosis of methanol poisoning.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Fetal associative learning mediated through maternal alcohol intoxication.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the present study was to analyze whether alcohol as an unconditioned stimulus is capable of supporting associative learning in near-term fetuses. METHODS: In experiment 1, we determined pharmacokinetic profiles of alcohol and of an aromatic substance (cineole) in amniotic fluid and maternal blood during late gestation. The results obtained through gas chromatographic analysis allowed a second experiment in which we explicitly paired peak levels of cineole with peak levels of alcohol in amniotic fluid and blood, by intragastrically administering cineole and ethanol to the dams during gestational days 17 through 20 (paired condition). Control groups were dams given cineole 4 hr before commencement of an acute state of alcohol intoxication (long-delay group) or were only exposed to water administrations (water control group). The progeny were evaluated during postnatal day 16 in terms of behavioral responsiveness to intraorally infused solutions (cineole or alcohol presented in milk vehicle, or milk alone). RESULTS: Mouthing responsiveness to cineole was strongly affected by the nature of prenatal treatments. Pups in the paired prenatal condition mouthed significantly less than did long-delay and water controls. Physical and behavioral measures allowed us to reject the possibility that these effects were due to teratogenic effects of alcohol during late gestation. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that before birth, rat fetuses are capable of acquiring associative memories supported by the unconditioned properties of alcohol. This associative memory can be expressed during infancy through a significant reduction in mouth movements in the presence of the specific orosensory cue explicitly paired with alcohol interoceptive effects in utero.

Alcoholic Intoxication↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Activity of the microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system of the rat liver in acute and chronic alcohol intoxication].

Activity of the microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system (MEOS) was increased in rat liver tissue after acute and chronic alcohol intoxication of the animals with 40% solution of ethanol at a dose of 0.7 ml/100 g. The most distinct activation of MEOS (per 1 mg of protein and per 1 g of liver tissue) was observed in animals treated with ethanol three times weekly during 3 and 6 months.

Alcoholic Intoxication↗
PubMed1985

[Quantitative informational estimation of the degree of liver damage on a model of chronic alcoholic intoxication].

In the rat liver at a chronic alcoholic intoxication produced with various doses of ethanol, a double phased picture of informational characteristics has been revealed in the cellular nuclei under a linear increase of the dose. An analysis of corresponding distribution of the hepatocytic nuclei has been performed according to their size and informational characteristics. On this base, the limiting dose of ethanol is estimated for development of the hepatic alcoholic lesion.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed1992

[Contents of aldosterone and electrolytes in blood plasma and the myocardium of rats after single physical exertion during acute alcoholic intoxication].

It was proved in experiments with male Wistar rats that acute alcohol intoxication caused significant changes in electrolytes balance in blood plasma and myocardium remaining for a long time after ethanol injection. SPL test makes it possible to reveal inadequate reaction of blood plasma aldosterone in alcohol injected rats. This fact may be considered as the fact of involving extracardiac component of compensation of myocardial functional insufficiency conditioned mainly by electrolyte unbalance. The tolerance to physical loading is significantly higher in alcohol injected rats than in intact animals.

Alcoholic Intoxication↗
PubMed1989

[Effects of intrauterine alcohol intoxication on the function of the central nervous system in the progeny].

Behavior of mature rats, who had been exposed antenatally to intrauterine alcoholic intoxication, was studied in the open field settings, unavoidable swimming and Simonov's emotional resonance situations; their conditioned reflexes of passive and active avoidance were trained, arterial blood pressure was measured, and sleeping patterns examined. It was demonstrated that animals' orientation/exploration activity was reduced, while passive behavior and fear-associated emotions became more prominent, conditioned reflexes were more difficult to form, vegetative autoregulation was disturbed, and insomniac disturbances were in evidence as a result of intrauterine alcoholic intoxication. It is suggested that the above-listed disorders are rooted in hypoxic cerebral changes, induced by pathogenic effects of alcohol on the embryonal and fetal central nervous system.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

[Circadian correlations of criminal behavior with reference to simultaneous alcoholic intoxication].

In order to study the correlation between criminal acts and time of day we analyzed reports of the Federal Police Department in Salzburg covering 2 months as well as our own psychiatric expert-opinions in case of robbery and homicide. Offences against property have the same day-time rhythm as does regular labour. Alcoholic intoxication hardly occurs with offences against property, although the activity of burglars goes over into the early hours of night. Aggressive offences are commonly accompanied by alcoholic intoxication, they are mainly observed at night. Lesser aggressive offences such as maltreatment or fighting generally occur during the late afternoon until midnight. Whereas aggressive offences of alcoholized persist throughout later hours of the night. The delinquency of robbery and homicide continues into the early hours of the morning. In cases of homicide there are differences concerning the individual conflict-situation. Homicides in connection with family tragedies or partnership conflicts usually occur during the afternoon or the early evening and show just a minor connection with alcoholization. Homicides in the course of primitive conflicts appear highly correlated to alcoholization and to the night hours. In cases of homicide of mental-patients there is no general connection with alcoholization or can there be seen a day-time correlation.

Alcoholic Intoxication↗
PubMed1998

Chronic alcohol intoxication attenuates human immunodeficiency virus-1 glycoprotein 120-induced superoxide anion release by isolated Kupffer cells.

This work tests the hypothesis that chronic alcohol intoxication suppresses the microbicidal activity of Kupffer cells by modulating the expression of cell surface receptors associated with respiratory burst and the release of potent microbicidal agents [i.e., reactive oxygen species (ROS)]. Because alcohol is also a potential risk factor in human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection, this study examines the effect of HIV-1 glycoprotein 120 (gp120)-induced ROS release by isolated Kupffer cells. After 16 weeks of ethanol feeding, Kupffer cells from male Sprague-Dawley rats were isolated and assayed for HIV-1 gp120-induced superoxide release. Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-HIV-1 gp120 binding, NADPH oxidase, and protein kinase C activity in Kupffer cells were measured. Results show that HIV-1 gp120 induced the release of superoxide anion in a dose-dependent manner in normal rats. Mannosylated-bovine serum albumin inhibited FITC-HIV-1 gp120-mediated superoxide release in normal Kupffer cells by 85%. Moreover, 83 +/- 6% of Kupffer cells were FITC-HIV 1 gp120-positive, whereas <30% were CD4-positive. In alcohol-fed rats, HIV-1 gp120-induced ROS release was reduced by 70% and FITC-HIV-1 gp120 binding (in terms of fluorescence intensity per 10[6] Kupffer cells) by 44% in Kupffer cells, without any change in percent positive cells for this ligand. Concomitantly, HIV-1 gp120-induced translocation of NADPH oxidase to the plasma membranes of Kupffer cells in alcohol-fed rats was suppressed by 60%. In contrast, alcohol consumption significantly increased total protein kinase C activity and phorbol ester-induced superoxide release by Kupffer cells. These studies demonstrate that Kupffer cells are likely targets of HIV-1 whose binding sites on macrophages could also include mannose-specific receptors. These observations further suggest that suppression of HIV-1 gp120-mediated ROS production in chronic alcoholics is due to altered cell surface receptor expression for gp120, and defective postreceptor signaling mechanisms, which in turn could lead to attenuated microbicidal activity of hepatic macrophages.

Alcoholic Intoxication↗
PubMed1990

Alcohol intoxication and psychosocial problems among children.

A drunken child is a common sight in the streets during weekends in Finland. An early episode of drunkenness may be an early sign of a serious tendency, or it may be an isolated incident. In this study 300 alcohol intoxications treated in hospital were examined. The underlying risk factors of the patients, their motives for drinking and their symptoms and signs were recorded. Underlying family problems were usual; in 45% of the cases the family was broken, in 36% the family had visited child guidance clinics, and in 31% of the families one parent was an alcoholic. The lower the mother's social group was, the higher the frequency of alcohol intoxication. Previous intoxications were reported in 9% of the cases. Most of the children's intoxications were experimental (49%); suicidal cases amounted to 8% and cases in which the child had been forced to drink amounted to 6%, and the rest of the patients belonged to the problem group and the mixed-motives group.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Endorphin levels in human cerebrospinal fluid during alcohol intoxication and withdrawal.

Levels of endorphins were determined in CSF from alcoholics while intoxicated or after 1 day, 1 week, and 3 weeks of abstinence, respectively, and from healthy volunteers. The level of endorphins was determined by a radioreceptor assay and two fractions were analyzed. With fraction 1, there were no significant differences between the groups, but the level was negatively correlated with the blood-alcohol level. The mean level of endorphin fraction 2 during the early withdrawal phase was significantly lower than those of the other groups. With respect to clinical conditions and monoamine metabolites, fraction 2 in early withdrawal correlated significantly to duration of abuse and age. During late withdrawal, fraction 1 level correlated to depressive symptoms and, after 3 weeks of abstinence, fraction 2 correlated to MOPEG levels. This study suggests that endorphin systems are affected during alcohol intoxication and withdrawal in alcoholics.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The morphofunctional changes in human adrenals in death from acute alcoholic intoxication].

Delipidation of the adrenal cortex in acute alcohol intoxication often presents as complete "washing" of sudanophilic and birefringent lipids (cholesterol and its esters) from the reticular and bundle zones. The interface between cortical sites devoid of and containing lipids is clearly seen as a relatively smooth horizontal line. Accumulations of phospholipid granules are seen in the protoplasm of "dark" adrenocorticocytes; the number of these granules is in inverse proportion to the content of cholesterol and its esters in the cell. In parallel with this, ascorbic acid granules in the cortical cells notably decrease.

Acute Disease↗