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PubMed2005

Adoption age effects on english language acquisition: infants and toddlers from China.

Children adopted from China represent the single largest group of internationally adopted children in this country. Because the adoptive families typically do not speak any Chinese language or dialect, most of these children experience an abrupt shift in their language environment. How age of adoption affects the course of English language development of children adopted from China is the focus of this study. All of the children in this study were either infants or toddlers at the time of adoption and all came from the same orphanage. The results showed that the older children (toddlers) were at both an advantage and a disadvantage when it came to English language development. The advantage of being older was that they learned faster. The disadvantage of being older was that there was more for them to learn to become age-appropriate in their English language development. There was, however, no evidence to suggest that the language switch from a Chinese- to an English-language environment was a formidable obstacle for either the infants or the toddlers.

Adoption↗
PubMed1999

Effects of adoptive status on evaluations of children.

The authors examined whether being adopted or semi-adopted (born of artificial insemination with donor sperm and genetically linked to the mother but not to the social father) is a stigmatizing attribute affecting evaluations made of a child, and whether the gender of the rater moderates the effects of adoptive status on evaluations of children. Participants included 129 undergraduate students from the United States who were presented with written scenarios describing a child's adoptive status. They were asked to evaluate the child on a number of attributes. Results showed that adoptive status did not affect evaluations of children, although rater gender moderated the effects of adoptive status.

Adoption↗
PubMed1991

Pathogenic factors in the experience of early and late adopted children.

This study examines factors contributing to the difficulties of 20 adopted children, including their common posture of rejection toward their adoptive parents and interest in reunification with biological parents. The children adopted at or near birth used the fantasy of reunion as a reparative substitute for an intense but ambivalent relationship with adoptive parents, while children adopted after 2 years were less intimately connected with their adoptive parents. A disturbance in the relationship with the parenting figures with whom these children spent their earliest years appeared to be the most unique factor in determining this later course of events.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Adoption in the age of reproductive technology.

The choice of adoption over genetic parenthood was investigated in 105 women retrospectively by questionnaire. Participants were divided into four groups: female/male subfertility; female subfertility; male subfertility; and female/male fertility. Half the sample (59/105) answered the question about the importance of a genetic link. Women who failed to adopt thought a genetic link was important, as did those who were less likely to disclose alternative reproductive conceptions to their child. First thoughts following diagnosis were more focused and actions more centered on adoption in the female/male subfertile group compared to the other groups. Communication of the child's origins was least prevalent in the female/male subfertile group, followed by the male subfertile group, although all groups would disclose adoption. The choice of adoption was determined by a number of factors, not all associated with infertility resolution. Although it is unlikely that resolution to infertility can be achieved in any population attempting to overcome infertility, the cognitive dissonance identified in this population is likely to be generalizable to those choosing other options to overcome infertility. Cultural and counselling acknowledgement of postmodern family theory principles is likely to ease cognitive consistency regarding the status of adoptive familyhood, and dispel the importance of reproductive options emphasizing a genetic link.

Adoption↗
PubMed1988

'Secrecy': what can artificial reproduction learn from adoption?

Frequent comparisons are made between adoptive families and those families formed through artificial means of reproduction, particularly those involving sperm and egg donation. It is claimed that problems from the latter arising out of the extent of the child's knowledge of his/her parentage may be handled with reference to the solutions found within adoption to similar problems. This paper examines those claims and questions the initial premise. It argues that problems remain within British adoption on the issue of openness, at the level of legislation, administration and professional practice. It argues that problems remain because of an uneasiness which still persists about adoption as an institution. Moves to make the practice of adoption more open have, in effect, disguised but not eliminated the uneasiness. An attempt to extend those 'solutions' to artificial reproduction might (a) suggest similar ambivalence about those practices and (b) lead to claims which again disguise rather than solve those ambiguities. The paper concludes therefore that adoption might be a useful precedent for artificial reproduction but more in the way it poses questions which remain to be answered, than as a source of solutions for direct application.

Adoption↗
PubMed1987

Genetic and psychosocial factors in schizophrenia: the Finnish Adoptive Family Study.

A nationwide Finnish sample of schizophrenic mothers' offspring given up for adoption was compared blindly with matched controls (i.e., adopted-away offspring of nonschizophrenic biological parents). The offspring were born 1927-79. To date, a total of 247 adoptive families (112 index and 135 controls) have been investigated and rated. Of the 10 psychotic cases, 8 are offspring of schizophrenics and 2 are control offspring. However, no seriously disturbed offspring is found in a healthy or mildly disturbed adoptive family, and of those offspring who were psychotic or seriously disturbed, nearly all were reared in disturbed adoptive families. This supports the hypothesis that a possible genetic vulnerability has interacted with the adoptive rearing environment.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Survival, persistence, and progressive differentiation of adoptively transferred tumor-reactive T cells associated with tumor regression.

Objective clinical responses have been observed in approximately 50% of patients who received non-myeloablative chemotherapy prior to the adoptive transfer of autologous melanoma-reactive tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). Recent studies carried out through the use of antibodies directed against T-cell-receptor beta chain variable region (TRBV) products, as well as by direct sequencing of the expressed TRBV gene products, indicated that clinical responses in this trial were associated with the level of persistence of adoptively transferred T cells. In an attempt to further characterize T cells that persist in vivo following adoptive transfer, five dominant T-cell clonotypes were identified in TIL 2035, an adoptively transferred TIL that was associated with the complete regression of multiple metastases. The most highly persistent clonotype, which expressed the BV1 TR gene product, recognized the MAGE-6 cancer/testis antigen in the context of HLA-A23. This clonotype was detected in peripheral blood for over 16 months following adoptive transfer, expressed relatively higher levels of the co-stimulatory markers CD28 and CD27, and possessed telomeres that were long relative to other clonotypes present in TIL 2035 that showed only short-term persistence. The long-term persistent BV1 clonotype appeared to differentiate more slowly toward an end-stage effector in vivo than short-term persistent clonotypes, as manifested by the downregulation of CD28, CD27, and CD45RO and upregulation of CD57 and CD45RA expression on these T cells. These results indicated that the differentiation stage and replicative history of individual TIL clonotypes might be associated with their ability to survive and to persist in vivo, and progressive differentiation of the persistent clonotypes occurred following adoptive transfer.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Patterns of psychiatric disorder in adopted girls: a research note.

Over a 15-year period adopted children were overrepresented in a psychiatric clinic population. The excess was seen in all age groups and there was no rise of referrals of adoptees during adolescence. Adopted boys showed the same range of disorder as all referred boys. Adopted girls were more likely than other girls to have conduct disorders. Those with conduct disorders were more likely than non-adopted girls with the same disorder to be taken into care and to be given inpatient treatment. Differences in family structure and relationships were found both between conduct disordered girls of different adoptive status and between adopted girls with conduct and other disorders.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

The effects of the sealed record in adoption.

The authors found that 40 of 50 adult adoptees who had reunions with their birth parents found the experience satisfying. Only 10% of the birth parents reacted adversely, although negative response were somewhat more common among the adoptive parents. These findings confirm the author's belief that adoption practices, which in all but 4 states include permanent sealing of birth records, should be changed to recognize the life-long nature of adoption. Their recommendations include opening the records for adult adoptees, creation of agencies to be available to provide assistance and counseling for all involved (adoptees, their adoptive parents, and birth parents), and consideration of new adoption methods that would not require biological parents to forever relinquish their child and all knowledge of him/her at adoption.

Adoption↗
PubMed1997

Gene-environment interaction in vulnerability to schizophrenia: findings from the Finnish Adoptive Family Study of Schizophrenia.

OBJECTIVE: This study assessed the interaction of genetic risk and rearing-family risk as a subsyndromal test measure of schizophrenic thought disorder in adoptees. METHOD: A group of 58 adoptees with schizophrenic biological mothers was compared with 96 comparison adoptees at ordinary genetic risk; putative adoptee vulnerability was assessed blindly and reliably by using the Rorschach Index of Primitive Thought. Environmental risk was measured by using frequency of communication deviance as a continuous variable, scored independently from Rorschach assessments of the adoptive parents. RESULTS: High genetic risk in itself was not associated with greater vulnerability to schizophrenic thought disorder in the adoptees, as indicated by the Index of Primitive Thought. Also, greater communication deviance in the adoptive parents was not associated with greater thought disorder in the comparison adoptees. However, there was a highly significant gene-environment interaction. Among the offspring of the adoptive parents with high levels of communication deviance, a higher proportion of high-risk than comparison adoptees showed evidence of thought disorder. In contrast, among the offspring of adoptive parents with low communication deviance, a lower proportion of high-risk than comparison adoptees showed evidence of thought disorder. The distribution of communication deviance scores did not differ significantly between the adoptive parents of high-risk offspring and the adoptive parents of comparison offspring. CONCLUSIONS: The findings are consistent with genetic control of sensitivity to the environment. There is no evidence that high genetic risk of schizophrenia among offspring is associated with high levels of communication problems in rearing parents.

Adoption↗
PubMed1997

A birth father and adoption in the perinatal setting.

The role of the birth father in adoption is debated by lawyers, adoption professionals, and members of the adoption triad. At issue is how best to involve the birth father in the adoption plan while respecting the feelings of the birth mother, prospective adoptive couple, and rights of the child. This article examines emotional, legal and practice issues related to a birth father in adoption and implications for the perinatal social worker.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Adoptive transfer of diabetes into immunodeficient NOD-scid/scid mice. Relative contributions of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells from diabetic versus prediabetic NOD.NON-Thy-1a donors.

Precise definition of the role of both CD4 and CD8 T-cell subsets from NOD mice in the adoptive transfer of diabetes has been complicated by the possibility that endogenous T-cells may be recruited. Two newly created NOD congenic stocks, NOD.NON-Thy-1a and NOD/LtSz-scid, have been used as T-cell donors and recipients, respectively, to eliminate contributions from endogenous T-cells and thus to define the requirement for transferred T-cell subsets as a function of underlying diabetes development in the NOD donor. Total T-cells and T-cell subsets prepared from either prediabetic or diabetic NOD.NON-Thy-1a donors were adoptively transferred into 6-wk-old NOD-scid/scid recipients that were monitored for diabetes development. Both flow cytometric and histological analysis of recipient spleen and pancreas after adoptive transfer showed lymphocytes of donor (Thy1.1+) origin exclusively. Total T-cell and enriched CD4+ T-cell preparations from both diabetic and young prediabetic donors transferred diabetes to NOD-scid/scid recipients. However, the mean time to diabetes onset was doubled when CD4+ lymphocytes were isolated from prediabetic versus diabetic donors, and these transfers were complicated by the generation of small but significant numbers of CD8+ cells over time. Enriched CD8+ populations alone were unable to transfer disease. More rigorous exclusion of CD8+ cells by means of anti-CD8 MoAb treatment in vivo of the recipients of enriched CD4+ cells demonstrated a significant difference in the diabetogenic potency of CD4+ lymphocytes from diabetic versus nondiabetic donors. Diabetes was adoptively transferred to 58% of the recipients of enriched CD4+ lymphocytes from diabetic donors. In contrast, none of the recipients of enriched CD4+ lymphocytes from young prediabetic donors developed diabetes after MoAb treatment in vivo. The ability of a T-cell population to produce severe insulitis and sialitis in NOD-scid/scid recipients of T-cells closely paralleled its ability to induce diabetes. In an effort to suppress insulitis by suppression of macrophage migration to the islets, NOD-scid/scid mice were treated with silica in conjunction with adoptive transfer of T-cells from diabetic donors. Chronic silica treatment failed to deplete tissue macrophages and did not prevent diabetes development after transfer of unfractionated T-cells. Evidence is discussed indicating that the age-associated differences in ability of CD4+ T-cells to adoptively transfer diabetes in the absence of the CD8+ T-cells subset is a function of prior, chronic exposure of the CD4+ lymphocytes to beta-cell antigens in the donor.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Nursing the adopted infant.

BACKGROUND: Breast feeding is commonly accepted as the preferred method of infant nutrition for various reasons, both nutritional and emotional. For some who have become parents by adoption, there is a strong desire to induce lactation for adoptive nursing. METHODS: Information regarding adoptive nursing was initially obtained for the author's personal experience from searching the internet and speaking with other adoptive mothers. The medical literature was also searched through OVID/MEDLINE using pertinent terms, including induced lactation, adoptive nursing, domperidone, and metoclopramide. RESULTS: Use of physiologic and pharmacologic methods can help an adoptive mother bring in a milk supply. The quantity may not be sufficient to entirely meet an infant's nutritional needs. However, for many the emotional benefits remain. There is some controversy surrounding the use of domperidone and metoclopramide for induced lactation. Herbals such as fenugreek have not been researched. Physicians can help their patients understand the current tools available to assist them with this unique endeavor.

Adoption↗
PubMed1996

Unique issues of the adopted child: helping parents talk openly and honestly with their child and the community.

1. Due to the psychological impact of losses associated with adoption, adopted children are at risk for developing adjustment problems. Children raised in families that are comfortable talking about adoption are more likely to be emotionally healthy. 2. The child's perception and understanding of adoption changes as the child develops and matures. 3. Health care professionals can teach parents about typical concerns related to adoption and ways to provide information and support consistent with the child's emotional maturity and learning ability. 4. Parents can also learn strategies to counter critical social attitudes and promote a more positive view of adoption.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Protection against murine cytomegalovirus retinitis by adoptive transfer of virus-specific CD8+ T cells.

PURPOSE: Human cytomegalovirus retinitis, the most common ophthalmic infection of AIDS patients, has been modeled in BALB/c mice infected with murine cytomegalovirus by the supraciliary route. A series of depletion and adoptive transfer studies was performed to determine whether adoptive transfer of T cells protects mice from retinitis caused by murine cytomegalovirus infection after supraciliary inoculation and to determine which subset of T cells is responsible for protection. METHODS: BALB/c mice were thymectomized and T cell-depleted by injection of monoclonal antibodies to CD4, CD8, or both. Murine cytomegalovirus (9 x 10(2) plaque forming units [pfu]) was injected into the supraciliary space. Experimental animals received murine cytomegalovirus-specific T cells or subsets of T cells 2 hours before virus injection, whereas control animals received herpes simplex virus type 1-specific T cells by tail vein injection. Eight days after virus injection, retinal pathology was scored by histopathologic examination of hematoxylin and eosin-stained ocular sections. RESULTS: CD8+ T cell depletion was sufficient for development of retinitis after supraciliary injection of murine cytomegalovirus. Adoptive transfer of murine cytomegalovirus-specific T cells, but not herpes simplex virus type 1-specific T cells, provided protection from retinitis. Additionally, separation of the murine cytomegalovirus-specific T cells into CD8+ and CD4+ subsets before adoptive transfer showed that the CD8+ fraction of the adoptive T cells was responsible for protection. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that adoptive transfer of cytomegalovirus-specific T cells or T cell subsets might be used to treat or prevent cytomegalovirus retinitis in immunosuppressed human patients.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Little orphan Anastasia. The analysis of an adopted Russian girl.

It is becoming commonplace for analysts to hear about or encounter in their clinical work adopted children from Korea, China, Eastern Europe, or Russia. There is wide variation in the orphanage experience from one area to another and also in the manner in which the transitional phase from orphanage to adoptive parents is carried out. Not surprisingly, the experience of being an orphan carries with it lifelong implications and repercussions, particularly in the area of self/object relations. Some of the problems of being an orphan are obvious at the time of adoption. Others unfold only in the course of subsequent development. We are increasingly called upon to assist adoptive families whose children are struggling amid much pain and confusion with the aftermath of the threefold experience of becoming an orphan, being raised in an orphanage, and joining a family of another culture. This essay describes in some detail the infancy and early childhood of "Little Orphan Anastasia" as she picks through the emotional rubble of her infancy and samples the embarrassment of rich nurture in her current life with her adoptive parents, the Carters. This is followed by a description of the opening phase of her analysis, in which I sketch some of her attempts to fashion an adapted identity that is more congruent with her life before and after her adoption.

Adoption↗
PubMed2001

Six adoptees who murdered: neuropsychiatric vulnerabilities and characteristics of biological and adoptive parents.

This article is the first to document the perinatal trauma and neuropsychiatric impairment of a sequential sample of male adoptees who committed murder. It also is the first to report objectively verifiable psychopathology and violence in their biological and adoptive parents. It explores the interaction of these variables in the genesis of violence. Subjects were six adopted murderers on whom data regarding biological and adoptive parents could be obtained. In all six cases, central nervous system (CNS) development was compromised in utero or perinatally. In adolescence and/or young adulthood, three met DSM-IV criteria for Bipolar Mood Disorder, one for Schizophrenia, and two for Schizoaffective Disorder. All subjects had at least one psychotic biological parent. In five cases, subjects were adopted into psychotic or violent households. There was no evidence of a specific "bad seed" for violence. Adoptees' intrinsic vulnerabilities to psychoses and to the impulsiveness and emotional lability often associated with early brain trauma, coupled with maltreatment, predisposed them to homicidal violence. As such, these subjects were similar to other extraordinarily violent, nonadopted, offenders. Conscious feelings regarding adoption did not contribute to the subjects' homicidal rages, so much as did conscious rage toward abusive, rejecting adoptive families.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

[Foreign adopted children growth follow-up].

For twenty years, Western Europe has taken part in a substantial development of international adoption. A consequent risk of precocious puberty affects little girls following such adoption. This diagnosis is still often unrecognized or passed off as a problem from the country of origin. It is important however not to delay treatment so as not compromise the final height. The start of puberty depends heavily on weight. Weight gain provokes the secretion of leptine, the latter increasing the frequence of GnRH peaks. Hence the radical change in diet which often experienced by the little girls adopted from developing countries and placed in rich countries, can provoke the onset of puberty. It is therefore necessary to follow very closely the height and weight curves of children adopted from overseas, particularly during the first year following adoption. The risk is as great as the need for an improved diet itself. Girls aged from three to nine at the time of their adoption comprise the group most susceptible to this disease. It is advised to have an X-ray taken upon their arrival to ascertain the age of the bones, allowing follow-up care in the case of a too rapid acceleration in growth. The treatment is the same for all central precocious puberty.

Adoption↗