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At least 307 records · Page 17Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

A new method for the assessment of spatial orientation and spatial anxiety in mice.

The implication of integrated functional sensory relations of the body to space in anxiety disorders is a very important issue which encourages the development of animal models, in particular, for pharmacological perspectives and for the functional assessment of the deficits induced by genetic manipulation in the mouse or the rat. A new experimental device is presented here: It is comprised of a rotating tunnel and a rotating-beam controlled by computer which can be used for multiple visuo-idiothetic and kinesthetic sensory conflict situations during active locomotor behaviour by mice. The system is linked to a digital video system, Video-Track trade mark, designed to track and record the movements of the animals. Anxious BALB/cByJ mice were compared to non-anxious C57BL/6J mice and were seen to display highly disturbed locomotor behaviour in a sensory conflict situation. The model highlights the advantages of video-digital analysis for animal behavioural sciences.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Spatial memory and monitoring of hidden items through spatial displacements by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes).

This study examined chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) short-term memory for food location in near space. In Experiments 1 and 2, either 1 or 2 items (chocolate pieces) were hidden in an array of 3 or 5 containers that either remained stationary or were rotated 180 degrees or 360 degrees. When the array remained stationary, the chimpanzees remembered both item locations. When arrays were rotated, however, chimpanzees found only 1 item. In Experiment 3, 2 items were hidden in an array of 7 cups. Both items were found at levels significantly better than chance. Ninety percent of errors were made after the 1st item was found, and errors reflected memory failure rather than a failure of inhibitory control.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Abnormal spatial and non-spatial cueing effects in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease.

Our aim was to further characterize the clinical concept of mild cognitive impairment (MCI). We examined visual attention-related processing in 12 patients with amnestic MCI, 16 healthy older adults and 16 patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) by measuring performance on computer-based tests of attentional disengagement, alerting ability, and inhibition of return. Unlike the healthy older controls, the patients with AD and the patients with amnestic MCI exhibited a significant detriment in both the ability to disengage attention from an incorrectly cued location and the ability to use a visual cue to produce an alerting effect. The pattern of results displayed by the MCI group indicates that patients who only appear clinically to suffer from a deficit in memory also display a deficit in specific aspects of visual attention-related processing, which closely resemble the magnitude seen in AD.

Aged↗
PubMed1992

Scrutinization, spatial attention, and the spatial programming of saccadic eye movements.

Results are presented from an experiment in which subjects' eye movements were recorded while they carried out two visual tasks with similar material. One task was chosen to require close visual scrutiny; the second was less visually demanding. The oculomotor behaviour in the two tasks differed in three ways. (1) When scrutinizing, there was a reduction in the area of visual space over which stimulation influences saccadic eye movements. (2) When moving their eyes to targets requiring scrutiny, subjects were more likely to make a corrective saccade. (3) The duration of fixations on targets requiring scrutiny was increased. The results are discussed in relation to current theories of visual attention and the control of saccadic eye movements.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Mechanisms of visual spatial neglect. Absence of directional hypokinesia in spatial exploration.

This study examines whether visuospatial neglect derives from failure in directing hand movements to the left (directional hypokinesia), or from loss of mental representation of the left side of space. Forty right brain-lesioned patients, 28 of whom revealed mild, moderate, or severe neglect in clock drawing and cancellation tasks, were asked to search for concealed targets on a stimulus display board, by either (1) moving a covering panel with a small window until the target appeared, or (2) moving the stimulus display board beneath a stationary covering panel until the target became visible through the window. In the second procedure, the direction of physical space exploration and hand movement is reversed, so that in order to bring a target from the right side of the stimulus into view (under the window) the entire display board had to be moved to the left. This pair of procedures was supplemented by an analogous pair of visual tasks in which the entire display board was visible during the search. As expected, response times were generally longer for targets located on the left side of the display board; however, the direction of required hand movement (left vs right) did not have a significant effect on response times, irrespective of the degree of clinically assessed neglect.

Attention↗
PubMed1990

Spatial filtering and spatial primitives in early vision: an explanation of the Zöllner-Judd class of geometrical illusion.

The apparent length and orientation of short lines is altered when they abut against oblique lines (the Zöllner and Judd illusions). Here we present evidence that the length and orientation biases are geometrically related and probably depend upon the same underlying mechanism. Measurements were done with an 'H' figure, in which the apparent length and orientation of the cross-bar was assessed by the method of adjustment while the orientation of the outer flanking lines was varied. When the flanking lines are oblique the apparent length of the central line is reduced and its orientation is shifted so that it appears more nearly at right-angles to the obliques than is in fact the case. Measurements of the orientation and length effects were made in three observers, over a range of flanking-line angles (90, 63, 45, 34 and 27 deg) and central line lengths (9, 17, 33 and 67 arc min). The biases increased with the tilt of the flanking-lines, and decreased with central line length. The extent of the length bias could be accurately predicted from the angular shift by simple trigonometry. We describe physiological and computational models to account for the relation between the orientation and length biases.

Humans↗