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PubMed1999

Functional domains within the degenerin/epithelial sodium channel (Deg/ENaC) superfamily of ion channels.

Application of recombinant DNA technology and electrophysiology to the study of amiloride-sensitive Na+ channels has resulted in an enormous increase in the understanding of the structure-function relationships of these channels. Moreover, this knowledge has permitted the elucidation of the physiological roles of these ion channels in cellular processes as diverse as transepithelial salt and water movement, taste perception, volume regulation, nociception, neuronal function, mechanosensation, and even defaecation. Although members of this ever-growing superfamily of ion channels (the Deg/ENaC superfamily) share little amino acid identity, they are all organized similarly, namely, two short N- and C-termini, two short membrane-spanning segments, and a very large extracellular loop domain. In this brief Topical Review, we discuss the structural features of each domain of this Deg/ENaC superfamily and, using ENaC as a model, show how each domain relates to overall channel function.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1990

Corpuscular bodies in the palate of the rat. 2. Innervation and central projection.

The source of innervation of the corpuscular bodies in the palate and the central projections of the afferent fibres of the entire palate was studied in rats by transganglionic transport of horseradish peroxidase conjugated to wheat germ agglutinin (WGA-HRP) and with substance P (SP) immunohistochemistry. WGA-HRP injected into the incisal papilla was taken up by the nerve fibres that terminated in the corpuscles. Retrogradely labelled neurons were observed in the trigeminal ganglion as well as anterogradely labelled terminals in the dorsolateral part of the spinal trigeminal nucleus and in the lateral part of the nucleus of the solitary tract. No labelling could be found in the geniculate ganglion, the facial nerve and the hypoglossal nucleus. Following WGA-HRP injection in the intermolar area and in the soft palate, labelling was only restricted to the trigeminal ganglion. The lamina propria of the entire palate and the corpuscle-enriched area of the incisal papilla and the soft palate were richly innervated by SP-containing fibres. Numerous SP-containing fibres were also observed in the nerve plexus at the base of the corpuscle. In addition, SP-positive neurons were identified in the trigeminal ganglion and SP-labelled terminals in the sensory trigeminal nuclear complex and in the solitary tract nucleus. On the basis of our morphological observations we conclude that the palatal corpuscular bodies are involved in taste perception which is of trigeminal origin.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Submandibular gland excision: short- and long-term complications.

During a 10-year period, 159 benign submandibular gland excisions were performed in 157 patients. 86 of the patients were available for follow-up evaluation. Both short- and long-term complications were listed. Neurapraxia to the mandibular branch of the facial nerve was frequent after the operation, but restoration of function was seen in 92.3%. Scar problems, sensation changes, reduced salivation and taste perception were noticed by the patients in several cases, but rarely caused dissatisfaction. 18.2% of the patients in the salivary stone group had residual stones in Wharton's duct after the operation. The indication for removal of both glands should be carefully considered because of development of xerostomia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

The functions of saliva.

Nature's demands on salivary glands are extensive and diverse and range from the reptilian need for a venomous drop to incapacitate its prey to the 100 quarts that ruminants require to digest a day's grazing. Other species depend on saliva not for survival, but for improving the quality of life, using the fluid for functions varying from grooming and cleansing to nest-building. Humans can manage without saliva; its loss is not life-threatening in any immediate sense, but it results in a variety of difficulties and miseries. Oral digestion per se is only of marginal importance in humans, but saliva is important in preparing food for mastication, for swallowing, and for normal taste perception. Without saliva, mealtimes are difficult, uncomfortable, and embarrassing. The complex mix of salivary constituents provides an effective set of systems for lubricating and protecting the soft and hard tissues. Protection of soft tissues is afforded against desiccation, penetration, ulceration, and potential carcinogens by mucin and anti-proteases. Saliva can encourage soft tissue repair by reducing clotting time and accelerating wound contraction. A major protective function results from the salivary role in maintenance of the ecological balance in the oral cavity via: (1) debridement/lavage; (2) aggregation and reduced adherence by both immunological and non-immunological means; and (3) direct antibacterial activity. Saliva also possesses anti-fungal and anti-viral systems. Saliva is effective in maintaining pH in the oral cavity, contributes to the regulation of plaque pH, and helps neutralize reflux acids in the esophagus. Salivary maintenance of tooth integrity is dependent on: (1) mechanical cleansing and carbohydrate clearance; (2) post-eruptive maturation of enamel.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Protein analysis of human von Ebner saliva and a method for its collection from the foliate papillae.

The lingual serous glands of von Ebner are located close to the foliate and circumvallate papillae. Saliva secreted by these glands provides the immediate environment of the taste buds, and it has been hypothesized that it modulates taste perception. The purpose of this study was to develop a technique for collection of unstimulated and stimulated saliva from human von Ebner glands. Saliva was collected under resting conditions and after application of various gustatory stimuli (sweet, sour, salt, and bitter) by insertion of periostrips into the folds of the foliate papillae of healthy human volunteers. Stimulated saliva was also collected in glass microcapillaries or micropipettes. The flow-rates of unstimulated von Ebner saliva were 2.3 +/- 0.6 (S.E.) microL/min and 4.5 +/- 1.2 (S.E.) microL/min with 1% citric acid stimulation. The protein content was 2.5 +/- 0.5 (S.E.) mg/mL. The SDS gel electrophoretic profile of von Ebner saliva revealed two protein bands of Mr 18,000 that were identified on Western blots as von Ebner gland (VEG) proteins. Although lingual lipase activity was detected at very low levels by enzyme assay, this protein was not detected on Western blots. This collection technique should prove useful for analysis of specific functions associated with secretion from von Ebner glands.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1999

Amino acid sequence analysis of bitter peptides from a soybean proglycinin subunit synthesized in Escherichia coli.

The cDNA encoding A1aB1b proglycinin was expressed in E. coli, for the efficient isolation of a single peptide responsible for the bitterness. The 55-kD proglycinin was highly purified, hydrolyzed, and further purified through a series of chromatographic steps to yield fractions with the major bitter peptides. The most bitter-tasting fractions contained peptides with average molecular weights lower than 1,700 Da. An analysis of the amino acid sequences indicated that many small bitter peptides (< 1,000 Da) are composed of uncharged polar amino acids as well as hydrophobic amino acids, with a charged residue often being present at either end. This suggests the involvement of a certain structural requirement in taste perception.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1989

Azelastine. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic potential.

Azelastine is an antiallergic agent which demonstrates histamine H1-receptor antagonist activity and also inhibits histamine release from mast cells following antigen and non-antigen stimuli. Azelastine antagonises histamine- and leukotriene-induced bronchospasm in animal studies and reduces airway responsiveness to inhaled antigen or distilled water, and exercise challenge. In comparative studies, orally administered azelastine in doses up to 4 mg/day consistently relieved symptoms in patients with seasonal or perennial rhinitis - comparable to inhaled sodium cromoglycate (cromolyn sodium) 80 mg/day, oral chlorpheniramine (chlorphenamine) and oral terfenadine 120 mg/day. In addition, azelastine administered as an intranasal spray was as effective as oral terfenadine 120 mg/day and intranasal budesonide 0.4 mg/day in alleviating symptoms of rhinitis. Azelastine is also a potent antiasthmatic agent which produces significant and long lasting bronchodilation in patients with bronchial asthma. The drug is superior to placebo and comparable to oral ketotifen 2 mg/day and sustained release theophylline 700 mg/day when administered as a twice daily oral 4 mg dose. Azelastine is generally well tolerated: the most common adverse effects are altered taste perception and drowsiness. Adverse effects are mild and transient and result in withdrawal of treatment in less than 2% of patients. In a comparative study oral azelastine 2 or 4 mg/day produced no more sedation than terfenadine 120 mg/day. Thus, barring unexpected findings with wider clinical use, azelastine offers an effective and well tolerated choice of treatment for patients with allergic rhinitis and/or bronchial asthma, which may be particularly beneficial in patients in whom inhaled drug treatment is contraindicated.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Late sequelae of iatrogenic damage to chorda tympani nerve.

Four and a half years following middle ear surgery involving damage to the chorda tympani nerve we conducted a follow-up study in 10 out of 14 patients in whom we had previously investigated gustatory and submandibular gland function, pre- and immediately postoperatively. Following transection of the chorda tympani nerve (5 patients) the secretory volume of the affected gland has risen again but is still lower than that of the healthy gland. The secretory volume of the latter is increased, possibly by compensatory hypertrophy. The still existing dysgeusia, not noticed by the patients, is occasionally slightly improved. After stretching of the chorda tympani nerve (5 patients) the function of the submandibular gland and taste perception on the involved side of the tongue are now nearly fully restored.

Chorda Tympani Nerve↗
PubMed2003

[Bilateral ageusia after left insular and opercular ischemic stroke].

Gustatory disorders after ischemic stroke is an uncommon event, generally occurring unilaterally, ipsilateral or contralateral to the stroke depending on the site of the lesion. We report a patient who developed bilateral agueusia after a unilateral insular stroke. This 70-year-old right-handed man developed a sudden onset left opercular syndrome in March 1999 with right hemiphyosethesia. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a left insular and opercular stroke. Anarthria, swallowing and sensorial disorders regressed in a few weeks, but taste disturbances led to a 6 kg weight loss. After six months, the symptoms disappeared. To our knowledge, 32 cases of taste disorders after stroke have been reported. For most of the cases, the agueusia was unilateral. Our case illustrated the predominance of the left cortical hemisphere for taste perception in the right-handed subject.

Aged↗
PubMed1981

Ketone compound smelling ability: study in Hungarian twins.

On the basis of their earlier experiments the authors assumed that the ability to recognize the smell of two ketone compounds, acetone and methylethylketone (MEK), might be determined genetically. In the present work of smelling test was performed in adult Hungarian twins, 61 like sexed DZ pairs and 87 MZ pairs. No connection was found between twin zygosity and intra-pair concordance for MEK, while in the case of acetone smelling some connection may exist. A highly significant correlation was found between the smelling ability to acetone and MEK. Females seemed to be better smellers than males. Comparing the taste perception for PTC to the smell perception for acetone the supposition of a possible genetic linkage between the two traits, put forward by other authors, could not definitely be confirmed.

Acetone↗
PubMed1995

[The human genome--chromosome 7].

The seventh chromosome achieved maximum popularity due to locus CFTR the pathological alleles of which cause one of the frequent metabolic hereditary disorders--cystic fibrosis. It is also the site which causes the development of some types of retinitis pigmentosa (RP9, RP10), osteogenesis imperfecta and dominant forms of myotonia congenita. On the long arms there is a complicated multi-segmental gene system of receptors of T-lymphocytes, TCRB, important in cell immunity and it is assumed that it is also the locus of taste perception of phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) is located there.

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 7↗
PubMed1994

[Trends in geriatric dentistry and the future--from the point of view of masticatory function].

In recent years the number of aged persons in developed countries has been steadily increasing. Tooth loss is a typical age-associated stomatognathic change, and edentulism rates in Japan have been reported to be 30%. Dentures are made to restore oral functions after the natural teeth have been lost. However, there are also many stomatognathic changes associated with aging as well as oral manifestations of systemic diseases which can make the wearing dentures difficult in elderly persons. Some of the more significant changes occur in the structure of the mucosa, the function of the oral musculature, the temporomandibular joint, the taste perception, salivary function and the nervous system. Studies on the variety of physical and psychological dynamics associated with the aging process are necessary to provide the latest treatment modalities for the aged. The mastication and dentition status in elderly persons are suggested to be closely related with many kinds of physiological functions. On the other hand, stomatognathic functions are suggested to be influenced by the health of the entire body. They are supposed to have an interdependent relationship. The maintenance and care of occlusion are essential to guarantee the quality of life for the elderly. In future, the relationship between masticatory function and physical activities, such as physical exercise, blood flow, respiration, endocrine function, reproduction etc. require further investigation.

Aged↗
PubMed1993

Oral manifestations of menopause.

Menopause is a normal developmental stage in a woman's life, marking the permanent cessation of menstruation. It is the result of irreversible changes in the hormonal and reproductive functions of the ovaries. Menopause is accompanied by a number of characteristic physical changes; some of which occur in the oral cavity. The two most common oral manifestations of menopause are: oral discomfort, including pain, a burning sensation, dryness, and altered taste perception; and alveolar bone loss as a result of osteoporosis. Although menopause has been recognized for centuries, it has only been recently that the study of menopause has gained much attention. The purpose of this article is to review the basic physiology of menopause, and to present the etiology of the oral manifestations associated with menopause.

Alveolar Bone Loss↗
PubMed1995

Topical apraclonidine hydrochloride in eyes with poorly controlled glaucoma. The Apraclonidine Maximum Tolerated Medical Therapy Study Group.

OBJECT: We determined whether the addition of topical apraclonidine hydrochloride to eyes receiving maximal medical therapy, with inadequate intraocular pressure (IOP) control, and scheduled to undergo surgery, could adequately lower IOP, postponing the need for surgical intervention. DESIGN: A prospective 90 day, multi-centered, placebo-controlled, doublemasked parallel study. PATIENTS: We enrolled 174 glaucoma patients with inadequate IOP control on maximally tolerated medical therapy. All were candidates for either laser trabeculoplasty or invasive surgical intervention. We enrolled only one eye per patient. INTERVENTIONS: We continued to administer maximum-tolerated medical therapy for glaucoma. Patients took the study medication every eight hours. Study medications were either apraclonidine hydrochloride 0.5% or placebo (apraclonidine's vehicle). MAJOR OUTCOME MEASURES: We evaluated IOP, IOP change from baseline, and the number of eyes requiring surgery after the addition of study medication. RESULTS: Sixty one percent of patients treated with apraclonidine maintained adequate IOP control throughout the study, avoiding additional surgery compared to 33.9% patients treated with placebo (P < .001). Apraclonidine treatment resulted in significantly more patients achieving either an additional > or = 20% reduction in IOP from baseline (resulting in an IOP < or = 20 mm Hg) (P < 0.05). The most common ocular complications were conjunctival hyperemia (12.6%), itching and foreign body sensation (6.8%), and tearing (4.5%). The most frequent non-ocular adverse events related to apraclonidine were dry mouth (4.5%) and unusual taste perception (2.2%). CONCLUSIONS: Apraclonidine appears safe and efficacious. It significantly lowered IOP when used in combination with a patient's maximum tolerated medical therapy. This delayed or prevented further glaucoma surgery for at least 90 days in approximately 60% of treated patients.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed2000

Taste and smell perception affect appetite and immunity in the elderly.

The losses in taste and smell that occur with advancing age can lead to poor appetite, inappropriate food choices, as well as decreased energy consumption. Decreased energy consumption can be associated with impaired protein and micronutrient status and may induce subclinical deficiencies that directly impact function. Most nutritional interventions in the elderly do not compensate for taste and smell losses and complaints. For example, cancer is a medical condition in which conventional nutritional interventions (that do not compensate for taste and smell losses) are ineffective. Evidence is now emerging that suggests compensation for taste and smell losses with flavor-enhanced food can improve palatability and/or intake, increase salivary flow and immunity, reduce chemosensory complaints in both healthy and sick elderly, and lessen the need for table salt.

Aged↗
PubMed1995

Taste preferences and sensory perceptions in female varsity swimmers.

Taste preferences and sensory estimates of sweetness and fat content of 16 dairy stimuli with varying levels of fat (0%, 3.5%, 10.5% and 37.6%) and sucrose (0%, 5%, 10% and 20%) were compared in members of a Division I college women's swim team and women who did not engage in any organized sports. No differences in taste preferences or sensory estimates were observed for swimmers across the athletic season. However, swimmers had significantly lower preference ratings for high-sucrose and high-fat stimuli than controls. Controls who reported exercising more than 3 h a week also displayed decreased preference ratings for high-sucrose and high-fat stimuli relative to controls who reported exercising less than 3 h a week. With respect to sensory estimates, swimmers reported that high-sucrose stimuli were sweeter, low-fat stimuli were less fatty, and high-fat stimuli were more fatty than controls. The preference ratings and sensory estimates of these athletes were similar to those previously seen in individuals with anorexia nervosa and bulimia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Salt taste preferences and perceptions of elderly and young adults.

Current research has yielded both support and refutation for the theory that elderly adults have lower taste acuity. The present study compared the perception of and preference for salt in persons 65 years and over and in persons aged 20 to 35 years. The subjects were free-living, had not been hospitalized in the past 12 months, and had never been on a sodium-restricted diet. Salt was introduced in suprathreshold concentrations of 0.3%, 0.5%, 0.7%, and 0.9% in mashed potatoes and chicken broth. The 48 older adults in our study demonstrated higher preferences for the four salt concentrations in the potatoes (p = .0001) and the broth (p = .0004) than did the 53 younger adults. There were no significant differences in the two age groups' abilities to perceive the saltiness of the four concentrations. There were also no significant differences in salt perception among subgroups identified for age, gender, smoking behavior, and denture use. Both groups correctly ranked the concentrations in ascending order. Our study found that taste acuity for salt in older subjects was not different from that of younger adults when suprathreshold concentrations of salt in mashed potatoes and chicken broth were used as stimuli.

Adult↗