Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “intelligence”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 307 records · Page 17Linked to original sources
PubMed1997

[Intelligence, memory and event-related potentials in patients with multiple sclerosis].

To learn the characteristics of cognitive disturbance of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). We divided 55 patients with MS into two groups and 71 normal subjects were tested with the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Clinical Memory Scale and Eventrelated potentials (ERP). Disturbances of intelligence and memory occurred along the course of MS at various degrees. The memory quotient (MQ), full intelligence quotient (FIQ), verbal quotient (VIQ) and proce-ssing quotient (PIQ) of patients with the intelligence quotient (IQ) less than 80 scores were 76%, 32%, 24% and 70% respectively (P < 0.01). The scores of MQ, FIQ and VIQ in patients with MS of cerebral type or cerebro-spine type was lower than those of the spine type (P < 0.005). The score of patients with MS in active stage was less than that of MS in inactive stage (P < 0.001). The intelligence disturbances of MS patients were usually characterized by subcortical dementia and showed slight or moderate degree by DSM-III criteria. In patients of chronic active type, it may be characterized either by cortical dementia or subcortical dementia and showed moderate or severe degree. MS2 patient had significantly prolonged N2 and P300 latencies difference as well as low P300 amplitude compared with controls (P < 0.001). The disterbance of intelligence and memory with MS shows the important implication for the course of MS and the therapeutic effect as well as the prognosis.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Sexual selection for indicators of intelligence.

Many traits in many species have evolved through sexual selection specifically to function as 'fitness indicators' that reveal good genes and good health. Sexually selected fitness indicators typically show (1) higher coefficients of phenotypic and genetic variation than survival traits, (2) at least moderate genetic heritabilities and (3) positive correlations with many aspects of an animal's general condition, including body size, body symmetry, parasite resistance, longevity and freedom from deleterious mutations. These diagnostic criteria also appear to describe human intelligence (the g factor). This paper argues that during human evolution, mate choice by both sexes focused increasingly on intelligence as a major heritable component of biological fitness. Many human-specific behaviours (such as conversation, music production, artistic ability and humour) may have evolved principally to advertise intelligence during courtship. Though these mental adaptations may be modular at the level of psychological functioning, their efficiencies may be tightly intercorrelated because they still tap into common genetic and neurophysiological variables associated with fitness itself. Although the g factor (like the superordinate factor of fitness itself) probably exists in all animal species, humans evolved an unusually high degree of interest in assessing each other's intelligence during courtship and other social interactions--and, consequently, a unique suite of highly g-loaded mental adaptations for advertising their intelligence to one another through linguistic and cultural interaction. This paper includes nine novel, testable predictions about human intelligence derived from sexual selection theory.

Biological Evolution↗
PubMed2000

[Factor analysis on the intelligence of patients with schizophrenia].

The authors made a factor analysis on the intelligence of patients with schizophrenia. 119 patients with schizophrenia were measured by Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised China (WAIS-RC). The results revealed the average full intelligence quotient (IQ) of schizophrenia was 79.70, the verbal intelligence quotient(VIQ) 84.43, and the performance intelligence quotient(PIQ) 74.10. Multiple regression showed the regression coefficient of educational level for IQ was 8.6721. The regression coefficient of the course of disease for IQ was negative 0.1519. Factor analysis showed that the cumulative percent of three-factor solution of schizophrenia was 73.5. In conclusion, the IQ of most patients with schizophrenia was lower than norm, VIQ > PIQ(P = 0.0000). Educational level had greater influence on IQ. The longer the course of disease was, the worse the intelligence came to be. Factor analysis indicated that three-factor solution of schizophrenia was similar to that of norm, but each subtest value was lower than norm.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

[Effects of metoclopramide on intelligence and memory in patients with Tourette syndrome].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of metoclopramide on the intelligence and memory in patients with Tourette syndrome. METHODS: Before and after the 3 month treatment of metoclopramide, the intelligence of 25 children with Tourette syndrome was evaluated by the Wechsler intelligence scale fo children, and the memory by the Wechsler memory scale for children. RESULTS: The scores of intelligence in children treated by metoclopramide increased from 82.27 +/- 13.20 to 90.53 +/- 15.50, with significant difference (P < 0.05). The scores of performance intelligence quotient increased from 84.13 +/- 10.60 to 92.40 +/- 15.30 (P < 0.01). The scores of arithmetic subtle test for the support memory/attention, the block pattern subtle test for the support perception constitution factor, and the vision recognition subtle test for mean short-term memory increased from 8.20 +/- 2.70 to 10.20 +/- 3.21, 9.13 +/- 2.33 to 10.53 +/- 2.94, and 6.07 +/- 4.56 to 8.40 +/- 3.56, respectively. CONCLUSION: Metoclopramide can improve the intelligence, short-term memory and attention in children with Tourette syndrome.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Implementing speech supplementation strategies: effects on intelligibility and speech rate of individuals with chronic severe dysarthria.

A growing body of experimental research suggests that speech supplementation strategies can markedly increase speech intelligibility for individuals with dysarthria (D. Beukelman & K. Yorkston, 1977; E. Crow & P. Enderby, 1989; L. Hunter, T. Pring, & S. Martin, 1991; K. C. Hustad & D. R. Beukelman, 2001). However, studies in which speech supplementation strategies were actually implemented by speakers with dysarthria are limited, leaving their clinical efficacy unknown. The present study compared intelligibility and speech rate differences following speaker implementation of 3 strategies (topic, alphabet, and combined topic and alphabet supplementation) and a habitual (noncued) speech control condition for 5 speakers with severe dysarthria. Results revealed that combined cues and alphabet cues yielded significantly higher intelligibility scores and slower speech rates than topic cues and noncued speech. Overall, topic cues and noncued speech did not differ from one another with regard to intelligibility or speech rate. Combined cues and alphabet cues did not differ from one another with regard to intelligibility; however, speech rate was significantly different between the 2 strategies. Individual differences among speakers were generally consistent with group findings. Results were somewhat different from previous research in which strategies were experimentally superimposed on the habitual speech signal. However, findings provide evidence that alphabet cues and combined cues can have an important effect on intelligibility for speakers with severe dysarthria.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Reliability, sensitivity and validity of magnitude estimation, category scaling and paired-comparison judgements of speech intelligibility by older listeners.

This study investigated the reliability, sensitivity, and validity of speech intelligibility judgments for hearing aid evaluation. Subjects aged 60-87 years judged the intelligibility of sentences using either magnitude estimation, category scaling or paired comparisons. The 60+ age group was chosen as representative of the majority of hearing aid wearers. Speech recognition scores for Central Institute for the Deaf (CID) sentences and Northwestern University Auditory Test No. 6 (NU-6) words were also obtained. The speech was bandpass filtered using filter settings that produce a monotonic increase in predicted intelligibility based on articulation index theory. Speech recognition scores and intelligibility judgments were obtained for each of eight filter conditions. Test-retest reliability was poorest for paired comparisons and CID sentence scores. There were no differences in sensitivity among the three psychophysical procedures. Intelligibility judgments and NU-6 scores were more sensitive than CID sentence scores to differences among conditions. The results indicated that intelligibility judgments are valid measures of speech recognition.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2005

Emotional intelligence: recognizing and regulating emotions.

Occupational health nurses are in the unique position to influence health in the work force. To maximize this positive health influence, occupational health nurses should develop the skills of emotional intelligence. Emotional intelligence includes awareness of self and others and empathy. These behaviors are congruent with the mission of nursing because they improve health outcomes. Occupational health nurses who are emotionally intelligent have improved relationships with others, an important aspect of the nursing role. Emotional intelligence can be developed. The process begins with self-awareness, enhanced through self-care behaviors, such as exercise and journaling. Reading popular self-help literature also can improve self-awareness. After a nurse becomes self-aware, the next phase is to develop an awareness of others. This can be learned using the same type of techniques in the self-awareness stage. The final step is the development of empathy. This is the active step using the knowledge developed in the prior two stages. Through discipline and effort, an individual can learn to actively listen to others. This type of listening fosters empathy. By working in a positive, caring environment, personal growth in emotional intelligence can be enhanced (McMullen, 2003). Through the development of emotional intelligence, the nurse can improve personally and professionally, a win-win situation for all involved.

Emotions↗
PubMed1988

Intelligent systems for human resources.

An intelligent system contains knowledge about some domain; it has sophisticated decision-making processes and the ability to explain its actions. The most important aspect of an intelligent system is its ability to effectively interact with humans to teach or assist complex information processing. Two intelligent systems are Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITs) and Expert Systems. The ITSs provide instruction to a student similar to a human tutor. The ITSs capture individual performance and tutor deficiencies. These systems consist of an expert module, which contains the knowledge or material to be taught; the student module, which contains a representation of the knowledge the student knows and does not know about the domain; and the instructional or teaching module, which selects specific knowledge to teach, the instructional strategy, and provides assistance to the student to tutor deficiencies. Expert systems contain an expert's knowledge about some domain and perform specialized tasks or aid a novice in the performance of certain tasks. The most important part of an expert system is the knowledge base. This knowledge base contains all the specialized and technical knowledge an expert possesses. For an expert system to interact effectively with humans, it must have the ability to explain its actions. Use of intelligent systems can have a profound effect on human resources. The ITSs can provide better training by tutoring on an individual basis, and the expert systems can make better use of human resources through job aiding and performing complex tasks. With increasing training requirements and "doing more with less," intelligent systems can have a positive effect on human resources.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed1985

Longitudinal correlation analysis of standing height and intelligence.

Intercorrelations of 10 successive years of measurement of height and intelligence are presented for separate samples of girls and boys. These correlations are based on data originally gathered and published by Dearborn, Rothney, and Shuttleworth as the Harvard Growth Study. Sample size varies from correlation to correlation, but most of those for girls are based on samples of 500-700 and those for boys on samples of 400-500. The intercorrelations of each of the 2 variables over 10 occasions do not differ appreciably by sex, but there are significant differences between the sexes in the cross-correlations. For the sample of girls there is clear evidence that individual differences in height at 8 and 9 anticipate later individual differences in intelligence. Correlations of early height with intelligence at 11 and 12 are especially high (.40). There is little evidence for similar anticipation of intelligence by height for boys. Correlates for both height and intelligence are found in socioeconomic status, ethnicity, and age of first menstruation for girls. Only the last of these contributes to the explanation of the changes in the cross-correlations with age. Analyses of sitting-height correlations with intelligence indicate that length of the long bones of the legs is also related to the observed pattern of correlations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Speech intelligibility of implanted children.

The speech intelligibility of 61 prelingually deaf children was measured prior to their receiving a multichannel cochlear implant (CI) and at subsequent intervals. The speech intelligibility of the implanted subjects was compared to that of three groups of subjects with profound hearing loss who used conventional hearing aids (HAs), grouped on the basis of unaided thresholds: "gold" (pure tone average [PTA] = 93 dB hearing level [HL]), "silver" (PTA = 103 dB HL), and "bronze" (PTA > or = 110 dB HL). Intelligibility was measured in terms of the percentage of words from a set of 10 sentences that were correctly understood by a panel of listeners. The speech intelligibility of the implanted subjects increased gradually over time, remaining relatively low throughout the first 2 years of implant use. After that time, the average speech intelligibility of the CI subjects surpassed that of the silver HA users. The gold HA subjects demonstrated speech intelligibility that was markedly better than that of the CI subjects, even after 3 1/2 or more years of implant use.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1993

Spectral contrast enhancement of speech in noise for listeners with sensorineural hearing impairment: effects on intelligibility, quality, and response times.

This paper describes a series of experiments evaluating the effects of digital processing of speech in noise so as to enhance spectral contrast, using subjects with cochlear hearing loss. The enhancement was carried out on a frequency scale related to the equivalent rectangular bandwidths (ERBs) of auditory filters in normally hearing subjects. The aim was to enhance major spectral prominences without enhancing fine-grain spectral features that would not be resolved by a normal ear. In experiment 1, the amount of enhancement and the bandwidth (in ERBs) of the enhancement processing were systematically varied. Large amounts of enhancement produced decreases in the intelligibility of speech in noise. Performance for moderate degrees of enhancement was generally similar to that for the control conditions, possibly because subjects did not have sufficient experience with the processed speech. In experiment 2, subjects judged the relative quality and intelligibility of speech in noise processed using a subset of the conditions of experiment 1. Generally, processing with a moderate degree of enhancement was preferred over the control condition, for both quality and intelligibility. Subjects varied in their preferences for high degrees of enhancement. Experiment 3 used a modified processing algorithm, with a moderate degree of spectral enhancement, and examined the effects of combining the enhancement with dynamic range compression. The intelligibility of speech in noise improved with practice, and, after a small amount of practice, scores for the condition combining enhancement with a moderate degree of compression were found to be significantly higher than for the control condition. Experiment 4 used a subset of conditions from experiment 3, but performance was assessed using a sentence verification test that measured both intelligibility and response times. Scores on both measures were improved by spectral enhancement, and improved still more by enhancement combined with compression. The effects were statistically more robust for the response times. When expressed as equivalent changes in speech-to-noise ratio, the improvements were about twice as large for the response times as for the intelligibility scores. The overall effect of spectral enhancement combined with compression was equivalent to an improvement of speech-to-noise ratio by 4.2 dB.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

[The intelligence test of the patients with chronic renal insufficiency].

Thirty patients with chronic renal insufficiency (CRF) and twenty-six normal subjects were tested with Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scal (WALS). The verbal intelligence quotients (VIQ), performance intelligence quotients (PIQ), and full intelligence quotients (FIQ) of the patients were lower than those of the normal group (P < 0.01). Among them the mild and moderate intelligence damages were accounted 13.33%. Further analysis indicates that uremic posionous materials damage on the cerebral function was dose dependant. But the disease course was independant with the intelligence damage (P > 0.05). The results suggest that the plasma concentrations of uremia poisonous materials (BuN, Scr, etc.) in CRF patients should be lowered as early as possible in order to keep the normal function of the cerebrum.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Intelligent control of a cryogenic cooling plant based on blackboard system architecture.

Intelligent system techniques have been rapidly assimilating into process control engineering, with many applications reported in the last decade. Intelligent control is bringing a new perspective as well as new challenges to process control. In this paper, a software architecture for a Blackboard for Integrated Intelligent Control Systems (BIICS) is described. The system is designed to simultaneously support multiple heterogeneous intelligent methodologies, such as neural networks. expert systems, fuzzy logic, neural networks and genetic algorithms. It will be shown how such methodologies can be readily assimilated into the software architecture. The BIICS system represents a multi-purpose platform for design and simulation of intelligent control paradigms for different kinds of processes. Currently the system utilizes intelligent control techniques (neuro-fuzzy and genetic optimization) for controlling a cryogenic plant used for superconductor testing at temperatures below 100 K.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1999

Successful intelligence: finding a balance.

Human intelligence has long been on the borderline between a scientific and a quasi-scientific field within the scope of psychological science. This is partially because its study and measurement have been particularly susceptible to socio-political agendas, but also because empirical tests of theories of intelligence have too often ranged from inadequate to nonexistent. In this article it is argued that two extremes have prevailed in the study of intelligence. At one extreme are general-ability (g) theorists, who have collected large amounts of data to test the theory of general intelligence, but often using restricted ranges of participants, materials or situational contexts. They also show a tendency to limit their methods of data analysis (e.g. to exploratory factor analysis). At another extreme are theorists arguing for new, multiple intelligences, whose theories have been subjected to few or no empirical tests. I argue that a middle ground is needed that recognizes the multifarious nature of intelligence and of people's conceptions of it, but that also is subjected to rigorous empirical tests.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Coherence and the speech intelligibility index.

The speech intelligibility index (SII) (ANSI S3.5-1997) provides a means for estimating speech intelligibility under conditions of additive stationary noise or bandwidth reduction. The SII concept for estimating intelligibility is extended in this paper to include broadband peak-clipping and center-clipping distortion, with the coherence between the input and output signals used to estimate the noise and distortion effects. The speech intelligibility predictions using the new procedure are compared with intelligibility scores obtained from normal-hearing and hearing-impaired subjects for conditions of additive noise and peak-clipping and center-clipping distortion. The most effective procedure divides the speech signal into low-, mid-, and high-level regions, computes the coherence SII separately for the signal segments in each region, and then estimates intelligibility from a weighted combination of the three coherence SII values.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Intelligibility ratings of continuous discourse: application to hearing aid selection.

Twelve normal-hearing subjects rated the intelligibility of 35-s, hearing-aid-processed continuous discourse (CD) passages. Three talkers (two male, one female), four hearing aids, and two signal-to-babble (S/B) ratios were used in a completely crossed design. Research questions concerned: (1) ability of listeners to rate intelligibility, (2) sensitivity of hearing aid rankings were based on intelligibility ratings for three CD passages per instrument, and (3) dependence of hearing aid rankings on (a) S/B ratio, and (b) talker characteristics. Results were: (1) listeners were able to rate intelligibility, (2) rankings based on intelligibility ratings of three CD passages per hearing aid were capable of identifying two superior instruments within a group of four hearing aids that were similar in frequency/gain function, (3) listening in a more difficult S/B ratio substantially decreased the sensitivity of the hearing aid rankings for the female talker but had only minor effects on the rankings for the male talkers, and (4) hearing aid intelligibility rankings were found to be different for different talkers. Applications to hearing aid selection are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Compression and expansion of the temporal envelope: evaluation of speech intelligibility and sound quality.

Sensorineural hearing loss is accompanied by loudness recruitment, a steeper-than-normal rise of perceived loudness with presentation level. To compensate for this abnormality, amplitude compression is often applied (e.g., in a hearing aid). Alternatively, since speech intelligibility has been modeled as the perception of fast energy fluctuations, enlarging these (by means of expansion) may improve speech intelligibility. Still, even if these signal-processing techniques prove useful in terms of speech intelligibility, practical application might be hindered by unacceptably low sound quality. Therefore, both speech intelligibility and sound quality were evaluated for syllabic compression and expansion of the temporal envelope. Speech intelligibility was evaluated with an adaptive procedure, based on short everyday sentences either in noise or with a competing speaker. Sound quality was measured by means of a rating-scale procedure, for both speech and music. In a systematic setup, both the ratio of compression or expansion and the number of independent processing bands were varied. Individual hearing thresholds were compensated for by a listener-specific filter and amplification. Both listeners with normal hearing and listeners with sensorineural hearing impairment participated as paid volunteers. The results show that, on average, both compression and expansion fail to show better speech intelligibility or sound quality than linear amplification.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

A comparative evaluation of oxygen consumption and gait pattern in amputees using Intelligent Prostheses and conventionally damped knee swing-phase control.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the gait of amputees wearing conventionally damped pneumatic swing-phase control knees and microchip-controlled Intelligent Prostheses. DESIGN: Crossover trial. SETTING: An amputee rehabilitation centre in a teaching hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Ten established unilateral transfemoral prosthetic users were asked to participate in the trial; all agreed. INTERVENTIONS: The amputees were assessed wearing pneumatic swing-phase control knees and then with the Intelligent Prosthesis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Oxygen consumption while walking at different speeds on a treadmill, video-recording of gait assessed by a panel and temporal-spatial parameters of gait whilst walking at slow, fast or normal speeds in a gait laboratory. RESULTS: Mean oxygen cost for all subjects at 0.69 m/s was 0.33 ml/kg.m with the conventional limb and 0.30 ml/kg.m with the Intelligent Prosthesis (p = 0.01). At 1.25 m/s the mean oxygen cost for the conventional limb was 0.24 ml/kg.m and for the Intelligent Prosthesis was 0.22 ml/kg.m (not significant). The ANOVA analysis showed that oxygen cost was similar at normal walking speeds but increased more at lower speeds for the pneumatic swing-phase control leg compared to the Intelligent Prosthesis (p < 0.02). There were no significant differences in subjective gait evaluation or temporal and spatial gait parameters. CONCLUSION: At lower speeds oxygen cost was lower with the Intelligent Prosthesis. Gait analysis detected no significant changes between the two legs.

Adult↗