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PubMed1984

Visible persistence as a function of spatial frequency, number of cycles and retinal area.

Using a variety of measures it has been shown that processing time increases with increasing spatial frequency. Long and Sakitt (1981) [Vision Res. 21, 1387-1393] investigated duration of visible persistence as a function of both spatial frequency and number of cycles present. They concluded that number of cycles and not spatial frequency is the crucial variable in determining duration of visible persistence. The present paper investigates this issue in three experiments. Experiments 1 and 2 determined duration of visible persistence with spatial frequencies of 2, 4, 8 and 10 c/deg while holding both number of cycles and grating area constant in a dark surround and in a light surround. Stimulus durations of 50 and 300 msec were used in Experiments 1 and 2 respectively. The results at each stimulus duration showed an increase in duration of visible persistence with increasing spatial frequency similar to that found in most previous reports. This increase was less with a 300 than with a 50 msec stimulus duration. Whether the gratings were presented in a light or a dark surround had no significant effect. Experiment 3 showed that at 2 c/deg duration of visible persistence increased with increasing size of the grating stimuli when all stimulus sizes fell within the area of spatial summation. This effect was greater in a dark than in light surround. It is concluded that visible persistence does increase with spatial frequency. Previous results inconsistent with this conclusion are explained in terms of spatial summation.

Afterimage↗
PubMed1985

Visual persistence from brief letters and pictures.

The visual persistence from briefly presented letters and pictures was assessed by the popular probe-matching procedure over a range of background and target luminance levels and for several color conditions. It was determined that the fading visible persistence measured in this way increased with increasing target luminance and with decreasing background luminance. For small foveal presentations, photopically-matched targets of differing wavelength produced equivalent persistences; but for larger, parafoveal presentations, scotopically-matched targets of differing wavelength produced equivalent persistences. This was true for both letter and picture targets. Results were discussed in terms of an early sensory locus to such persistence effects. The strong consistency of these findings to some previous work and the apparent inconsistency with other work were treated in terms of different kinds of visual persistence effects assessed by different experimental methods.

Afterimage↗
PubMed1993

On the confounding effects of phosphor persistence in oscilloscopic displays.

Phosphor persistence has been a source of confounding in studies of temporal integration in vision. We examined the confounding by assessing the effects of the persistence of two commonly-used phosphors (P15 and P31) on performance of a temporal-integration task. In one experiment we eliminated the visibility of phosphor persistence by closing two mechanical shutters upon display termination. In a second experiment we estimated the duration of phosphor persistence by displaying the image behind closed shutters which opened upon display termination. No detectable persistence was every produced by P15 phosphor. By contrast, P31 phosphor produced persistence that lasted several hundred milliseconds even when a veiling light was projected on the screen. We ascribe the earlier instances of confounding to inadequate interpretation of the technical data on phosphor decay.

Humans↗
PubMed1994

Effect of the ISI on the visible persistence of a stimulus in apparent motion.

The persistence of briefly flashed stimuli undergoing a horizontal apparent motion is assessed as a function of the temporal interval (inter-stimulus interval or ISI) between successive locations. The main result is that the duration of persistence is increased when the ISI is reduced (within the range 1-15 msec). An increase of persistence also occurs when the spatial separation (delta chi) between successive presentations of the moving stimulus becomes larger, a well established result which is replicated here. In both cases, the elevation of persistence suggests that inhibitory processes, which are assumed to underlie the persistence-suppression, have become less efficient. According to the data, it seems that the spatio-temporal parameters of motion, and not the speed as such, are responsible for the strength of inhibition. Namely, optimal inhibition, and thus suppression, would need a minimum amount of time to take place, and would improve with proximity (i.e. with smaller delta chi). Finally, a persistence-suppression decrease is observed when the angular size of the flashed stimuli is reduced (i.e. when higher spatial frequencies become more predominant). A model of transient-on-sustained inhibition accounts well for these results.

Afterimage↗
PubMed1996

Efficient induction of persistent and prenatal parvovirus infection in rats.

Parvoviruses are prevalent and disruptive infectious agents of laboratory rats. Risks to rat-based research from infection are increased by the persistence of virus in immune rats and by prenatal transmission of infection. The mechanisms leading to viral persistence and prenatal infection are poorly understood and have been difficult to study for lack of reliable and humane induction methods. We report here protocols for inducing persistent and prenatal infection without causing clinical disease using the UMass strain of rat virus (RV), a common rat parvovirus. Infant rats inoculated by the oronasal route at 6 days of age had greater than 90% prevalence of persistent infection. RV-UMass also induced intrauterine infection in pregnant rats inoculated by the oronasal route. Inoculation of dams at gestation day 9 frequently caused severe disease in the fetuses whereas inoculation at gestation day 12 caused primarily asymptomatic fetal infection that persisted post partum RV-UMass infection facilitates study of parvoviralhost interactions that are relevant to laboratory rats and which also may improve understanding of persistent and prenatal human parvovirus infection.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Persistent albuminuria as an index of diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetic patients in Osaka, Japan-incidence, risk factors, prognosis and causes of death.

A group of 1196 type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic patients was followed for a mean of 10 years to determine the incidence of persistent albuminuria, its associated risk factors and prognosis, as well as causes of death in patients. None of the patients studied had albuminuria on entry. The mean annual incidence rate of persistent albuminuria per 1000 person-years in the patients was higher in males than in females (18.42 and 12.57, respectively). Development of persistent albuminuria was associated with age at entry, duration of known diabetes, systolic blood pressure, fasting glucose level, presence of diabetic retinopathy and type of treatment. Among 193 patients who developed persistent albuminuria during the observation period, 66 (34.2%) died before the end of the observation period, with a mean survival period (+/- SD) of 3.0 +/- 3.1 years after the onset of persistent albuminuria, indicating an extremely poor prognosis. Renal disease was the predominant cause of death in patients who developed persistent albuminuria, followed by heart disease and cerebrovascular disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Disturbed secretion of atrial natriuretic peptide in patients with persistent atrial standstill: endocrinologic silence.

Persistent atrial standstill is a very rare pathophysiologic condition whose diagnosis is established when both electrical and mechanical silence of the atria are confirmed. To test the hypothesis that secretion of atrial natriuretic peptide is disturbed in patients with persistent atrial standstill, the response of atrial natriuretic peptide secretion and other neurohormonal factors during exercise was investigated in three patients with a rate-responsive ventricular demand (VVI) pacemaker implanted for confirmed persistent atrial standstill. The results were compared with those observed in eight normal subjects and patients with a rate-responsive VVI (Group A) or atrial demand (AAI) (Group B) pacemaker implanted for confirmed sick sinus syndrome. Patients in Group A displayed significant elevation of alpha-human atrial natriuretic peptide secretion both before and during exercise (122.5 +/- 14.8 and 207.5 +/- 8.3 pg/ml, respectively) compared with those in Group B (55 +/- 14.1 and 116.4 +/- 51.5 pg/ml, respectively) and the normal subjects (18.9 +/- 9.8 and 30.8 +/- 19.2 pg/ml, respectively). This indicated development of a nonphysiologic increase in atrial volume or pressure overload, or both, in rate-responsive VVI pacing because of lack of atrioventricular synchrony. However, patients with persistent atrial standstill had undetectable (less than 10 pg/ml) or almost undetectable secretion of atrial natriuretic peptide as well as lower levels of cyclic guanosine monophosphate in the circulation both before and during exercise. Changes in plasma catecholamines during exercise were similar in patients with persistent atrial standstill compared with the other groups. This study indicates that "endocrinologic silence" accompanies electrical and mechanical silence of the atria, which may constitute a third diagnostic clue to persistent atrial standstill.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Chronic fatigue: risk factors for symptom persistence in a 2 1/2-year follow-up study.

BACKGROUND: The prolonged disability of patients suffering from chronic fatigue may be due to sustaining factors that are independent of the cause and subject to intervention. This study reexamined a cohort of patients with chronic fatigue to define medical and psychiatric predictors of persistent symptoms. METHODS: Seventy-eight patients with chronic fatigue present for 6 months or more (not required to meet the Centers for Disease Control case definition for chronic fatigue syndrome [CFS]) completed a self-report, follow-up questionnaire to measure the overall improvement or worsening of their condition at a mean of 2.5 years after their initial examination. At the time of initial evaluation, patients underwent a structured psychiatric examination, physical examination, laboratory studies, and self-report measures of psychological distress and functional disability. The psychiatric examination queried the patient about 28 somatic symptoms that are separate from those associated with CFS. Discriminant analysis was used to determine which variables present at the initial examination were significant predictors of persistent symptoms and disability at 2.5 years. RESULTS: The factors most important at the time of initial presentation in predicting persistent illness were: (1) more than eight medically unexplained physical symptoms separate from those associated with CFS case definition; (2) lifetime history of dysthymia; (3) duration of chronic fatigue symptoms greater than 1.5 years; (4) less than 16 years of formal education; and (5) age older than 38 years. None of the results of the initial physical examination, or immunologic, general laboratory, or viral antibody measurements were significant in predicting persistence of symptoms. Recovery rates for those who met the criteria for CFS by either of two case definitions were lower than the rate of noncases, but the differences were not statistically significant. The five aforementioned variables formed a significant discriminative function, correctly classifying 78% of those who recovered and 74% of those with persistent symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: At initial examination, patients with chronic fatigue, more than eight medically unexplained physical symptoms (excluding symptoms in the case criteria for CFS), a lifetime history of dysthymic disorder, longer than 1.5 years of chronic fatigue, less than 16 years of formal education, and who were older than 38 years were the most likely to have persistence of symptoms of chronic fatigue at the 2.5-year follow-up.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Visible persistence as a function of viewing condition and eye-handedness relationship.

Duration of visible persistence was investigated as a function of spatial frequency, orientation and viewing condition (binocular, dominant eye and non-dominant eye). Persistence increased with increasing spatial frequency and was longer for oblique than vertical gratings. Viewing condition also influenced visible persistence such that binocular persistence was significantly shorter than for either monocular condition. A post-hoc analysis indicated that this was only true with subjects who were right-handed and right-eyed. Subjects mixed on this relationship showed no differences in persistence across viewing conditions. A second experiment which selected subjects on the basis of this relationship confirmed the results of Experiment 1. The results for the right-right group broaden the generality of the rule showing an inverse relationship between response strength and persistence duration. The results for the Mixed group indicate a lack of binocular summation.

Dominance, Cerebral↗
PubMed1988

Persistent ovarian cysts following administration of human menopausal and chorionic gonadotropins: an attenuated form of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome.

Ovarian cysts persisting after the onset of menses were demonstrated by ultrasound (US) in 40 of 71 (56%) nonconception cycles following ovulation induction with human menopausal gonadotropins (hMG) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Persistent cysts were self-limited and all resolved spontaneously within two cycles. They developed more frequently during stimulation cycles with (1) higher mean pre-hCG serum estradiol (E2), (2) a greater number of medium and large follicles at peak pre-hCG E2, and (3) a larger leading follicle diameter at peak pre-hCG E2. Persistent ovarian cysts frequently occurred despite a peak pre-hCG E2 lower than 1000 pg/ml. Although ovarian enlargement in the presence of cysts exceeded 5 X 5 cm in 25% of cases, no patient developed clinical symptoms of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS). Repeated induction of ovulation with hMG/hCG in the presence of nonfunctional, persistent cysts resulted in pregnancies in 6 of 15 cases (40%). Asymptomatic persistent ovarian cysts frequently follow an hMG/hCG regimen and, when nonfunctional, are not a contraindication to repeated ovarian stimulation. Persistent ovarian cysts appear to be an attenuated form of OHSS.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

A dendritic cable model for the amplification of synaptic potentials by an ensemble average of persistent sodium channels.

The persistent sodium current density (I(NaP)) at the soma measured with the 'whole-cell' patch-clamp recording method is linearized about the resting state and used as a current source along the dendritic cable (depicting the spatial distribution of voltage-dependent persistent sodium ionic channels). This procedure allows time-dependent analytical solutions to be obtained for the membrane depolarization. Computer simulated response to a dendritic current injection in the form of synaptically-induced voltage change located at a distance from the recording site in a cable with unequally distributed persistent sodium ion channel densities per unit length of cable (the so-called 'hot-spots') is used to obtain conclusions on the density and distribution of persistent sodium ion channels. It is shown that the excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) are amplified if hot-spots of persistent sodium ion channels are spatially distributed along the dendritic cable, with the local density of I(NaP) with respect to the recording site shown to specifically increase the peak amplitude of the EPSP for a proximally placed synaptic input, while the spatial distribution of I(NaP) serves to broaden the time course of the amplified EPSP. However, in the case of a distally positioned synaptic input, both local and nonlocal densities yield an approximately identical enhancement of EPSPs in contradiction to the computer simulations performed by Lipowsky et al. [J. Neurophysiol. 76 (1996) 2181]. The results indicate that persistent sodium channels produce EPSP amplification even when their distribution is relatively sparse (i.e. , approximately 1-2% of the transient sodium channels are found in dendrites of CA1 hippocampal pyramidal neurons). This gives a strong impetus for the use of the theory as a novel approach in the investigation of synaptic integration of signals in active dendrites represented as ionic cables.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Intrapartum sonography and persistent occiput posterior position: a study of 408 deliveries.

OBJECTIVE: To use intrapartum sonography as a tool to investigate the development of the persistent occiput posterior position during labor, as well as to identify parameters correlating with the outcome of labor. METHODS: A prospective study of 408 women in labor after 37 weeks' gestation with a singleton fetus in a vertex position using sonography at the onset of labor was performed. Fetal position, placental location, and maternal BMI (body mass index) were recorded. Outcome of labor was monitored for all relevant parameters. RESULTS: Most (68%) of persistent occiput posterior positions develop through a malrotation during labor from an initially occipitoanterior position. Only 32% of persistent cases were occipitoposterior (dorsoposterior) at the onset of labor; operative interventions were required in 87.5% of these. Of the 61 (15%) occipitoposterior positions at the onset of labor, 53 (87%) rotated into an occiput anterior position. Persistent occiput posterior position was more common in the initially occipitoposterior group (P < 0.01, Fisher exact test), and posterior placental locations were fewer (z test, P = 0.05). Also, operative deliveries were more common in the group remaining occipitoposterior throughout labor (P < .01, Fisher exact test). A higher maternal BMI correlated with neonatal weight (P < .01, Pearson correlation), an increase in operative deliveries (P = .032, Pearson correlation), lower Apgar scores at 1 minute (P = .02, Spearman correlation), and increase in posterior placental locations (P = .037, two-tailed t test). CONCLUSION: In most cases, persistent occiput posterior position develops through a malrotation and only in a little more than one-third of cases through absence of rotation from an initially occipitoposterior position. Higher maternal BMI correlates with higher fetal weight, increased operative deliveries, lower Apgar scores at 1 minute, and posterior placental locations. Intrapartum sonography proved to be useful in investigating the development of the persistent occipitoposterior position.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Surgical management of persistent müllerian duct syndrome.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the optimal surgical management of the testes and müllerian duct structures in patients with persistent müllerian duct syndrome. METHODS: We performed a comprehensive Medline literature search regarding the surgical management of persistent müllerian duct syndrome and extracted information regarding the etiology, pathogenesis, and treatment of this disorder. We specifically assessed the risks of retained müllerian structures versus surgical excision of the infantile uterus and fallopian tubes. Using this information, we formulated a comprehensive strategy for the management of patients with persistent müllerian duct syndrome. An illustrative case is described. RESULTS: No malignant degeneration of persistent müllerian structures has been reported. The risk of testicular neoplasia in persistent müllerian duct syndrome approximates the risk of neoplasia in other intra-abdominal gonads. Fertility has rarely been reported although virilization is unaffected. Surgical excision of the infantile uterus and fallopian tubes risks damage to vasa deferentia and the deferential blood supply to the testis. CONCLUSIONS: Surgical excision of persistent müllerian duct structure may result in ischemic and/or traumatic damage to the vasa deferentia and testes. Optimal surgical management is orchiopexy leaving the uterus and fallopian tubes in situ. Meticulous proximal salpingectomy and hysterectomy is indicated only in patients whose müllerian structures limit intrascrotal placement of the tests. Orchiectomy is indicated for testes that cannot be mobilized to a palpable location.

Congenital Abnormalities↗
PubMed1998

Differential immune responses to acute lower respiratory illness in early life and subsequent development of persistent wheezing and asthma.

BACKGROUND: Recent epidemiologic evidence suggests that 2 wheezing syndromes coexist in early life: transient wheezing, limited to early childhood, and persistent wheezing, which starts in early childhood and persists beyond that age. OBJECTIVE: Whether the nature of the immune response occurring during acute lower respiratory illnesses (LRIs) in infancy differs between these 2 groups of wheezers has yet to be determined. METHODS: We compared total serum IgE levels and peripheral blood eosinophil counts obtained during the acute phase of the first LRI with those obtained during the convalescent phase or with well-baby samples in persistent (n = 49) and transient early wheezers (n = 88), as well as in children who had only nonwheezing LRIs (n = 43) during the first 3 years of life. RESULTS: Total serum IgE levels were significantly higher (P =.008) during the acute phase compared with the convalescent phase of the LRI in persistent wheezers, a response not observed in transient early wheezers (P =.7). Peripheral blood eosinophil counts were significantly reduced during the acute phase of the LRI (P =.009) in transient early wheezers, a response not observed among persistent wheezers (P =.7). Acute responses in children who had nonwheezing LRIs only were similar to those seen in transient early wheezers. CONCLUSION: Alterations in acute immune response to viral infection may be detected at the time of the first wheezing episode in subjects who will go on to have persistent wheezing symptoms.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1996

Double-blind randomised trial of co-amoxiclav versus placebo for persistent otitis media with effusion in general practice.

BACKGROUND: The treatment of persistent otitis media with effusion (OME) remains controversial, but this condition is the commonest reason for children to require ear, nose, and throat (ENT) surgery. Trials of antibiotics are inconclusive, are often weak methodologically, and have not been done in general practice. Our aim was a trial of an antibiotic for OME in such a population. METHODS: 433 children, aged 6 months to 6 years, with OME from 57 general practices entered a 3-month watchful waiting period. Of 223 (52%) with persistent bilateral OME, 162 were randomised double-blind to receive co-amoxiclav suspension (20 mg/kg amoxicillin, 5 mg/kg clavulanate potassium) or matching placebo, orally three times a day for 14 days. All cases also received xylometazoline 0.25% decongestant nosedrops thrice daily. Of the 61 not randomised, 13 children were referred to an ENT surgeon and parents refused consent in 48 cases. The main outcome measures were persistent OME in both ears and in one or both ears, as assessed clinically and by tympanometry. Analysis was by intention-to-treat. FINDINGS: 79 children in the treatment group and 70 in the placebo group were analysed for efficacy. 3 withdrew in the co-amoxiclav group (2 lost to follow-up, 1 due to side-effects); 6 withdrew in the placebo group (5 and 1, respectively). In addition, 4 tympanograms were uninterpretable in the controls. Compliance was over 90% in both groups. Persistent OME in both ears and in one or both ears were found at significantly lower rates in the co-amoxiclav group than in the controls at the 2-week follow-up: 53 vs 84% and 77 vs 93%, respectively. Odds ratios adjusted for sex, history of adenoidectomy, and upper respiratory tract infection at follow-up were 0.25 (95% CI 0.11, 0.58, p = 0.001) and 0.30 (0.10, 0.89, p = 0.03), respectively. Parents of children in the co-amoxiclav group reported significantly more side-effects than those of control children (44 vs 22%, p = 0.03). Side-effects were mostly gastrointestinal and mild. INTERPRETATION: Our study in a general-practice setting confirmed the positive short-term effect of antibiotic treatment for persistent middle-ear infection. Before referral to an ENT surgeon, children with persistent OME presenting to general practitioners could be considered for such treatment, depending on the individual child and possible adverse sequelae.

Amoxicillin↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Does a coexisting anxiety disorder predict persistence of depressive illness in primary care patients with major depression?

We assessed whether a coexisting anxiety disorder predicts risk for persistent depression in primary care patients with major depression at baseline. Patients with major depression were identified in a 12-month prospective cohort study at a University-based family practice clinic. Presence of an anxiety disorder and other potential prognostic factors were measured at baseline. Persistent depressive illness (major depression, minor depression, or dysthymia) was determined at 12 months. Of 85 patients with major depression at baseline, 43 had coexisting anxiety disorder (38 with social phobia). The risk for persistent depression at 12 months was 44% greater [Risk Ratio (RR) = 1.44, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.02-2.04] in those with coexisting anxiety. This risk persisted in stratified analysis controlling for other prognostic factors. Patients with coexisting anxiety had greater mean depressive severity [repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA), p < 0.04] and total disability days (54.9 vs 19.8, p < 0.02) over the 12-month study. Patients with social phobia had similar increased risk for persistent depression (RR = 1.40, 95% CI 0.98-2.00). A coexisting anxiety disorder indicates risk for persistent depression in primary care patients with major depression. Social phobia may be important to recognize in these patients. Identifying anxiety disorders can help primary care clinicians target patients needing more aggressive treatment for depression.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Mechanisms and consequences of enterovirus persistence in cardiac myocytes and cells of the immune system.

In humans and experimental murine models enteroviruses, and in particular coxsackieviruses of group B (CVB), may induce chronic myocarditis associated with a persistent type of heart muscle infection. Persistent myocardial infection has been characterized by restricted viral replication and gene expression, which is capable of sustaining chronic inflammation. Altered replication and transcription of the virus, in addition to an immune response insufficient to recognize and clear infected cells entirely, are essential mechanisms for initiation and maintenance of persistent heart muscle infection. Viral cytotoxicity was found to be crucial for organ pathology both during acute and persistent infection, indicating that enterovirus myocarditis is a virus-induced rather than an immune-mediated disease. Notably, resistance to the development of persistent heart muscle infection is not linked to the H-2 haplotype of the host. In addition to persistently infected myocytes, detection of the replicative minus-strand RNA intermediate provided evidence for virus replication in lymphoid cells of the spleen, predominantly in splenic B lymphocytes, during the course of the disease. Whereas viral RNA was also detected in certain CD4+ helper T cells and Mac1+ macrophages, no enteroviral genomes were identified in CD8+ T cells. Detection of infected activated B lymphocytes both in heart tissue of CVB3-infected immunocompetent mice and syngenic SCID mice receiving splenocytes from CVB3-infected donors support the concept that B cell traffic may contribute to maintenance of chronic disease. Dissection of the diversity of viral and host-specific determinants in susceptible and resistant hosts will allow us to define the protective mechanisms that mediate resistance to the development of life-threatening acute and chronic enterovirus myocarditis.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Characteristics of a macrophage culture persistently infected with herpes simplex virus type 1.

BACKGROUND: Persistence of herpes simplex type 1 (HSV-1) has been reported in sensory neurons, corneal epithelium, and lymphocytes, although other cell types such as macrophages should also be considered as hosts for HSV-1 persistence. Here we report the establishment and characterization of HSV-1 persistence in an immortalized murine macrophage-like cell line (P388D1). METHODS: The persistently HSV-1 infected culture (P388D1per) was obtained from surviving P388D1 macrophages infected with HSV-1 MP strain at multiplicity of 0.001. P388D1per was characterized by [corrected] extracellular production of viruses, cells expressing viral antigens, and cells releasing infectious viruses. Viral plaque size and cytophatic effect were determined in viruses (HSVA and HSVB) obtained from two different P388D1per passages. Host and viral proteins were detected in P388D1per and in P388D1 cells infected with HSV-1 by metabolic [35S]-methionine labeling assays. RESULTS: P388D1per culture was characterized [corrected] by cyclic production of infectious viruses from non-detectable to 10(6) TCID50/mL, [corrected] from 1.0 to 15.0% cells expressing viral antigens and macrophages released infectious viruses from 0.008 to 12.5%. Differences in viral plaque size and cytopathic effect morphology between HSVA, HSVB and HSV-1 were observed. Similar patterns of viral proteins were observed in P388D1per and in P388D1 infected with HSV-1. Nonetheless, the characteristic interference effect of HSV-1 on host protein synthesis was not observed in P388D1per culture. CONCLUSIONS: An HSV-1 persistently infected immortalized macrophage culture was established and characterized. Virus produced during persistence showed phenotypic alterations with respect to the original virus. P388D1per cell protein synthesis was not affected by the presence of HSV-1.

Animals↗