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PubMed1989

[Community acquired pulmonary infections in a general hospital].

We studied community acquired pulmonary infections in general hospital. Forty-seven outpatients (group I) and 107 inpatients (group II) were analyzed respectively. The mean age of group I was 43.4 years old and that of group II was 57.4 years old. Significant underlying diseases were present in 45% of group I and 62% of group II. In group I, the underlying diseases were chronic respiratory diseases, and in group II, chronic respiratory diseases and other significant diseases such as diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, malnutrition or malignancy. All of group I and 81 cases of group II were pneumonia. Pleuritis with pneumonia (11), lung abscess or cavitary infection (11), and pyothorax (4) were included in group II. Etiologic organisms were determined in 48.6% of the cases in group I, and 44.0% in group II. Invasive methods such as transtracheal aspiration and percutaneous lung puncture aspiration were very useful for isolation of the pathogen. The pathogens isolated included H. influenzae (17), S. pneumoniae (10), M. pneumoniae (4), C. psittaci (4) in total cases. In group I, H. influenzae was mostly isolated and in group II, S. pneumoniae was mostly isolated and opportunistic pathogens were also isolated. The form of pneumococcal pneumonia was almost always focal pneumonia in this study. There were 8 fatalities (5.2%), all of which were very old or had other serious diseases.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Open clinical trial of roxithromycin amongst patients of Jos University Teaching Hospital with lower and upper respiratory tract infections.

An open non-comparative clinical study to determine the efficacy and tolerance of Roxithromycin 150 mg twice daily was carried out amongst Nigerian patients with acute upper and lower respiratory tract infections. Twenty-four (24) patients (mean age 21.6 years, male 13; females 11 who completed the study presented with acute tonsillitis (33.3%, acute bronchitis (12.5%), lober pneumonia (12.5%), Otitis media (8%), acute pharyngitis (4%) and acute sinusitis (4%). Most of the patients had normal bacterial flora isolated (50.3%). Pathogens isolated included streptococcus pyogenes (21%), moraxella catarhalis (8.3%), streptococcus pneumonia (8.3%) and Klebsiella pneumonia (4%). The quick clinical response, lack of major adverse drug reactions and susceptibility of the bacterial isolates to Roxithromycin were very significant attributes of the drug. In addition, there was complete recovery in 95.8% of the patients. Roxithromycin is therefore a well tolerated and effective drug for the treatment of acute respiratory tract infections in Nigerian patients.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1995

[Azithromycin and bronchopulmonary infections].

Azithromycin is a molecule of the macrolide family, belonging to the azalides class. Several of its characteristics allow for its use in the treatment of the community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections. Commonly isolated pathogens in bronchial infections are most frequently H. influenzae, S. pneumoniae, M. catarrhalis, C. pneumoniae and M. pneumoniae, and more rarely or in the context of a particular background, S. aureus, Gram negative bacteria and L. pneumophila. MIC90 of these germs is generally low or slightly elevated, displaying an inhibitory activity of the azithromycin on these bacteria. Nevertheless, the frequency of macrolide-resistant S. pneumoniae is not negligible and this germ must be considered as inconstantly susceptible to the macrolide family. Pharmacokinetics studies evidenced from high to very high azithromycin concentrations in the pulmonary tissues, reaching values well above MIC of pathogens commonly isolated. Given the long half-life, these concentrations persist a long time after oral administration. As azithromycin concentrates much in polymorphonuclear leucocytes, they release azithromycin after having migrated into the infectious site by chimiotactism, thus allowing to increase the antibiotic concentration at infection site. These requirements have been confirmed in vivo in animal models and in clinical studies. Two experimental models on macrolide susceptible S. pneumoniae, and H. influenzae evidenced a better activity of azithromycin in comparison to other macrolides tested against these two germs.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1995

Comparison of the efficacy and safety of isepamicin and amikacin in the treatment of skin and skin structure infections.

Two hundred and three patients with skin and skin structure infections were treated with isepamicin once daily or amikacin twice daily in an open, randomised, comparative multicentre trial. Patients were randomised to treatment with isepamicin or amikacin in a 2:1 ratio. Severe infections (63 patients) were treated with isepamicin 15 mg/kg once daily (n = 15) or amikacin 7.5 mg/kg twice daily (n - 18), less severe infections (140 patients) with isepamicin 8 mg/kg once daily (n = 93) or amikacin 7.5 mg/kg twice daily (n = 47). The overall clinical response rate at the end of treatment was excellent in all treatment groups (94-96% cured or improved) with no significant differences between isepamicin and amikacin in patients with either server or less severe infections. The most commonly isolated target pathogens were Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis and Staphylococcus aureus. Overall, in patients who had a valid target pathogen isolated prior to treatment and who met other evaluability criteria, bacteriological eradication was achieved in over 90% of patients; amikacin patients with severe infections had a somewhat lower eradication rate (82%). Over all infections, 4/110 (4%) patients in the isepamicin group and 5/54 (9%) patients in the amikacin had organisms which persisted. Adverse events were reported in 12% of patients in the isepamicin group and 6% in the amikacin group. The most frequently reported adverse event in the isepamicin group as headache. Two patients (one in each treatment group), both of whom experienced skin rashes, were withdrawn. Potentially clinically significant changes in serum creatinine occurred in two patients, who received isepamicin and one who received amikacin (who was withdrawn from the study). Ototoxicity was rare, occurring in one patient treated with isepamicin.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Bacteria isolated in 1994-1995 in female upper genitalia infections and in male urethritis. Distribution and sensitivity to antibiotics].

OBJECTIVE: Classify antibiotics according to their individual activity so as to identify those suitable for empiric therapy. METHODS: We studied bacterial strains isolated from patients with urethritis (n = 189) and upper genital tract infections (n = 163) between June 1994 and February 1995 in 3 hospital and 4 community laboratories. Upper genital tract infections were divided into two groups: proven infection on laparoscopy specimen (n = 79) and suspected infection with isolation of pathogen in cervical samples (n = 84). Pathogens isolated were: Chlamydia trachomatis in 36/12/15 cases respectively, Mycoplasma hominis in 12/20/13, Ureaplasma urealyticum in 55/30/15, Neisseria gonorrhoeae in 40/2/0, Haemophilus spp in 20/2/1, group B streptococci in 7/1/8, E. coli in 8/1/17 and miscellaneous in 11/8/15. The minimal inhibitory concentrations for all strains were determined in 4 laboratories for ofloxacin, erythromycin and doxycyclin against C. trachomatis, M. hominis and U. urealyticum, and for ofloxacin, erythromycin, doxycyclin, amoxicillin+clavulanate, cefotaxime and gentamicin against the other strains. The activity score (% susceptibility to each antibiotic weighted by the frequencies of each isolate in urethritis and upper genital tract infection based on recent French epidemiologic data) was calculated for each antibiotic. CONCLUSION: The antibiotics with the best empiric activity scores in urethritis were, in decreasing order: doxycyclin (90.4%), ofloxacin (88.1%), and erythromycin (50.2%). The most active combinations in upper genital tract infections were ofloxacin+amoxicillin (100%), doxycyclin+cefotaxime+metronidazole (95.9%) and doxycyclin+amoxicillin (95.3%).

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2002

Involvement of the leader sequence in Sendai virus pathogenesis revealed by recovery of a pathogenic field isolate from cDNA.

We previously demonstrated that a systematic passage of a pathogenic field isolate of Sendai virus (SeV), the Hamamatsu strain, in embryonated eggs caused attenuation of virulence to mice, and we isolated viral clones of distinct virulence (K. Kiyotani et al. Arch. Virol. 146:893-908, 2001). One of the clones, E15cl2, which was obtained from the virus at the 15th egg passage of E0, the parental Hamamatsu clone for egg passage, had 165-fold-attenuated virulence to mice and possessed only four mutations in the entire 15,384-base genome: in an antigenomic sense, U to A at position 20 (U20A) and U to A at position 24 (U24A) in the leader sequence, the promoter for transcription and replication, and A to G at position 9346 (silent) and A to U at position 12174 (Ser to Cys) in the L gene. To examine the possibility that leader mutations affect virus pathogenesis, we recovered live viruses from cDNA derived from the Hamamatsu strain. A mutant virus possessing either a mutation of U20A or U24A in the leader sequence showed a slightly lower pathogenicity than that of the parental virus, whereas a double mutant virus possessing both of the mutations showed 25-fold-attenuated virulence, accompanying a significantly lower virus replication in the mouse lung. Replications of the leader mutant viruses were also impaired in a primary culture of mouse pulmonary epithelial cells but not in chicken embryo fibroblasts. These findings suggest that leader mutations of SeV affect virus pathogenesis by altering virus replication in a host-dependent manner.

5' Untranslated Regions↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Choice of commercial elective nutrient media for the isolation of pathogenic vibrios of different species].

Commercial nutrient media and their modifications are assessed, including elective differentiation medium for V. cholerae developed at the Rostov Research Anti-Plague Institute for the isolation of pathogenic vibrios. V. cholerae cholerae P-1 (145), V. cholerae el tor M-878, V. cholerae non 01 P-9741, E. coli 18, P. vulgaris 19, and 48 strains of vibrios belonging to different species were used in the study. All the strains used were characterized as to their nutritive requirements. Alkaline agar manufactured by the I. I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera was found to be the optimal medium for the isolation of pathogenic vibrios, for it provided the growth of all the examined strains from the inoculation dose of 100 bacterial cells. Addition of potassium tellurite to this medium in a dose of 30 to 50 mg/ml improved its selective properties. Elective differential medium for V. cholerae, though somewhat inferior to alkaline agar in sensitivity, provided the growth of colonies of the overwhelming majority of the strains and inhibited the growth of associated bacteria. Hence, these two media are recommended as elective media for the diagnosis and selection of pathogenic vibrio. Endo and Ploskirev's media with alkaline agar in 1 to 1 ratio may be recommended as additional ones for the isolation of vibrios from patients and from environmental objects.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed1976

[Comparison of the sensitivity of pathogenic staphylococci isolated in 1974 to certain antibiotics and nitrofuran derivatives].

Sensitivity of 267 strains of pathogenic staphylococci isolated in 1974 was studied with respect to some antibiotics and nitrofuran derivatives by the method of serial dilutions on solid media. Sensitivity to penicillin, oxacillin, olemorphocycline, ristomycin and nitrofuran derivatives (furagin and salafur) was observed in 30.7 +/- 2.8, 61.8 +/-3, 29.2 +/-2.8 and 98.9 +/- 0.8 per cent of the cultures respectively.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Diagnostic value of sinus-tract cultures in chronic osteomyelitis.

Sinus-tract cultures were compared with cultures of operative specimens from 40 patients with chronic osteomyelitis. Thirty-five patients (87.5%) had a single pathogen isolated from their operative specimens. Only 44% of the sinus-tract cultures contained the operative pathogen. Isolation of Staphyloccus aureus from sinus tracts correlated with the presence of S aureus in the operative specimen. However, less than half of the sinus-tract cultures obtained from patients with S aureus osteomyelitis contained this organism. Isolation of bacteria other than S aureus from sinus tracts had a low likelihood of predicting the pathogen isolated from bone. A presumptive diagnosis of S aureus osteomyelitis is justified if S aureus is isolated from an associated sinus tract. A bacteriologic diagnosis of chronic osteomyelitis based on isolation of common pathogens other than S aureus from sinus tracts must be verified by an appropriate operative culture.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Studies on the bacterial flora of fish which are potential pathogens for human. Isolation of various potential human pathogenic organisms from different parts of fish and their significance in initiating human diseases.

Freshwater fish of different categories, collected from market of Dhaka City of Bangladesh, were studied for the bacterial flora. Potential human pathogens were isolated from about eighty-five percent of the fish studied. Organisms isolated were Aeromonas spp., (69.2%), Vibrio spp., (42.3%), Plesiomonas shigelloides (35.9%) and Escherichia coli (16.7%). The high association of potential human pathogens among the freshwater fish suggest that if fish are handled improperly or if consumed undercooked or uncooked may cause various diseases to susceptible individual.

Animals↗
PubMed1969

Pathogen-free isolation unit--three years' experience.

The results obtained during the first three years of a pathogen-free isolation unit containing five beds have shown that this type of unit can reduce the risk of infection in patients treated with intensive chemotherapy or in those who have granulocytopenia from various causes. It is suggested that treatment of cancer which involves these risks should be carried out routinely in sterile isolation units, and that it is urgent to build many more and much larger units.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Host-Pathogen Interactions: VIII. Isolation of a Pathogen-synthesized Fraction Rich in Glucan That Elicits a Defense Response in the Pathogen's Host.

A polysaccharide from the fungal pathogen Colletotrichum lindemuthianum causes browning and phytoalexin production when applied to the cut surfaces of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) cotyledons and hypocotyls. The application of an amount of polysaccharide equivalent to less than 100 ng of glucose will elicit this response in the bean tissues. The polysaccharide has been isolated both from culture filtrates and from the mycelial walls of the fungus. Purification of the polysaccharide involved anion and cation exchange chromatography and gel filtration. The polysaccharide has an apparent molecular weight between 1,000,000 and 5,000,000 daltons, and consists predominantly of 3- and 4-linked glucosyl residues.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1995

Treatment of acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in hospitalised patients--a comparison of meropenem and imipenem/cilastatin. COPD Study Group.

Meropenem and imipenem/cilastatin were compared in an open, randomised prospective multicentre study in the treatment of acute exacerbations of severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in hospitalised patients. One-hundred-and-seventy-three patients were enrolled; 164 were evaluable for clinical efficacy and 98 for bacteriological efficacy, with 144 pathogens isolated. The predominant pathogens were Haemophilus influenzae (n = 30), Streptococcus pneumoniae (18), Staphylococcus aureus (12), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (11), Moraxella catarrhalis (8), other Gram-negative bacteria (Neisseria, Klebsiella, Proteus, and Enterobacter spp.) (53) and other Gram-positive bacteria (12). A single bacterial pathogen was identified in 61 patients, whereas two bacterial pathogens were isolated in 31 patients and three in six patients. The clinical response at the end of treatment was very high in both groups with a satisfactory outcome (cured or improved) in 97.6% of the meropenem patients and in 96.3% of the imipenem/cilastatin patients; at follow-up the rates were 89.1% and 89.8%, respectively. The bacterial success (eradication or presumed eradication) was 88.2% in the meropenem group and 89.4% in the comparator group. Nausea or vomiting were reported more frequently in patients treated with imipenem/cilastatin, whereas in the meropenem group an increase in aminotransferases was reported. One patient treated with imipenem/cilastatin was withdrawn from the study due to seizures. Meropenem and imipenem/cilastatin were highly effective for the treatment of severe bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis but meropenem was better tolerated.

Bacterial Infections↗
PubMed1996

Techniques for isolating thermotolerant and pathogenic freeliving amebae.

Several conditions of isolation were evaluated to determine which yielded the greatest number of thermotolerant and pathogenic freeliving amebae. Swab samples, easier to obtain and process, produced more pathogenic amebae than water samples. If water samples are required, 50-ml volumes gave the greatest percentage of pathogenic isolates. An incubating temperature of 42 degrees C yielded the most thermotolerant amebae. A total of 11 pathogenic isolates were obtained from 762 environmental samples and were Acanthamoeba (55%), Naegleria fowleri Carter, 1970 (27%), and N. australiensis De Jonckheere, 1981 (18%).

Acanthamoeba↗
PubMed2001

Frequency of isolation of pathogens from bloodstream, nosocomial pneumonia, skin and soft tissue, and urinary tract infections occurring in European patients.

The frequency of isolation of pathogens that cause different types of infections is an important guide for empiric therapy. As part of the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program, the frequency of isolation of different bacterial species from bloodstream, nosocomial pneumonia, skin and soft tissue, and urinary tract infections occurring in European patients was determined. A total of 15,704 isolates were collected in 1997 and 1998 from 24 university hospitals in 14 European countries: 9,194 from bloodstream, 2,052 from nosocomial pneumonia, 2,320 from skin and soft tissue, and 2,138 from urinary tract infections. More than 95% of all bacterial infections were caused by only 15 different genera. Staphylococcus spp. and Escherichia spp, accounted for more than 50% of the infectious isolates, with the exception of those obtained from cases of nosocomial pneumonia. In the latter type of infection, isolates belonging to these two genera were responsible for 30% of the infections. An analysis at the individual species level showed that Escherichia coli caused a large proportion of bloodstream and urinary tract infections (20.8% and 49.3% of isolates, respectively). Staphylococcus aureus was the main causative species for nosocomial pneumonia and skin and soft tissue infections (21.5% and 37.4% of isolates, respectively). In addition, Pseudomonas aeruginosa played an important role in all types of infection analyzed.

Bacteremia↗
PubMed1992

Isolation of mosquito-toxic bacteria from mosquito-breeding sites in Kenya.

A large number of source materials were collected for isolating entomopathogenic bacteria from larval mosquito habitats in Kirinyaga District, Kenya. Mosquito-toxic bacteria were included among the numerous types of microorganisms isolated from the habitats. The pathogenic isolates shared common structural characteristics; they were gram-positive, spore-forming bacilli that produced parasporal inclusions conferring broad-spectrum larvicidal activity against Anopheles, Culex and Aedes mosquitoes. Based on structural and growth characteristics, coupled with larvicidal activity, the pathogenic isolates were tentatively identified as variants of Bacillus thuringiensis. Although the collection consisted of a variety of items including soil, silt and mud, the most productive materials were larval bodies. Using healthy mosquito larvae held in a fully permeable plastic bottle, a baiting technique was developed as a means of recovering bacteria from the environment.

Aedes↗