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PubMedDate not supplied

Predicting achievement of a low-fat diet: a nutrition intervention for adults with low literacy skills.

BACKGROUND: This paper identifies factors that predict achievement of a low-fat diet among 242 California adults with low literacy skills, following their participation in the Stanford Nutrition Action Program (SNAP), a randomized classroom-based nutrition intervention trial (1993-1994). METHODS: The intervention classes received a newly developed curriculum that focuses on reducing dietary fat intake (SNAP); the control classes received an existing general nutrition (GN) curriculum. Data were collected at baseline and 3 months postintervention. This hypothesis-generating analysis uses a signal detection method to identify mutually exclusive groups that met the goal of a low fat diet, defined as < 30% of calories from total fat, at 3 months postintervention. RESULTS: Three mutually exclusive groups were identified. Twenty-three percent of Group 1, participants with high baseline dietary fat (> 60 g) who received either the GN or the SNAP curriculum, met the postintervention goal of < 30% of calories from total fat. Thirty-four percent of Group 2, participants with moderate baseline dietary fat (< or = 60 g) who received the GN curriculum, were successful. Sixty percent of Group 3, participants with moderate baseline dietary fat who received the SNAP curriculum, were successful. Members of Group 3 also significantly increased their intake of vegetables, grains, and fiber. CONCLUSIONS: Within this population of adults with low literacy skills, a large proportion of those with moderate baseline dietary fat who participated in the SNAP classes met the postintervention criteria for a low-fat diet. A much smaller proportion of those with high baseline dietary fat were successful, suggesting that this group may benefit from different, more intensive, or longer-term interventions.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Complete coding sequences of cDNAs of four variants of rabbit skeletal muscle troponin T.

Four variants of troponin T (TnT) cDNAs have been isolated and sequenced. These cDNAs have been derived from rabbit skeletal muscle, the most widely studied source of troponin, of a 11-day-old animal. One variant (TnT-1) contains the complete coding sequence, while in three variants the coding sequences are truncated at the 5' termini. The previously published amino acid sequence differs from the present cDNA-derived sequences at three locations. At least two, possibly all, of them are probably accounted for by errors in peptide sequencing. The present results are consistent with the two types of alternative splicing of TnT genes, both being first reported on the rat gene. (1) Highly variable sequences in the amino-terminal region are accounted for by the alternative splicing of exons 4-8 in an interchangeable but not mutually exclusive manner. (2) In the carboxyl-terminal region, the alternative splicing of two exons 17 (beta-type) or 16 (alpha-type) in mutually exclusive manner is consistent with the difference between all the four cDNAs, which express exon 17, and the previously published peptide sequence (derived from the adult muscle) in which exon 16 is present. This variation also corresponds to the finding in chicken skeletal muscle that the choice of exon 16 or 17 may be dependent on developmental stages. Finally, a sequence is observed corresponding to an extra exon or exons between exons 5 and 6. This sequence is shorter than that of the chicken skeletal muscle gene and is not detected in the rat skeletal muscle gene.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2005

Do multielement visual tracking and visual search draw continuously on the same visual attention resources?

Multielement visual tracking and visual search are 2 tasks that are held to require visual-spatial attention. The authors used the attentional operating characteristic (AOC) method to determine whether both tasks draw continuously on the same attentional resource (i.e., whether the 2 tasks are mutually exclusive). The authors found that observers can search and track within the same trial significantly better than would be predicted if the 2 tasks were mutually exclusive. In fact, the AOC for tracking and search is similar to that for tracking and auditory monitoring. The results of additional experiments support an attention-switching account for this high level of dual-task performance in which a single attentional resource is efficiently switched between the tracking and search. The results provide important constraints for architectures of visual selective attention and the mechanisms of multielement tracking.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1978

Phenotypic exclusion in mouse melanoma-rat hepatoma hybrid cells: pigment and albumin production are not reexpressed simultaneously.

Hybridization of cells of defined and different histotypes has been carried out to investigate whether the expression (or reexpression) of parental functions is mutually exclusive, as is expected if the generally assumed rule of discreteness of differentiation applies to hybrid cells. A cross of pigmented mouse melanoma cells and albumin-producing rat hepatoma cells gave rise to hybrids containing essentially one set of chromosomes from each parent and producing neither melanin nor albumin. Cells of one hybrid clone are shown to retain the potential to reexpress both parental differentiations. Successive subclonings of this hybrid have shown that cells which reexpress one function may retain the potential to reexpress the other, and that freshly isolated, morphologically homogeneous subclones may produce pigment or albumin, but not both; there successive and exclusive shifts of phenotype are documented, and in these cases, chromosome loss is very slight. The use of immunoadsorbed antisera has revealed that most (if not all) of the albumin produced by the hybrid cells is of the mouse type. We conclude that both parental determinations are retained by the hybrid cells, and that the parental differentiations are reexpressed only in a mutually exclusive fashion.

Albumins↗

PubMed1985

Interrelationships among quinidine, amiloride, and lithium as inhibitors of the renal Na+-H+ exchanger.

We examined the effects of quinidine, amiloride and Li+ on the kinetics of Na+-H+ exchange in microvillus membrane vesicles isolated from the rabbit renal cortex. Quinidine reversibly inhibited the initial rate of Na+-H+ exchange (I50 200 microM). The plot of 1/V versus [quinidine] was curvilinear, with Hill coefficient greater than 1.0, indicating that the drug interacts at two or more inhibitory sites or at a single site on at least two different conformations of the transporter. Quinidine decreased the Vmax for Na+-H+ exchange and increased the Km for Na+, indicating a mixed-type mechanism of inhibition. In contrast, plots of 1/V versus [amiloride] and 1/V versus [Li+] were linear, indicating single inhibitory sites; amiloride and Li+ each increased the Km for Na+ with no effect on Vmax, indicating a competitive mechanism of inhibition. Addition of Li+ increased the intercept with no change in slope of the 1/V versus [amiloride] plot, indicating that Li+ and amiloride are mutually exclusive inhibitors of Na+-H+ exchange. Addition of quinidine increased the slopes of the plots of 1/V versus [amiloride] and 1/V versus [Li+], indicating that the binding of quinidine is not mutually exclusive with the binding of amiloride and Li+. Results from this and previous studies are consistent with the concept that the inhibitor amiloride and the transportable substrates Na+, H+, Li+, and NH+4 all mutually compete for binding to a single site, the external transport site of the renal Na+-H+ exchanger. However, our findings indicate that quinidine interacts with the Na+-H+ exchanger on at least one additional site that is not shared by Na+, Li+, or amiloride.

Amiloride↗

PubMed2001

Developmental regulation of alternative exon usage in the house fly Vssc1 sodium channel gene.

Sequence analysis of cDNA clones amplified by PCR from house fly ( Musca domestica L.) Vssc1 voltage-sensitive sodium channel alpha subunit transcript templates identified 11 putative alternatively spliced exons. Nine of these corresponded to the 7 optional exons (designated a, b, e, f, h, i, and j) and 2 mutually exclusive exons (designated c/d) identified previously in the orthologous para sodium channel alpha subunit genes of Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila virilis, whereas two segments represented new mutually exclusive exons in Vssc1 (designated k/l) located in a region not previously identified as a site of alternative splicing in para. Diagnostic PCR assays on individual Vssc1 cDNA templates detected the presence or absence of each putative alternative exon in multiple partial cDNAs (42-96 individual clones per cDNA pool) from newly emerged first instar larvae, pupae, day 1 adult heads, and day 1 adult bodies. Exons h and i were present in all cDNA clones from all developmental stages. Exon d was also present in all clones from all developmental stages that encoded full-length amino acid sequences; however, 1 of 42 clones from adult head contained an exon c-like segment in which the coding sequence was terminated by a premature stop codon. In contrast, the frequencies of exons a, b, e, f, j, k, and l differed between developmental stages and adult anatomical regions. Analysis of the Vssc1 region containing alternative exons a, b, c/d, e, f, h, and i as a single amplified cDNA segment identified nine Vssc1 splice variants involving these exons. The splice variant containing exons a, d, h, and i was the most abundant form in all cDNA pools examined, but the observed patterns of splice variant expression were specific to each developmental stage and adult anatomical region. Our results document the strong conservation of alternative exon location and structure between the Vssc1 gene of the house fly and the para gene of D. melanogaster but identify marked differences in exon usage between these species.

Alternative Splicing↗

PubMed1996

Expression of aquaporins-1 and -2 during nephrogenesis and in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease.

Aquaporin-1 (AQP1), located in proximal tubules (PT) and descending thin limbs of Henle (DTL), and aquaporin-2 (AQP2), located in collecting ducts (CD), are channels involved in water transport across renal tubule epithelia. Using antibodies against AQP1 and AQP2, we here show expression of AQP1 and AQP2 in normal human developing and adult kidneys and in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). Unlike in rats, AQP1 and AQP2 are expressed early during human nephrogenesis (12-wk gestation). AQP1 was first seen in developing PT epithelia, predominantly in apical cell membranes, and, at 15 wk, was also detected in DTL. AQP2 was seen in apical cell membranes of the branching ureteric bud and CD system from 12 wk and throughout development. In adult normal kidneys, AQP1 was localized to apical and basolateral membrane domains of PT and DTL, whereas AQP2 was restricted to principal cells of CD. This distribution of AQP1 and AQP2 was also seen in early stage ADPKD, except that AQP1 was mostly located in the apical membrane region of expanded PT. In end-stage ADPKD, two-thirds of the cysts expressed either AQP1 or AQP2, but these two water channels were never colocalized in the same cyst. Western blot analysis showed maximal expression of AQP1 and AQP2 in normal adult kidneys, lower levels in fetal kidneys, and decreases associated with degree of cystic progression in ADPKD. These data 1) demonstrate specific, mutually exclusive localization of AQP1 and AQP2 in human fetal and adult kidneys; 2) show that both channels are expressed early during nephrogenesis; and 3) show that the mutual exclusivity of localization is maintained even into end-stage ADPKD.

Aging↗

PubMed1984

Quantitative analysis of dose-effect relationships: the combined effects of multiple drugs or enzyme inhibitors.

A generalized method for analyzing the effects of multiple drugs and for determining summation, synergism and antagonism has been proposed. The derived, generalized equations are based on kinetic principles. The method is relatively simple and is not limited by whether the dose-effect relationships are hyperbolic or sigmoidal, whether the effects of the drugs are mutually exclusive or nonexclusive, whether the ligand interactions are competitive, noncompetitive or uncompetitive, whether the drugs are agonists or antagonists, or the number of drugs involved. The equations for the two most widely used methods for analyzing synergism, antagonism and summation of effects of multiple drugs, the isobologram and fractional product concepts, have been derived and been shown to have limitations in their applications. These two methods cannot be used indiscriminately. The equations underlying these two methods can be derived from a more generalized equation previously developed by us (59). It can be shown that the isobologram is valid only for drugs whose effects are mutually exclusive, whereas the fractional product method is valid only for mutually nonexclusive drugs which have hyperbolic dose-effect curves. Furthermore, in the isobol method, it is laborious to find proper combinations of drugs that would produce an iso-effective curve, and the fractional product method tends to give indication of synergism, since it underestimates the summation of the effect of mutually nonexclusive drugs that have sigmoidal dose-effect curves. The method described herein is devoid of these deficiencies and limitations. The simplified experimental design proposed for multiple drug-effect analysis has the following advantages: It provides a simple diagnostic plot (i.e., the median-effect plot) for evaluating the applicability of the data, and provides parameters that can be directly used to obtain a general equation for the dose-effect relation; the analysis which involves logarithmic conversion and linear regression can be readily carried out with a simple programmable electronic calculator and does not require special graph paper or tables; and the simplicity of the equation allows flexibility of application and the use of a minimum number of data points. This method has been used to analyze experimental data obtained from enzymatic, cellular and animal systems.

Adenosine Diphosphate↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Healthy behaviors and sources of health information among low-income pregnant women.

This article addresses responses from two open-ended questions, describing the healthy behaviors and sources of health information in 150 low-income pregnant women. Data for this exploratory study were collected as part of a larger descriptive correlational study. Qualitative content analysis was used in the analysis. One hundred fifty English-speaking pregnant women aged 18 and over were interviewed at a public prenatal clinic in the Southeastern United States at their first prenatal visit. Health behaviors were placed into seven mutually exclusive categories: food-related behaviors, substance-related behavior, exercise/rest/activity, self-awareness/appearance, learning, focus on baby, and no specific behaviors. Sources of information questions were placed into seven mutually exclusive categories: family, health personnel, reading, hearing, other people, self-intuitive, and no response. Low-income pregnant women are aware of healthy behaviors and report practicing them during their pregnancies. Because family members are a common source of information for health practices, they should be included in health education efforts.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Expression of the two isoforms of the vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT1 and VMAT2) in the endocrine pancreas and pancreatic endocrine tumors.

The uptake of monoamines into the secretory granules of monoamine-storing neuroendocrine cells is mediated by vesicular monoamine transporter protein 1 or 2 (VMAT1 or VMAT2). This study analyzed the expression of VMAT1 and VMAT2 in endocrine cells of normal human and monkey pancreas. The expression of VMAT1 and VMAT2 was also examined in infants with hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia and in adults with pancreatic endocrine tumors (PETs). Using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and in situ hybridization (ISH), we demonstrated the mutually exclusive expression of VMAT1 in endocrine cells of the duct system and of VMAT2 in many cells of the islets of Langerhans. By confocal laser scanning microscopy, VMAT1-positive cells were identified as enterochromaffin (EC) cells and VMAT2-positive cells as beta-cells. In PETs, VMAT1 was found exclusively in all serotonin-containing tumors. In contrast, VMAT2 expression was lost in many insulinomas, independent of their biological behavior. VMAT2 was expressed by some non-insulin-producing tumors. The mutually exclusive expression of VMAT1 in EC cells and of VMAT2 in beta-cells suggests that both cell types store monoamines. Monoamine storage mediated by VMAT1 in EC cells is apparently maintained in EC cell tumors. In contrast, many insulinomas appear to lose their ability to accumulate monoamines via VMAT2.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Simultaneous detection of two independent antigens by double staining with two mouse monoclonal antibodies.

Simultaneous detection of two antigens by immunostaining usually requires primary antibodies from two different species or a hapten modification of one of the antibodies if they are from the same species. A novel double staining method is described for immunodetection of two independent antigens using two mouse monoclonal antibodies. The principle of the method is the following: The first antigen is detected by a monoclonal antibody that is diluted so extensively that it cannot be recognized with conventional detection systems. A highly sensitive biotin-tyramide amplification system is used to identify this antibody. The second antigen is stained with a monoclonal antibody by dilution and detected by conventional immunostaining. The method was tested for both alkaline-phosphatase staining on paraffin sections and immunofluorescence staining on cultured cells in cytospin preparation. The absence of cross-reaction in the former system was demonstrated by the mutually exclusive detection of T- and B-cells in human lymph nodes or T-cells and carcinoma cells in nasopharyngeal carcinoma biopsies. Similarly, the EBV encoded EBNA2 and ZEBRA proteins showed a mutually exclusive staining by immunofluorescence on B95-8 cells. The method could be used to demonstrate co-expression of two independent antigens in the same cells, such as PCNA and keratin in carcinoma cells in paraffin sections and for EBNA2 and LMP1 EBV proteins in immunofluorescence preparations of B95-8 cells.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗

PubMed2002

BMS-345541 is a highly selective inhibitor of I kappa B kinase that binds at an allosteric site of the enzyme and blocks NF-kappa B-dependent transcription in mice.

The signal-inducible phosphorylation of serines 32 and 36 of I kappa B alpha is critical in regulating the subsequent ubiquitination and proteolysis of I kappa B alpha, which then releases NF-kappa B to promote gene transcription. The multisubunit I kappa B kinase responsible for this phosphorylation contains two catalytic subunits, termed I kappa B kinase (IKK)-1 and IKK-2. BMS-345541 (4(2'-aminoethyl)amino-1,8-dimethylimidazo(1,2-a)quinoxaline) was identified as a selective inhibitor of the catalytic subunits of IKK (IKK-2 IC(50) = 0.3 microm, IKK-1 IC(50) = 4 microm). The compound failed to inhibit a panel of 15 other kinases and selectively inhibited the stimulated phosphorylation of I kappa B alpha in cells (IC(50) = 4 microm) while failing to affect c-Jun and STAT3 phosphorylation, as well as mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase 2 activation in cells. Consistent with the role of IKK/NF-kappa B in the regulation of cytokine transcription, BMS-345541 inhibited lipopolysaccharide-stimulated tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-8, and interleukin-6 in THP-1 cells with IC(50) values in the 1- to 5-microm range. Although a Dixon plot of the inhibition of IKK-2 by BMS-345541 showed a non-linear relationship indicating non-Michaelis-Menten kinetic binding, the use of multiple inhibition analyses indicated that BMS-345541 binds in a mutually exclusive manner with respect to a peptide inhibitor corresponding to amino acids 26-42 of I kappa B alpha with Ser-32 and Ser-36 changed to aspartates and in a non-mutually exclusive manner with respect to ADP. The opposite results were obtained when studying the binding to IKK-1. A binding model is proposed in which BMS-345541 binds to similar allosteric sites on IKK-1 and IKK-2, which then affects the active sites of the subunits differently. BMS-345541 was also shown to have excellent pharmacokinetics in mice, and peroral administration showed the compound to dose-dependently inhibit the production of serum tumor necrosis factor alpha following intraperitoneal challenge with lipopolysaccharide. Thus, the compound is effective against NF-kappa B activation in mice and represents an important tool for investigating the role of IKK in disease models.

Allosteric Site↗

PubMed1977

A simple generalized equation for the analysis of multiple inhibitions of Michaelis-Menten kinetic systems.

The summation of the effects of two or more reversible inhibitors of various types on the initial velocity of enzyme systems obeying Michaelis-Menten kinetics is described by the the general relation: (formula: see text) wherein v1,2,3...n is the velocity of reaction in the simultaneous presence of n inhibitors, vi is the velocity observed in the presence of each individual inhibitor, and v0 is the velocity in the absence of inhibition. The derivation is based on the assumption that each enzyme species can combine with no more than one of the inhibitors (i.e. the inhibitors are mutually exclusive). The above relationship holds irrespective of the number of inhibitors, the type of inhibition (competitive, noncompetitive, or uncompetitive), or the kinetic mechanism (sequential or ping-pong) of the enzyme reaction under consideration. Deviations from this equality define synergism or antagonism of inhibitors depending on whether the value of the left side of the above equation is greater or smaller than the right, respectively. Knowledge of the kinetic constants for substrates and inhibitors is not required. If two or more inhibitors act independently (i.e. are not mutually exclusive), their combined effects are necessarily synergistic. Under certain circumstances, described in the text, mutually nonexclusive inhibitors obey the fractional velocity product relationship: v1,2,3...n/v0 = (v1/v0) x (v2/v0) x (v3/v0)...(vn/v0).

Enzyme Inhibitors↗

PubMed2006

Variability and exclusion in host and parasite: epigenetic regulation of Ig and var expression.

The immune system generates highly diverse AgRs of different specificities from a pool of designated genomic loci, each containing large arrays of genes. Ultimately, each B or T cell expresses a receptor of a single type on its surface. Immune evasion by the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum is mediated by the mutually exclusive expression of a single member of the var family of genes, which encodes variant surface Ags. In this review, we discuss the similarities as well as the unique characteristics of the epigenetic mechanisms involved in the establishment of mutually exclusive expression in the immune and parasite systems.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

E-cadherin binding prevents beta-catenin nuclear localization and beta-catenin/LEF-1-mediated transactivation.

Beta-catenin is a multifunctional protein found in three cell compartments: the plasma membrane, the cytoplasm and the nucleus. The cell has developed elaborate ways of regulating the level and localization of beta-catenin to assure its specific function in each compartment. One aspect of this regulation is inherent in the structural organization of beta-catenin itself; most of its protein-interacting motifs overlap so that interaction with one partner can block binding of another at the same time. Using recombinant proteins, we found that E-cadherin and lymphocyte-enhancer factor-1 (LEF-1) form mutually exclusive complexes with beta-catenin; the association of beta-catenin with LEF-1 was competed out by the E-cadherin cytoplasmic domain. Similarly, LEF-1 and adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) formed separate, mutually exclusive complexes with beta-catenin. In Wnt-1-transfected C57MG cells, free beta-catenin accumulated and was able to associate with LEF-1. The absence of E-cadherin in E-cadherin-/- embryonic stem (ES) cells also led to an accumulation of free beta-catenin and its association with LEF-1, thereby mimicking Wnt signaling. beta-catenin/LEF-1-mediated transactivation in these cells was antagonized by transient expression of wild-type E-cadherin, but not of E-cadherin lacking the beta-catenin binding site. The potent ability of E-cadherin to recruit beta-catenin to the cell membrane and prevent its nuclear localization and transactivation was also demonstrated using SW480 colon carcinoma cells.

Adenomatous Polyposis Coli Protein↗

PubMed2000

Correct coding in interventional pain management.

The National Correct Coding Council (NCCC) was created by the Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA) in 1996 to help ensure that providers across various jurisdictions receive like payment for the same services, use the same codes and provide similar documentation for services performed. The Correct Coding Initiative (CCI) was a direct outgrowth of the NCCC's, the purpose of which was to identify and isolate inappropriate coding, unbundling, and other irregularities in coding. To avoid inappropriate or incorrect coding and billing in interventional pain management, it is imperative that interventional pain physicians and their staff be familiar with correct coding policies, as well as understand the meaning of Current Procedural Terminology, along with comprehensive codes, component codes, and mutually exclusive codes. This review describes CCI and various correct coding policies specifically relevant to interventional pain medicine. In addition, certain commonly used codes of interventional techniques are also described with implications of comprehensive, component, and mutually exclusive coding terminology.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2005

BRAF mutation in thyroid cancer.

Genetic alteration is the driving force for thyroid tumorigenesis and progression, based upon which novel approaches to the management of thyroid cancer can be developed. A recent important genetic finding in thyroid cancer is the oncogenic T1799A transversion mutation of BRAF (the gene for the B-type Raf kinase, BRAF). Since the initial report of this mutation in thyroid cancer 2 years ago, rapid advancements have been made. BRAF mutation is the most common genetic alteration in thyroid cancer, occurring in about 45% of sporadic papillary thyroid cancers (PTCs), particularly in the relatively aggressive subtypes, such as the tall-cell PTC. This mutation is mutually exclusive with other common genetic alterations, supporting its independent oncogenic role, as demonstrated by transgenic mouse studies that showed BRAF mutation-initiated development of PTC and its transition to anaplastic thyroid cancer. BRAF mutation is mutually exclusive with RET/PTC rearrangement, and also displays a reciprocal age association with this common genetic alteration in thyroid cancer. The T1799A BRAF mutation occurs exclusively in PTC and PTC-derived anaplastic thyroid cancer and is a specific diagnostic marker for this cancer when identified in cytological and histological specimens. This mutation is associated with a poorer clinicopathological outcome and is a novel independent molecular prognostic marker in the risk evaluation of thyroid cancer. Moreover, preclinical and clinical evaluations of the therapeutic value of novel specific mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway inhibitors in thyroid cancer are anticipated. This newly discovered BRAF mutation may prove to have an important impact on thyroid cancer in the clinic.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1986

Health services utilization in the U.S. population by health insurance coverage.

The goal of the National Medical Care Utilization and Expenditure Survey (NMCUES) is to improve the understanding of the ways in which Americans use and pay for health care. This report is one in a series of descriptive reports based on NMCUES data. Data concerning several aspects of insurance coverage were collected from household respondents in NMCUES. These data included the kind of insurance in effect for each person (Medicare, Medicaid, private, or other) and the use of inpatient and ambulatory health services. The purpose of this report is to provide descriptive information about the distribution of insurance coverage among the U.S. population and the use of inpatient and ambulatory services by people with different kinds of insurance. The results presented are based on data collected about the civilian noninstitutionalized persons in the NMCUES national household sample. In this report, "person-year" estimates for health insurance coverage are used; that is, individuals are assigned to different categories of insurance coverage according to the proportion of the year that they were covered by each kind of insurance. Although estimates are calculated as person-years of coverage, they are expressed as persons covered for convenience. Two important subpopulations--persons under 65 years of age and persons 65 years of age or over--are addressed separately because they have different patterns of insurance coverage and because utilization is so heavily influenced by age. Persons 65 years of age or over used significantly more inpatient and ambulatory services than persons under 65 years of age did. Only those in the younger group with Medicare, who were disabled, had utilization rates very similar to those of the aged. Persons under 65 years of age are classified by six mutually exclusive insurance categories: All Medicare. Medicaid, no private health insurance. Private health insurance, no Medicaid. Medicaid and private health insurance. Other coverage only. No insurance. Persons 65 years of age or over are classified by four mutually exclusive categories: Medicare only. Medicare and Medicaid. Medicare and private or other coverage. No Medicare. These categories of insurance coverage describe the kind of organization or program that supplies the coverage. With the exception of Medicare, which is a national program, these classifications provide little information about the scope of benefits and level of payment available to people who are covered. Considerable variation exists by State within the Medicaid category and by plan or program within the private insurance and other coverage categories.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Age Factors↗