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PubMedDate not supplied

Evidence for the safety of gum arabic (Acacia senegal (L.) Willd.) as a food additive--a brief review.

Scrutiny of the experimental evidence of safety demanded by the international food safety authorities has led them to conclude that no limitation to the use of gum arabic as a food additive need be specified when it conforms to the established criteria of identity and purity. This brief review collates the dietary, toxicological, immunological, chemical and other studies available.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

IgE antibodies specific for carbohydrates in a patient allergic to gum arabic (Acacia senegal).

The present study deals with the detailed investigation of the IgE antibody response of a gum arabic-allergic patient. The patient showed multiple serologic and skin test sensitizations to a range of pollen, other inhalants and foods, and bee venom, and to the recombinant allergens Bet v 1 and Bet v 2. Moreover, the patient's serum reacted strongly to gum-arabic extract. The NaIO4-treated and thus deglycosylated extract showed no binding to IgE. In contrast, removal of the protein backbone by basic hydrolysis did not deplete the IgE reactivity. Therefore, it is concluded that the gum arabic-specific IgE antibodies of this patient were mainly directed against the carbohydrate fraction of this material. In IgE-inhibition assays, cross-reactions occurred in the range of 60% between gum arabic and known immunogenic N-glycans containing alpha1-3-linked fucose. Since the inhibition graphs were not parallel and the inhibition was not complete with heterologue antigens, the cross-reacting epitopes of gum arabic appeared to be different from the latter well-known cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants (CCD). Inhibition may have been caused by a partial immunologic identity of the investigated carbohydrate moieties. A strong IgE response to the fucose-containing glycan from bromelain was measured in a glycan ELISA that utilizes purified glycopeptides at the solid phase. This response, which may explain the multiple sensitizations without clinical significance diagnosed in the patient, could originate from inhalation of pollen, which is known to contain similar glycans, or from occupational sensitization during work as a baker and confectioner. Since the gum-arabic protein showed only very weak participation in the IgE reactivity, the clinical symptoms of the patient caused by gum arabic may be attributed to carbohydrate epitopes. Due to the repetitive polysaccharide sequence of gum arabic, several epitopes for the cross-linking of IgE should exist.

Allergens↗
PubMed2006

Sensitization due to gum arabic (Acacia senegal): the cause of occupational allergic asthma or crossreaction to carbohydrates?

BACKGROUND: A pharmaceutical industry worker was exposed to dust of gum arabic in the tablet coating plant and complained of work-related shortness of breath, chest tightness, runny nose, itching and redness of the eyes. This case was investigated for allergy to gum arabic and compared with a control group. The aim of the study was to identify the IgE-binding components responsible for the work-related symptoms. METHODS: Skin prick tests (SPTs)and specific IgE (sIgE) measurements with environmental and occupational allergens, spirometry and a specific bronchial challenge with gum arabic were performed. One hundred and nineteen control subjects underwent SPT with gum arabic and 43 controls were tested for sIgE. Crossreactivity between gum arabic and horse radish peroxidase was investigated by IgE CAP inhibition. A combined procedure of immunoblotting and periodate treatment was applied to identify the epitope nature of gum arabic. RESULTS: Allergy to gum arabic was shown by SPT, presence of sIgE and a positive bronchial challenge with gum arabic. Sensitization to gum arabic was demonstrated by SPT or sIgE in 7 and 5 controls, respectively. The results of inhibition with horse radish peroxidase, immunoblotting and periodate treatment suggest that gum arabic sIgE of the patient and 1 SPT-positive control subject were directed to the polypeptide chains of gum arabic. In contrast, gum arabic sIgE of the other controls reacted to carbohydrate components. CONCLUSIONS: Sensitization to gum arabic carbohydrate structures occurs casually in atopic patients with pollen sensitization without obvious exposure to gum arabic. This study suggests that allergy to gum arabic is mediated preferentially by IgE antibodies directed to polypeptide chains of gum arabic.

Adult↗