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At least 307 records · Page 17Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

Use of the international classification of diseases-10, (ICD 10) to recognise pervasively hyperactive children in a child-guidance clinic: feasibility and validity.

The tenth edition of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD 10) was used to identify psychiatric problems in a provincial child-guidance clinic population. Categorisation by degree of hyperactivity produced groups that differed in terms of variables that were independent of the diagnostic criteria. ICD 10 was found to be a short, precise and manageable schedule which facilitated reliable categorisation of a group of children with mixed disorders of conduct and hyperkinesis.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗
PubMed2026

RNA splicing and cardiovascular disease: a guide for cardiologists.

Alternative splicing (AS) is a fundamental RNA processing mechanism, which generates different RNA transcripts and consequently different protein isoforms from a single gene. This increases the diversity of proteins within an organism and can fine-tune biological processes. This review examines how cardiac-enriched RNA-binding proteins establish heart-specific splicing programs governing aspects of cardiac development, function, and disease. Developmentally, coordinated sarcomeric isoform switches underpin the foetal-to-adult transition and further isoform rewiring in ion channel and kinase genes determine electrophysiology and excitation-contraction coupling. AS contributes to the pathogenesis of several cardiomyopathies and emerging datasets suggest that pathological hypertrophy engages distinct splicing signatures compared with physiological hypertrophy. This review summarizes diagnostic and prognostic opportunities arising from bulk, long-read, and single-cell/nucleus transcriptomics, which resolve cell type-specific isoforms and disease-associated switches. Circulating RNA biomarkers (including splice ratios and circularRNAs) may signify myocardial remodelling and arrhythmic risk. Integrative approaches that link AS with proteomics and genomics improve variant interpretation, reveal previously unannotated protein isoforms, and enable tracking of disease progression and therapy response. Finally, an outline of therapeutic strategies to modulate AS in cardiovascular disease (CVD), including antisense oligonucleotides, small molecules, and genome-editing modalities (CRISPR, base, and prime editing), is provided. The major challenges that remain before splice-targeting therapeutics can be targeted to treat cardiovascular disease are highlighted. Lessons from neuromuscular indications establish clinical feasibility of splicing correction and motivate translation to cardiology. Together, mechanistic insight, biomarker development, and therapeutic innovation position RNA splicing as a tractable axis for precision cardiovascular medicine.

Humans↗
PubMed2025

Multi-omics technologies: Novel tools and methods for assessing nerve injury and regeneration.

Recently, with the rapid advancement of multi-omics technologies, including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, new tools and approaches have been introduced for studying nerve injury and regeneration. This review highlights the application and progress of multi-omics in uncovering the mechanisms of nerve injury, guiding the development of regenerative strategies, and promoting clinical translation. By integrating multi-omics datasets, researchers can comprehensively track dynamic molecular changes following nerve injury, including abnormal gene expression, disrupted protein signaling, altered metabolic programs, and shifts in the immune microenvironment. Single-cell multi-omics technologies resolve cellular heterogeneity, revealing the distinct functions of neurons, glial cells, and immune cell subpopulations during the injury response. Spatially resolved transcriptomics maintain the spatial context of lesion and regeneration sites, enabling precise localization for targeted interventions. Multi-omics technologies not only identify key molecular players involved in nerve regeneration but also create opportunities for personalized medicine. Nonetheless, integrating multi-omics data poses technical challenges, including high dimensionality, batch effects, and algorithmic constraints, while ethical concerns related to stem cell therapy and gene editing require stringent oversight. To transition from structural reconstruction to functional remodeling, future research should emphasize artificial intelligence-driven data integration, organ-on-a-chip modeling, and cross-disciplinary collaboration to overcome existing technical barriers and accelerate the clinical application of neuroregenerative therapies.

artificial intelligence↗
PubMed2005

Unique mitochondrial genome structure in diplonemids, the sister group of kinetoplastids.

Kinetoplastid flagellates are characterized by uniquely massed mitochondrial DNAs (mtDNAs), the kinetoplasts. Kinetoplastids of the trypanosomatid group possess two types of mtDNA molecules: maxicircles bearing protein and mitoribosomal genes and minicircles specifying guide RNAs, which mediate uridine insertion/deletion RNA editing. These circles are interlocked with one another to form dense networks. Whether these peculiar mtDNA features are restricted to kinetoplastids or prevail throughout Euglenozoa (euglenids, diplonemids, and kinetoplastids) is unknown. Here, we describe the mitochondrial genome and the mitochondrial ultrastructure of Diplonema papillatum, a member of the diplonemid flagellates, the sister group of kinetoplastids. Fluorescence and electron microscopy show a single mitochondrion per cell with an ultrastructure atypical for Euglenozoa. In addition, DNA is evenly distributed throughout the organelle rather than compacted. Molecular and electron microscopy studies distinguish numerous 6- and 7-kbp-sized mitochondrial chromosomes of monomeric circular topology and relaxed conformation in vivo. Remarkably, the cox1 gene (and probably other mitochondrial genes) is fragmented, with separate gene pieces encoded on different chromosomes. Generation of the contiguous cox1 mRNA requires trans-splicing, the precise mechanism of which remains to be determined. Taken together, the mitochondrial gene/genome structure of Diplonema is not only different from that of kinetoplastids but unique among eukaryotes as a whole.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Generation of spCAS9 expressing human mesenchymal stem cell line to study gene function during osteoblast differentiation.

Human bone marrow-derived stromal cells (hMSCs) are a great resource for studying how genes influence cell fate and differentiation into various cell types like osteoblasts, adipocytes, and chondrocytes, among other cell types. However, genetic manipulation of primary hMSCs has been challenging due to their short lifespan and cellular senescence after limited passaging. Their low and unstable transfection efficiency also complicates gene delivery or inactivation, hindering long-term functional studies. The limited lifespan has been effectively solved by immortalizing hMSCs with telomerase reverse transcriptase (hMSCs-TERT). The use of these cells is ideal for functional studies of osteoblast and adipocyte differentiation through genetic manipulation, providing a stable and reliable model. Here, we have engineered a stable CAS9 expressing hMSC-TERT cell line (hMSC-TERTCAS9) via lentiviral transduction. The constitutive expression of spCas9 enables efficient and reproducible gene editing. We demonstrate the potential of these hMSC-TERTCAS9 cells for generating gene disruptions using plasmid delivery of guide RNAs as a fast and efficient strategy for targeted genome editing. The edited cells can be sorted and expanded as single cells to obtain homogenous clonal cell lines with mono- as well as bi-allelic gene deletions, a crucial step for producing reliable experimental results. We further validate this cell line as a powerful tool for studying gene function during hMSC proliferation and differentiation, providing 3 distinct examples of its utility. Through the generation of indels, single-cell sorting, and clonal selection, we have efficiently inactivated the vitamin D receptor and created both larger (256 nucleotides) gene disruptions in Forkhead box protein O1 and precise removals of a small genomic sequence (73 nucleotides) coding for microRNA MIR675. This novel hMSC-TERTCAS9 cell line represents a significant advancement, offering a stable, efficient, and versatile platform for advanced genetic studies, high-throughput screening, and the creation of reliable cellular disease models.

CRISPR-Cas9↗
PubMed2006

Hyper-IgM syndromes.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The recent elucidation of the molecular defects leading to hyper-IgM syndromes has provided considerable insight into the complex mechanisms that govern the antibody maturation in humans. RECENT FINDINGS: The study of a large cohort of patients revealed unexpected clinical, immunological and genetic findings, which have significant implications on the molecular basis of immunoglobulin class switch recombination and somatic hypermutation, as shown for hypomorphic mutations in the nuclear factor-kappaB essential modulator (NEMO) gene and peculiar activation-induced cytidine deaminase defects that differently affect class switch recombination and somatic hypermutation. The description of the hyper-IgM condition due to mutations in the gene encoding uracil-N glycosylase has been essential for defining the DNA-editing activity of activation-induced cytidine deaminase. Novel findings are awaited from the study of the yet genetically undefined hyper-IgM syndromes, leading to the identification of activation-induced cytidine deaminase cofactors and proteins involved in class switch recombination-induced DNA repair. In the genetically characterized hyper-IgM syndromes, the precise identification of the molecular defect allows the evaluation of hyper-IgM complications, and thus aids assessment of prognosis and proper survey and treatment. SUMMARY: The important contribution made by investigation of this condition improves our understanding of the physiology of the antibody response in humans.

Chromosomes, Human, X↗
PubMed2025

CLADES: A Programmable Cascade of Genes for Cell Lineage Analysis and Manipulation.

In the Drosophila brain, neuronal diversity originates from approximately 100 neural stem cells, each dividing asymmetrically. Precise mapping of cell lineages at the single-cell resolution is crucial for understanding the mechanisms that direct neuronal specification. However, existing methods for high-resolution lineage tracing are notably time-consuming and labor-intensive. Here, we outline the best practices for lineage tracing using CLADES (cell lineage access driven by an edition sequence), a revolutionary approach to neuronal lineage tracing that addresses the limitations of previous methods. CLADES effectively traces the birth order of neurons using approximately 100 samples. The technique relies on a genetic cascade of reporter activations and deactivations that delineate lineage progression through color-coded markers. This system not only facilitates the detailed mapping of neuronal lineages but also holds the potential to be applied to tracking biological events and producing cell types for therapeutic purposes.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

The American concept of schizophrenia.

The American concept of schizophrenia is built primarily upon concepts advanced by Kraepelin, Bleuler, and Schneider. Because of the influence of major research studies such as the International Pilot Study of Schizophrenia and the U.S./U.K. study, emphasis has been placed on developing reliable descriptions of symptoms and a precise definition of the disorder. This research also led to a recognition that the American concept of schizophrenia was relatively broad in comparison with that used in the rest of the world. This led to a critical reappraisal of American diagnostic practices during the 1970's, culminating in the narrower definition of schizophrenia in the third edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Association (DSM-III). This definition requires the presence of psychotic features, established chronicity, evidence of deterioration, and the exclusion of affective and "organic" features. In comparison with this definition, the Soviet concept appears to be much broader and to include non-psychotic forms. Treatment implications of these differences are discussed.

Cross-Cultural Comparison↗
PubMed1995

Research & writing basics: elements of the abstract.

Writing an abstract is a challenging skill that requires precision and care. Criteria for well-formulated abstracts and abstract guidelines for 2 types of articles (empirical studies and reviews or theoretical articles) as well as a description of the content of a structured abstract are presented. Details were gleaned from a review of the literature including the American Medical Association Manual of Style, Eighth Edition and the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, Fourth Edition. A good abstract is like a crystal: it is a clear, sharp synthesis that elucidates meaning for the reader.

Abstracting and Indexing↗
PubMed1988

Techniques of reporting disease outbreak investigations.

Effective communication of results and recommendations among veterinarians and between veterinarians and clients is an essential but often neglected component of an outbreak investigation. Although results have been traditionally related verbally, written reports are essential to minimize possible misunderstandings and provide a reference base for future herd health visits or epidemiologic investigations. A uniform reporting scheme for disease investigations by field veterinarians does not exist, but such a system would be desirable to allow comparisons of disease rates and productivity data among herds. In this article, a report format and style is outlined to facilitate exchange of data among veterinarians and clients. Reports to other veterinarians should include the following elements: history, objectives, methodology, results, causes/hypotheses, financial impact, and recommendations. For a client, a report should emphasize causes, recommendations, and the cost of measures to control the condition. Report planning, writing, and editing are facilitated by use of word-processing software on a microcomputer. Style will vary considerably according to the writer's objectives and individual preference, but headings, subheadings, graphs, and tables can be used to increase the visual appeal and readability of a report. The level of technicality should be appropriate for the audience. Sentences should be well constructed and precise.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

High frequency of single-base transitions and extreme frequency of precise multiple-base reversion mutations in poliovirus.

We employed independent clones of a temperature-sensitive mutant of type 1 poliovirus, 3AB-310/4, to quantitate the frequency of specific U----C transitions at nucleotide 5310, within the genomic region encoding polypeptide 3AB, which is involved in the initiation of RNA replication. Only this U----C base substitution restores the wild-type phenotypic ability to form plaques at 39 degrees C; the other two base substitutions at this site are lethal. The observed frequency of this specific transition averaged 2 x 10(-5), and all revertant viruses forming plaques at 39 degrees C contained the expected cytidine at nucleotide 5310. Incredibly, only 3 of 10 revertants exhibited this one specific U----C transition whereas 7 of 10 exhibited this same transition plus four additional base substitutions that precisely reverted temperature-sensitive 3AB-310/4 to wild-type poliovirus sequence (these latter four mutations had been introduced into 3AB-310/4 as silent third base mutations to provide new restriction sites in infectious cDNAs). No other mutations were detected in this polypeptide 3AB domain in either the single-base or the precise 5-base revertants. No intermediates were seen; all revertants exhibited either the single U----C transition at nucleotide 5310 or the same transition plus four precise reversions to the wild-type sequence at sites 8, 11, 43, and 46 bases distant from nucleotide 5310. Similar results were obtained after transfection of cDNA-derived transcripts. We discuss possible mechanisms for our data. These include (but may not be limited to) error-prone polymerase activity, sequential RNA recombination events joining independent mutations, or some unusual RNA editing process.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2025

Rewiring tumor immunity via zinc finger proteins: a new frontier in cancer immunotherapy.

BACKGROUND: Zinc finger proteins (ZFPs) represent the largest and most structurally diverse family of transcription factors in the human genome. They function through characteristic zinc finger domains that enable specific binding to DNA, RNA, and proteins, playing a central regulatory role in the tumor immune microenvironment. MAIN BODY: This review systematically examines the dual functions of ZFPs in dynamically regulating both innate and adaptive immune responses in cancer. At the innate immunity level, ZFPs precisely control dendritic cell (DC) fate determination, dictate macrophage polarization, balance natural killer (NK) cell activation, mediate myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC) immunosuppressive function, and modulate innate immune sensors and inflammasomes. Within adaptive immunity, ZFPs critically influence T cell effector function and regulate B cell differentiation. Building on these, diverse immunotherapeutic strategies targeting ZFPs are now emerging. These include gene-editing, small molecules and proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs), synergistic combinations with immune checkpoint blockade, and ZFP-engineered chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cells. CONCLUSIONS: As pivotal nodes within the tumor immune regulatory network, ZFP-targeting strategies offer novel opportunities to overcome current therapeutic bottlenecks.

Humans↗
PubMed1999

[Some bibliographies of pestilences. Johannes Jacobi in Antwerp (circa 1484-circa 1491)].

One of the many works on the plague is by the Frenchman Johannes Jacobi. It dates from the 14th century and has been passed down in numerous manuscripts, and from the last quarter of the 15th century, also in many printed documents. Curiously, the latter are in the name of Canutus, Kami(n)tus, and the like. Virtually all the prints are undated, and were usually published without an indication of the place of publication or the name of the printer. The editions from the Southern Netherlands are no exception to this general rule. After a very brief description of the author and the contents, some attention is paid to the distribution of the publication in Europe, followed by a more detailed discussion of the different editions in Antwerp, published by Mathias van der Goes and Gheraert Leeu. The bibliographical analysis of these prints made wide use of the results of bibliographical research, and of the incomparable aid of the IISTC, the bibliographical data bank of incunabula. Thus the presumed dates can be compared with the latest results, and in this way be confirmed, altered or stated more precisely. Finally, following this bibliographical exercise, the author examines whether these dates could conflict with what we know about the plague epidemic in our country from other sources.

Disease Outbreaks↗
PubMed2005

A quantitative reconstruction of the amide I contour in the IR spectra of globular proteins: from structure to spectrum.

The Amide I contours of six globular proteins of varied secondary structure content along with a peptide model for collagen and pulmonary surfactant protein C have been simulated very closely by using a modified GF matrix method. The starting point for the method uses the three-dimensional structure as obtained from the Protein Data Bank. Elements of the interactions between peptide groups (e.g., transition dipole coupling) are very sensitive to tertiary structure, thus the current formalism demonstrates that the Amide I contour may be useful for a more detailed probe of 3-D conformation that goes beyond the traditional use of this band to probe the percentages of particular elements of secondary structure. For example, postulated changes to a known structure can be tested by comparing the new simulated band to the experimental band. A number of refinements to the transition dipole interaction calculation have been made. Most of the important interactions between the C=O oscillators that define the Amide I mode appear to have been identified, including through space transition dipole coupling, through valence bond and through hydrogen bond coupling. The eigenvector matrix produced by the method permits the contribution of each peptide group to the spectrum to be precisely determined. Analysis of the results shows that the often-used structure-frequency correlations are at best approximate and at worst misleading. The subbands from helices, sheets, turns, and loops are much broader and more overlapped than has been commonly assumed. Furthermore, the traditional alpha-helical marker band may be substantially distorted in short segments. Difference spectra based on isotope editing, a technique thought capable of revealing the spectral contributions of individual peptide groups, are shown to be prone to misinterpretation.

Amides↗
PubMed1979

Visual cues in ice hockey goaltending.

The effect of both the availability and the quality of visual cues preceding stick-puck contact was investigated for an ice hockey goaltending task. Thirty-four young (15.8 years) goaltenders observed filmed sequences of a hockey player approaching the net and directing a shot to one of the four corners. The film sequences were edited so that 2, 4 or 8 images were occluded prior to the impact of the stick with the puck, reflecting durations of 1/12, 1/6, 1/3 of a second, respectively. The subjects' performances for both the wrist and the slap shot were measured as well as the level of response confidence in both the horizontal and vertical planes. The results indicated that performance precision was aided by the increased availability of pre-shot visual cues. It was also evident that the wrist shot provided more cues for the goaltender than did the slap shot. Performances were found to be superior in the horizontal as compared to the vertical plane. In all dimensions, the subjects' perceptions of their success closely followed the actual performance patterns. It appeared that information that could facilitate anticipation in this goaltending task was both available and useable during the period that precedes the shot.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2017

Rapid and reversible epigenome editing by endogenous chromatin regulators.

Understanding the causal link between epigenetic marks and gene regulation remains a central question in chromatin biology. To edit the epigenome we developed the FIRE-Cas9 system for rapid and reversible recruitment of endogenous chromatin regulators to specific genomic loci. We enhanced the dCas9-MS2 anchor for genome targeting with Fkbp/Frb dimerizing fusion proteins to allow chemical-induced proximity of a desired chromatin regulator. We find that mSWI/SNF (BAF) complex recruitment is sufficient to oppose Polycomb within minutes, leading to activation of bivalent gene transcription in mouse embryonic stem cells. Furthermore, Hp1/Suv39h1 heterochromatin complex recruitment to active promoters deposits H3K9me3 domains, resulting in gene silencing that can be reversed upon washout of the chemical dimerizer. This inducible recruitment strategy provides precise kinetic information to model epigenetic memory and plasticity. It is broadly applicable to mechanistic studies of chromatin in mammalian cells and is particularly suited to the analysis of endogenous multi-subunit chromatin regulator complexes.Understanding the link between epigenetic marks and gene regulation requires the development of new tools to directly manipulate chromatin. Here the authors demonstrate a Cas9-based system to recruit chromatin remodelers to loci of interest, allowing rapid, reversible manipulation of epigenetic states.

CRISPR-Cas Systems↗
PubMed2026

Nanocarrier-Based Gene Delivery Systems: Mechanisms, Clinical Translation, and Future Perspectives.

Gene therapy holds revolutionary potential for managing genetic disorders, cancers and infectious illnesses. However, one of the biggest challenges is delivering DNA or RNA into targeted cells and in the safe and effective way. In this review, nano carrier-based approaches for gene delivery are critically examined, focusing on both viral and non-viral systems. The advancement of CRISPR-Cas genome editing, machine learning-assisted nanocarrier optimization, and biologically inspired delivery systems is being quickly pushed forward in this area. In this review, a comparative analysis of gene delivery systems is being provided, and the key challenges to clinical translation are being pointed out. In addition, expert opinions on future research directions are being offered, with a heavy focus on the development of multifunctional, precisely targeted, and easily scalable delivery systems that can be integrated with next-generation therapeutic technologies.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

Epigenetics and childhood obesity: DNA methylation coordinates environment and gene regulation.

Childhood obesity is a complex disorder which results from the combined contribution of genetics, the environment, and development, which is programmed and coordinated by epigenetic mechanisms. Of them, DNA methylation has emerged as an important molecular interface between environmental inputs and changes in gene expression. In this review, we provide an overview of the role of DNA methylation in childhood obesity during the key developmental stages, from prenatal life and childhood to adolescence. We also highlight the available evidence from candidate genes and genome-wide association studies implicating critical loci involved in energy homeostasis and adipogenesis, where DNA methylation is altered. Further, we also provide an overview of how maternal obesity, nutritional status, and bariatric surgery shape offspring's methylation profiles and contribute to the increased risk of programming obesity across generations. Although aberrant methylation patterns are consistently associated with altered metabolic phenotypes, disentangling causality remains a significant challenge. Herein, we highlight emerging approaches, such as rigorous longitudinal cohorts, epigenetic Mendelian randomization, and CRISPR-based epigenome editing, that are beginning to provide the analytical clarity needed to move beyond association. Finally, we examine the potential of DNA methylation signatures to inform early risk stratification and prevention possibilities. Although yet to be clinically validated, whole-genome methylation profiling is increasingly integrated with systems biology and multi-omics frameworks, making the identification of robust, clinically actionable markers more promising. A more precise understanding of how epigenetic processes shape susceptibility to childhood obesity could ultimately support strategies capable of altering lifelong metabolic trajectories.

Humans↗