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PubMed1985

Gaucher disease: comparative study of acid phosphatase and glucocerebrosidase in normal and type-1 Gaucher tissues.

Acid phosphatase activity was determined in serum, cultured fibroblasts, and peripheral blood lymphocytes of six splenectomized adult patients with non-neuropathic Gaucher disease in two Canadian families. Elevated levels of serum acid phosphatase activity (520-711% of normal) were found in four patients who also developed orthopedic complications associated with Gaucher disease, including intermittent bone pain, arthritis, collapse of femoral head, and pathological fractures. Serum acid phosphatase activity in two patients who do not have bone involvement were found to be within the normal range. Contrary to the serum enzyme, acid phosphatase activity in lymphocytes and cultured fibroblasts of all of the patients was within the normal range. Deficient glucocerebrosidase (7.5-15.5% of normal) and acid beta-glucosidase (13.8-27.8% of normal) activities were noted in all probands. Similarly, normal levels of fibroblast and lymphocyte acid phosphatase activity were found in Gaucher heterozygotes whose glucocerebrosidase activity was about 50% of normal. Acid polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and acid phosphatase activity staining of the patients' sera showed that the elevated acid phosphatase is isozyme type 5 osteoclastic origin. The apparent Michaelis constant, Km, of fibroblast glucocerebrosidase for the natural substrate was 0.6 +/- 0.1 mM for controls and 0.6 +/- 0.2 mM for the patients. These data suggest that the assay of serum acid phosphatase activity for the presumptive diagnosis of Gaucher disease is not completely reliable and that the elevated level of serum acid phosphatase in Gaucher disease is most likely a secondary phenomenon which may be indicative of bone involvement in some patients with this disorder. It also demonstrates the clinical heterogeneity of type 1 Gaucher disease, even among full sibs of the same heterozygous parents.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed1975

Human liver acid phosphatases.

Human liver contains three chromatographically distinct forms of non-specific acid phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.2). Acid phosphatases I, II and III have molecular weights of greater than 200 000, of 107 000, and of 13 400, respectively. Following partial purification, isoenzyme II was obtained as a single activity band, as assessed by activity staining with p-nitrophenyl phosphate and alpha-naphthyl phosphate on polyacrylamide gels run at several pH values. With 50mM p-nitrophenyl phosphate as a substrate, enzymes II and III exhibit plateaus of activity over the pH range 3 - 5 and 3.5 - 6, respectively. Acid phosphatase II is not significantly inhibited by 0.5% formaldehyde. The activity of human liver acid phosphatase II and of human prostatic acid phosphatase towards several substrates is compared. The liver enzyme, is marked contrast to the prostatic enzyme, does not hydrolyze O-phosphoryl choline.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed1989

Activation of rat liver cytosolic phosphatidic acid phosphatase by nucleoside diphosphates.

Phosphatidic acid phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.4) was purified 30-fold by ammonium sulfate fractionation and hydroxyapatite chromatography from the soluble fraction of rat liver. ADP was found to stimulate the enzyme activity with half-maximal stimulation at 0.2 mM. Similar effects were seen when ADP was replaced by GDP or CDP. In contrast, ATP inhibited the enzyme; half-maximal inhibition observed at 0.2 mM. Again, the degree of inhibition did not differ when GTP or CTP replaced ATP. Thus, the structure of the base part of the nucleotide was not critical for mediating these effects. The positions of the phosphate groups in the nucleotide structure were however found to be of importance for the enzyme activity. Variations in the structure of the phosphate ester bound at the 5'-position had a pronounced effect on phosphatidic acid phosphatase activity. The effect of nucleotides depended on pH, and the inhibition by ATP was more pronounced at pH levels lower than 7.0, whereas the stimulatory effect of ADP was virtually the same from pH 6.0 to pH 8.0. The enzyme showed substrate saturation kinetics with respect to phosphatidic acid, with an apparent Km of 0.7 mM. Km increased in the presence of ATP, whereas both apparent Vmax and Km increased in the presence of ADP, suggesting different mechanisms for the action of the two types of nucleotides. The results indicated that physiological levels of nucleotides with a diphosphate or a triphosphate ester bound at the 5'-position of the ribose moiety influenced the activity of phosphatidic acid phosphatase. The possibility is discussed that these effects might be of importance for the regulation of triacylglycerol biosynthesis.

Adenosine Diphosphate↗
PubMed1985

Immunological characterization of human acid phosphatase gene products.

The immunological cross-reactivity of heterogeneous acid phosphatase isozymes from different human tissues has been studied using monospecific antisera prepared against four homogeneous acid phosphatases. The enzyme characterized as tartrate-inhibitable, prostatic acid phosphatase is also found to be present in leukocytes, kidney, spleen, and placenta. The tartrate-inhibitable (liver) lysosomal enzyme is also found in kidney, fibroblasts, brain, placenta, and spleen, but it is not detectable in erythrocytes and prostate. In several tissues, 10-20% of the tartrate-inhibitable enzyme is not precipitated by any of the antisera used; an exceptionally high amount (54%) of such an enzyme is present in human brain. Antiserum against a low molecular weight tartrate-resistant liver enzyme (14 kDa) does not crossreact with the erythrocyte enzyme. (10-20 kDa). All other tissues except placenta, prostate, and fibroblast cells show a cross-reactivity with the 14-kDa acid phosphatase antiserum. Thus, the low molecular weight human liver acid phosphatase is distinct from the erythrocyte enzyme, and there are also at least three different tartrate-inhibitable acid phosphatases in human tissues. Chromosomal assignments have been made for only two of the (at least) five acid phosphatases that are present in adult human tissues.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed1969

Heterogeneity of liver acid phosphatases in developing chick embryo.

1. The development, localization and heterogeneity of acid phosphatase and a Zn(2+)-activated acid phosphatase in cellular fractions of developing chick liver were studied. 2. Acid phosphatase is distributed abundantly in the particulate and soluble fractions. The soluble fraction is rich in Zn(2+)-activated acid phosphatase, which attains its peak activity at about 15 days of incubation. 3. The particulate acid phosphatase activity is inhibited by fluoride but not by sodium l(+)-tartrate or cysteine. On the other hand, the soluble Zn(2+)-activated acid phosphatase activity is inhibited by sodium l(+)-tartrate and cysteine but not by fluoride. 4. The pH optimum of these two enzymes is similar at about 5.6. 5. The soluble Zn(2+)-activated acid phosphatase activity appears to be thermally stabilized by the treatment with Triton X-100 or bovine serum albumin.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed1986

Purification and characterization of purple acid phosphatase from rat bone.

An acid phosphatase, which was immunochemically identical to splenic purple acid phosphatase, was purified to homogeneity from rat bone. The enzyme was a two iron-containing monomeric glycoprotein with a mol. wt of 36,000. The enzyme hydrolyzed aryl phosphates, nucleoside di- and triphosphates, thiamine pyrophosphate, phosphoenolpyruvic acid and acidic phosphoproteins. The enzyme was inhibited by ammonium molybdate, NaF and CuSO4 but not by tartrate and SH-reagents.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed1978

Counter immunoelectrophoresis for detection of human prostatic acid phosphatase.

An immunochemical method for detection of prostatic acid phosphatase is described. Acid phosphatase was obtained from benign human prostatic tissue. A specific antiserum to this enzyme was produced in rabbits. A counter immunoelectrophoretic method utilizing the specific antiserum with a chemical staining technique has been developed. Clinical trials have indicated the usefulness of this method for the specific determination of prostatic acid phosphatase.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed1994

Purple acid phosphatase of the human macrophage and osteoclast. Characterization, molecular properties, and crystallization of the recombinant di-iron-oxo protein secreted by baculovirus-infected insect cells.

The purple phosphatases catalyze hydrolysis of phosphate esters (optimum pH approximately 5) and are resistant to inhibition by dextro-rotatory tartrate; their distinctive color is due to Fe(III)-phenolate charge-transfer transitions at their active site. Expression of human purple phosphatase, designated type 5 acid phosphatase, is restricted to osteoclasts and other activated cells of monohistiocytic lineage, but its biological rôle in relation to bone resorption and phagocytosis is unknown. To characterize this enzyme further, we have engineered the human type 5 acid phosphatase into a baculovirus vector expression system that enabled milligram quantities of purple protein to be purified from medium containing Sf9 host cells. The phosphatase cDNA was transcribed as a single RNA species of 1.5 kilobases as in human tissues. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase activity reacting with uteroferrin antisera appeared in the culture medium, from which up to 8 mg/liter was purified by two-step cation-exchange chromatography at pH 8.0. Two isoforms of approximately 36 kDa were identified by SDS-polyacrylamide electrophoresis and were converted to a single species of apparent molecular size 34 kDa upon treatment with N-glycosidase F, indicating secreted glycoforms of a single polypeptide. Mass spectroscopy showed that the mean molecular mass of the active, secreted glycoprotein was 35849 Da. The recombinant enzyme (specific activity, 190 mumol p-nitrophenol/min/mg at 37 degrees C) contained 2 iron atoms/molecule and formed purple, monoclinic crystals. Exposure to the ferric chelator, 1,2-dimethyl-3-hydroxypyrid-4-one, rapidly inactivated the enzyme, which was not inhibited by alpha, alpha'-bipyridyl, a ferrous chelator. That ferric iron is essential for enzymatic catalysis, was further indicated by the synergistic effects of the reductant, dithiothreitol, and bipyridyl on phosphatase activity. The recombinant purple phosphatase catalyzed the peroxidation of 5-aminophthalhydrazide (luminol), as evidenced by the induction of chemiluminescence; this reaction was inhibited by alpha, alpha'-bipyridyl at concentrations that did not inhibit phosphatase activity. The divalent iron moiety of human type 5 phosphatase may therefore participate in the generation of free radical species by fluid-phase reactions involving Fenton chemistry that are dissociated from its phosphatase function.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed2006

[Bone and bone related biochemical examinations. Bone and collagen related metabolites. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRACP)].

Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRACP) is a well-known marker for bone resorption, but it is not enough for clinical use in specificity of bone and instability in serum. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase type 5b (TRACP-5b) is an osteoclast-produced enzyme and was reported the clinical performance of a novel fragments absorbed immunocapture enzyme assay. TRACP-5b have smaller day-to-day and diurnal variation than those of urinary bone resorption markers and show the usefulness as promising markers in monitoring the treatment for osteoporosis.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed1985

Immunofluorescent localization of an androgen-dependent isoenzyme of prostatic acid phosphatase in rat ventral prostate.

Isoenzymes of rat ventral prostate (RVP) acid phosphatase were isolated and partially purified by ultracentrifugation, Sephadex G-100 column chromatography, and isoelectric focusing. Antisera were raised to the isoenzymes of prostatic acid phosphatase by immunization of New Zealand white rabbits. Rabbit antisera reacting specifically to homologous but not heterologous isoenzymes of acid phosphatase were then reacted with a variety of tissues using indirect immunofluorescence. The tissues included prostate, spleen, bone marrow, liver, kidney, salivary gland complex, small intestine, and adrenal glands. An antiserum against a RVP acid phosphatase isoenzyme with a pI of 4.5 (A-PAP) localized acid phosphatase only in the supranuclear region of rat ventral prostate epithelial cells, and did not react with acid phosphatase in any of the other organs tested. A-PAP did not localize acid phosphatase in the ventral prostate from rats 14 days after castration. A-PAP did localize acid phosphatase in the ventral prostate from castrated animals that were treated with testosterone. These results indicate the A-PAP localized an androgen-dependent isoenzyme of acid phosphatase in RVP epithelial cells that may be secretory in nature. This antiserum should prove to be an ideal marker for studies involving hormonal regulation of prostatic epithelial function in vivo and in vitro.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed1989

Isolation and sequencing of a cDNA clone encoding acid phosphatase in rat liver lysosomes.

A full length cDNA for acid phosphatase in rat liver lysosomes was isolated and sequenced. The predicted amino acid sequence comprises 423 residues (48,332 Da). A putative signal peptide of 30 residues is followed by the NH2-terminal sequence of lysosomal acid phosphatase (45,096 Da). The deduced NH2-terminal 18-residue sequence is identical with that determined directly for acid phosphatases purified from the rat liver lysosomal membranes. The primary structure deduced for acid phosphatase contains 9 potential N-glycosylation sites and a hydrophobic region which could function as a transmembrane domain. It exhibits 89% and 67% sequence similarities in amino acids and nucleic acids, respectively, to human lysosomal acid phosphatase. The amino acid sequence of the putative transmembrane segment shows a complete similarity to that of the human enzyme. Northern blot hybridization analysis identified a single species of acid phosphatase mRNA (2.2 kbp in length) in rat liver.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed1987

Purification and characterization of an acid phosphatase that displays phosphotyrosyl-protein phosphatase activity from bovine cortical bone matrix.

An acid phosphatase activity that displayed phosphotyrosyl-protein phosphatase has been purified from bovine cortical bone matrix to apparent homogeneity. The overall yield of the enzyme activity was greater than 25%, and overall purification was approximately 2000-fold with a specific activity of 8.15 mumol of p-nitrophenyl phosphate hydrolyzed per min/mg of protein at pH 5.5 and 37 degrees C. The purified enzyme was judged to be purified based on its appearance as a single protein band on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (silver staining technique). The enzyme could be classified as a band 5-type tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase isoenzyme. The apparent molecular weight of this enzyme activity was determined to be 34,600 by gel filtration and 32,500 by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of reducing agent, indicating that the active enzyme is a single polypeptide chain. Kinetic evaluations revealed that the acid phosphatase activity appeared to catalyze its reaction by a pseudo Uni Bi hydrolytic two-step transfer reaction mechanism and was competitively inhibited by transition state analogs of Pi. The enzyme activity was also sensitive to reducing agents and several divalent metal ions. Substrate specificity evaluation showed that this purified bovine skeletal acid phosphatase was capable of hydrolyzing nucleotide tri- and diphosphates, phosphotyrosine, and phosphotyrosyl histones, but not nucleotide monophosphates, phosphoserine, phosphothreonine, phosphoseryl histones, or low molecular weight phosphoryl esters. Further examination of the phosphotyrosyl-protein phosphatase activity indicated that the optimal pH at a fixed substrate concentration (50 nM phosphohistones) for this activity was 7.0. Kinetic analysis of the phosphotyrosyl-protein phosphatase activity indicated that the purified enzyme had an apparent Vmax of approximately 60 nmol of [32P]phosphate hydrolyzed from [32P]phosphotyrosyl histones per min/mg of protein at pH 7.0 and an apparent Km for phosphotyrosyl proteins of approximately 450 nM phosphate group. In summary, the results of these studies represent the first purification of a skeletal acid phosphatase to apparent homogeneity. Our observation that this purified bovine bone matrix acid phosphatase was able to dephosphorylate phosphotyrosyl proteins at neutral pH is consistent with our suggestion that this enzyme may function as a phosphotyrosyl-protein phosphatase in vivo.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed1997

Recombinant human and mouse purple acid phosphatases: expression and characterization.

The mammalian purple acid phosphatases (also called tartrate-resistant acid phosphatases) are expressed primarily in actively resorbing osteoclasts and activated macrophages. The enzymes are characterized by the presence of a binuclear iron center at the active site. Recent studies on transgenic mice lacking purple acid phosphatase implicate the osteoclast enzyme in both bone resorption and bone mineralization. To characterize the mammalian enzymes in more detail, particularly with respect to their substrate specificity at the low pH of the osteoclastic resorptive space (2.5-3), we have purified the recombinant human and mouse enzymes from baculovirus-infected insect cells. The properties of the recombinant mouse enzyme are compared with those of the nonrecombinant enzyme isolated from mouse spleen. The kinetics of hydrolysis of the substrates p-nitrophenyl phosphate, phosphotyrosine, and pyrophosphate and a phosphotyrosyl peptide by the recombinant human and mouse enzymes and the nonrecombinant mouse and pig enzymes were analyzed. For all the enzymes the ratio k(cat)/Km was typically approximately 10(6) M(-1) s(-1) and was higher at pH 2.5 than at 4.9. The increase was attributable to a large decrease in Km at the lower pH value. The results indicate that the enzyme exhibits high catalytic efficiency toward substrates such as pyrophosphate and acidic phosphotyrosine-containing peptides, particularly at low pH values typical of the bone resorptive space. The implications of the results for the physiological function of the enzyme are discussed.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed2006

Elevated total and isoenzyme forms of acid phosphatase in falciparum malaria.

The activities of total serum acid phosphatase (E.C. 3.1.3.2) and of two of its isoenzymes, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase and erythrocyte-specific acid phosphatase were measured in 109 adult male and female patients presenting acute falciparum malaria infection, and a normal, healthy control group comprised of 82 subjects. All the three forms of acid phosphatase were found to be significantly (p<0.05) higher during infection as compared to their activity in the control group. This result suggests that the measurement of acid phosphatase, particularly the erythrocyte isoenzyme, in serum could be potentially used as a biomarker of acute falciparum malaria infection.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed1979

Prognostic value of bone marrow acid phosphatase in prostatic carcinoma.

The total and l-tartrate labile acid phosphatase were studied in 25 patients with carcinoma of prostate. The results were compared with the results from a control group. Serum acid phosphatase levels both in the control groups and in patients with prostatic cancer were lower than bone marrow acid phosphatase levels. This may be due to acid phosphatase released from blood cells during hemolysis. A positive correlation between serum and bone marrow acid phosphatase levels in patients with prostatic carcinoma was found. There was a significant rise in bone marrow acid phosphatase levels (above the normal range from the control group) in patients with advanced stage III and stage IV prostatic carcinoma with significantly increased serum levels. The levels of bone marrow acid phosphatase gave a supplementary diagnostic method in the diagnosis of prostatic carcinoma. A hypothesis that raised levels of bone marrow acid phosphatase are diagnostic of early metastasis from prostatic carcinoma is given.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed1980

The histochemical localization of acid phosphatase in human fetal urethral and prostatic epithelium.

Acid phosphatase activity was studied with light and electron microscopic histochemical techniques in the epithelium of the urogenital system of human fetuses 7 to 13 weeks of age. Acid phosphatase activity was present throughout the period in the epithelium of the urogenital sinus except in the posterior part near the openings of the mesonephric and paramesonephric ducts; these ducts showed very little or no activity. The prostatic epithelium appearing in the 10th week showed lysosomal acid phosphatase activity and a few of its cells showed acid phosphatase-positive apical granules suggesting the appearance of secretory acid phosphatase. The finding that the acid phosphatase activity of the urethral epithelium on colliculus seminalis differs from that elsewhere may indicate a different origin or a different response to maternal or fetal hormones.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed1994

Interleukin 4 increases type 5 acid phosphatase mRNA expression in murine bone marrow macrophages.

Type 5 acid phosphatase is a lysosomal enzyme expressed in cells of monocyte/macrophage lineage frequently used as a marker of osteoclastic differentiation. Oligonucleotide primers for DNA amplification were designed following sequence alignment of rat bone and human macrophage type 5 acid phosphatases. DNA (330 bp in length) obtained using these primers and reverse transcribed total cell RNA from in vitro generated murine osteoclastic cells was cloned and sequenced. DNA sequence analysis of two clones demonstrates that the amplified material was 91% and 96% identical to rat bone type 5 acid phosphatase at the nucleotide and amino acid level, respectively. Northern blots of murine tissue RNA show the presence of 1.5-kb transcripts that are most highly expressed in the long bones. Total cell RNA from the osteoclastic cells contain a marked level of type 5 acid phosphatase mRNA when compared to the levels seen in the tissue samples. Additionally, osteoclastic cell RNA contains two additional transcripts of 2.5 and 5 kb. Bone marrow macrophages grown in the presence of M-CSF express low levels of the 1.5-kb transcript with no signal observed for either of the two larger transcripts that were seen in the osteoclastic RNA samples. Importantly, bone marrow macrophage 1.5-kb type 5 acid phosphatase transcript levels are increased by interleukin 4 treatment in both a time and concentration-dependent manner. These findings indicate that type 5 acid phosphatase, while a cytochemical marker for osteoclasts, can be induced in macrophages by agents that block in vitro osteoclastic differentiation. Increased type 5 acid phosphatase may play a role in interleukin 4-stimulated monocyte activities.

Acid Phosphatase↗