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PubMed1997

Policy implications of indigenous population change, 1991-1996.

"Since 1971 the indigenous population of Australia has trebled. From 1991 to 1996 numbers grew by 33 percent, 16 percent more than had been projected. This unexpected increase was highest in the southeast, especially in Tasmania and the ACT. Much of it can be explained by out-marriage. In 1996, 64 percent of couples (in married or de facto relationships) included a non-indigenous partner. Most of the children from these intermixed relationships have been counted as indigenous persons in the Census."

Australia↗

PubMed1995

Australia's indigenous population: policy implications of demographic change.

"The demography of Australia's indigenous population is quite distinct from that of the mainstream.... Given the pressing policy significance of demographic analysis in indigenous affairs, three questions, in particular, appear of immediate relevance: How fast is the population growing and how is it likely to grow over the coming years? What is the age structure of the population and how is this likely to change? What is the spatial distribution of the population and how is this changing? This paper outlines the basic facts regarding each of these questions and considers the broad policy implications of indigenous population change into the new millennium."

Age Distribution↗

PubMed1998

Indigenous female sole parents, a preliminary analysis of 1996 Census data.

"This paper presents a preliminary analysis of 1996 [Australian] Census data relating to female indigenous sole parents. It confirms results from the 1991 Census which show that sole-parent families account for a larger share of indigenous families than is the case among other Australian families. Indigenous female sole parents tend to be younger and to have larger numbers of children and less education. They are also less likely to be in employment than other Australian sole parents."

Age Factors↗

PubMed2002

Indigenous healing practices and self-medication amongst pregnant women in Cape Town, South Africa.

This study was conducted in and around Cape Town, South Africa, at two primary obstetric facilities and in the antenatal clinics of two secondary hospitals. Findings show that majority of the Xhosa speaking women follow indigenous healing practices for both themselves and their babies because of the need to "strengthen" the womb against sorcery, to prevent childhood illnesses, and to treat symptoms they perceive that biomedical services would not be able to treat. Self-medication with non-prescribed drugs, herbs and Dutch remedies was common practice amongst the Afrikaans speaking women for both themselves and their babies. Herbs and Dutch remedies were mainly used to treat indigenous illness (baarwind) while non-prescribed over-the-counter drugs were used to treat minor ailments associated with pregnancy. There is, therefore, an urgent need to bridge the gap between orthodox and indigenous medical systems through reciprocal learning and by acknowledging each other's roles.

Female↗

PubMed2006

Indigenous peoples' food systems for health: finding interventions that work.

This is a short report of a 'safari' held in conjunction with the International Congress of Nutrition in September 2005, in Futululu, St. Lucia, South Africa. Participants were several members of the International Union of Nutritional Sciences Task Force on Indigenous Peoples' Food Systems and Nutrition, other interested scientists and members of the Kwa Zulu indigenous community. The paper describes the rationale for and contributions towards understanding what might be successful interventions that would resonate among indigenous communities in many areas of the world. A summary of possible evaluation strategies of such interventions is also given.

Academies and Institutes↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Effective utilization and evaluation of indigenous health care workers.

The use of indigenous health care workers (IHCWs), who were key elements in community health care programs in the United States in the 1960s, has gone in and out of fashion in subsequent years. The author and his colleagues recently established a service program at Wayne State University's Institute of Maternal and Child Health that employs IHCWs. Characterizations of IHCWs in previous health care programs were reviewed in the process of developing criteria and guidelines for the recruitment, selection, training, employing, and evaluating these workers in the Institute's program. The unique applicability of indigenousness to the delivery of health care services is addressed in terms of the rationale for the use of IHCWs as well as criteria for their success, benefits and problems encountered in the use of these workers, and deficiencies in evaluations of IHCWs. A model of program evaluation, action research, is proposed that assesses the processes and outcomes of providing health services by indigenous paraprofessionals.

Allied Health Personnel↗

PubMed2006

Brief communication: mitochondrial DNA variation suggests extensive gene flow from Polynesian ancestors to indigenous Melanesians in the northwestern Bismarck Archipelago.

Archaeological, linguistic, and genetic studies show that Austronesian (AN)-speaking Polynesian ancestors came from Asia/Taiwan to the Bismarck Archipelago in Near Oceania more than 3,600 years ago, and then expanded into Remote Oceania. However, it remains unclear whether they extensively mixed with indigenous Melanesians who had populated the Bismarck Archipelago before their arrival. To examine the extent of admixture between Polynesian ancestors and indigenous Melanesians, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variations in the D-loop region and the cytochrome oxidase and lysine transfer RNA (COII/tRNA(Lys)) intergenic 9-bp deletion were analyzed in the following three Oceanian populations: 1) Balopa Islanders as AN-speaking Melanesians living in the northwestern end of the Bismarck Archipelago, 2) Tongans as AN-speaking Polynesians, and 3) Gidra as non-Austronesian-speaking Melanesians in the southwestern lowlands of Papua New Guinea. Phylogenetic analysis of mtDNA sequences revealed that more than 60% of mtDNA sequences in the Balopa Islanders were very similar to those in Tongans, suggesting an extensive gene flow from Polynesian ancestors to indigenous Melanesians. Furthermore, analysis of pairwise difference distributions for the D-loop sequences with the 9-bp deletion and the Polynesian motif (i.e., T16217C, A16247G, and C16261T) suggested that the expansion of Polynesian ancestors possessing these variations occurred approximately 7,000 years ago.

Base Pairing↗

PubMed1987

Microorganisms associated with epithelial surfaces and stability of the indigenous gastrointestinal microflora.

Indigenous microorganisms of many genera and species associate with mucosal epithelia in the gastrointestinal tracts of animals and humans. These mechanisms may involve a high degree of specificity for host and surface habitat. They may include a capacity of the microorganisms to adhere to the membranes of substratum epithelial cells, to colonize and utilize as a source of nutrients the mucus overlying epithelial cells, and to be motile and attracted into the mucous layer by chemotaxis. The microbes must be able as well to thrive in the nutritional and environmental conditions prevailing on the epithelial surfaces. Microbial communities associated with epithelial surfaces are critical for maintaining a microflora in areas of the tract (i.e., stomach, small intestine) where the lumenal content moves at a rate exceeding the maximum rates at which indigenous microorganisms can multiply. Such communities even may be important in areas (i.e., the cecum and colon) where the content moves at rates below those at which the microbes can multiply. In such areas, microorganisms colonizing mucus on the epithelium and in the crypts of Lieberkuhn may provide a stable inoculum for the lumenal content which may be altered in composition in times of dietary change. Microorganisms associated with gastric and intestinal surfaces undoubtedly serve in a major way to stabilize the composition of the indigenous gastrointestinal microflora. At the molecular level, however, little is known about the mechanisms stabilizing the composition or the biochemical and genetic activities of the microflora. Such mechanisms are important subjects for research in the future.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

[Mortality of foreign and indigenous population in the German Federal Republic].

Comparative mortality studies with respect to nationality have not yet been published in a comprehensive way for the Federal Republic of Germany. A recent special analysis of causes of death for German mortality statistics of the year 1986 indicates a lower mortality risk among the migrant compared to the indigenous population. Apart from potential biases, such as underreporting of nationality of death cases or overestimation of the size of the non-indigenous population in Germany, from the perspective of socio-epidemiology the possibility arises that selection processes lastingly affect the mortality risk of migrants. The dependence of the length of stay from the quality of the state of health or rather a plausible increased likelihood of remigration in case of chronic disease may constitute important influences, which could explain the differences in mortality between indigenous and migrant population.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

The comparative haematology of cross-bred and indigenous east African goats of Tanzania and breeds reared in Denmark.

Erythrocyte counts, haematocrit, haemoglobin concentration, red blood cell indices, total and differential leukocyte counts were determined in 202 cross-bred and 14 indigenous East African goats aged 6-12 months and also in 59 Norwegian dairy goats, of which 24 were 15-45 days old, 8 were 8 months old and 27 were over 3 years and pregnant. These were reared in Tanzania. Comparisons were made with 24 Dwarf and 57 Danish Landrace goats at 6-12 months of age and 76 adult pregnant Danish Landrace goats reared in Denmark. The purpose was to determine reference ranges for cross-bred and indigenous East African goats and to compare these with those of other breeds. The haemoglobin concentration, haematocrit, erythrocyte and white blood cells were lowest in the Norwegian kids. The highest values were observed in 6-12-month-old goats in all the breeds, whereafter they decreased to relatively constant adult levels. The mean corpuscular volumes were highest in kids followed by adult pregnant Norwegian and Danish Landrace goats, and lowest in 6-12 months old goats. East African and cross-bred goats had the smallest mean corpuscular volumes. The haemoglobin concentration, erythrocyte and leukocyte counts were highest in indigenous East African, followed by young Norwegian and cross-bred goats. The mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration was highest in the cross-breds, while the mean corpuscular haemoglobin was higher in pregnant than in other goats. The age and breed differences were statistically significant.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Stimulation of Diesel Fuel Biodegradation by Indigenous Nitrogen Fixing Bacterial Consortia.

> Abstract Successful stimulation of N2 fixation and petroleum hydrocarbon degradation in indigenous microbial consortia may decrease exogenous N requirements and reduce environmental impacts of bioremediation following petroleum pollution. This study explored the biodegradation of petroleum pollution by indigenous N2 fixing marine microbial consortia. Particulate organic carbon (POC) in the form of ground, sterile corn-slash (post-harvest leaves and stems) was added to diesel fuel amended coastal water samples to stimulate biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons by native microorganisms capable of supplying a portion of their own N. It was hypothesized that addition of POC to petroleum amended water samples from N-limited coastal waters would promote the growth of N2 fixing consortia and enhance biodegradation of petroleum. Manipulative experiments were conducted using samples from coastal waters (marinas and less polluted control site) to determine the effects of POC amendment on biodegradation of petroleum pollution by native microbial consortia. Structure and function of the microbial consortia were determined by measurement of N2 fixation (acetylene reduction), hydrocarbon biodegradation (14C hexadecane mineralization), bacterial biomass (AODC), number of hydrocarbon degrading bacteria (MPN), and bacterial productivity (3H-thymidine incorporation). Throughout this study there was a consistent enhancement of petroleum hydrocarbon degradation in response to the addition of POC. Stimulation of diesel fuel biodegradation following the addition of POC was likely attributable to increases in bacterial N2 fixation, diesel fuel bioavailability, bacterial biomass, and metabolic activity. Toxicity of the bulk phase water did not appear to be a factor affecting biodegradation of diesel fuel following POC addition. These results indicate that the addition of POC to diesel-fuel-polluted systems stimulated indigenous N2 fixing microbial consortia to degrade petroleum hydrocarbons.http://link.springer-ny.com/link/service/journals/00248/bibs/38n1p69.html

Journal Article↗

PubMed1997

PROFILE: Indigenous Institutions and Environmental Assessment: The Caseof Ghana

/ The search for sustainable development provides the impetus forexamining the role of indigenous institutions and their ecological knowledgein environmental assessment and local sustainability. This paper attempts totrace the evolution of environmental assessment in Ghana. Focusing on theAshanti Region, the paper further discusses the nature and operations ofindigenous institutions, their ecological knowledge, beliefs, practices, andsocial norms that are relevant to environmental assessment process in thecountry. Some of the challenges that emerge from the discussions arehighlighted. There is a need to establish environmental assessment andcooperative management boards that would include representatives ofindigenous institutions. In addition, the introduction of technicaldictionaries and training manuals based on indigenous ecological knowledgeand their humane environmental practices will further improve theenvironmental assessment process in Ghana.KEY WORDS: Environmental assessment; Indigenous institutions; Indigenousecological knowledge; Sustainable development; Environmental assessmentboards

Journal Article↗

PubMed2002

Origin and affinities of indigenous Siberian populations as revealed by HLA class II gene frequencies.

Gene frequencies of eight Siberian populations (Mansi, Tuva, Todja, Tofalar, Buryat, Okhotsk Evenki, Ulchi, and Negidal) were determined for the three most polymorphic HLA class II loci ( DRB1, DQA1, and DQB1) by a combination of single-stranded conformational polymorphism typing and DNA sequencing. The number of alleles per population ranged from 16 to 25, from seven to eight, and from nine to 14 for the DRB1, DQA1, and DQB1 loci, respectively. The alleles at the three loci occurred in 66 different combinations (haplotypes), most of which appeared to be of ancient origin, but some may have arisen within the Siberian populations. Phylogenetic analysis of the frequency data suggests that the HLA genes of Asian and indigenous American populations stem from a single pool distinct from the gene pools of European and African populations. The Asian populations separate into two clusters, one of which encompasses nearly all the Siberian populations and all the indigenous American populations tested, while the other consists of Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Asian populations. The position of the Tuva people appears to be near the node from which the two clusters diverge. The divergence time of the two clusters is estimated to be 21,000-24,000 years BP. Three different branches of the native Siberian peoples seem to have contributed founders for the indigenous American ethnic groups.

Alleles↗

PubMed2005

Monitoring of petroleum hydrocarbon degradative potential of indigenous microorganisms in ozonated soil.

This study was performed to investigate the petroleum hydrocarbon (PH) degradative potential of indigenous microorganisms in ozonated soil to better develop combined pre-ozonation/bioremediation technology. Diesel-contaminated soils were ozonated for 0-900 min. PH and microbial concentrations in the soils decreased with increased ozonation time. The greatest reduction of total PH (TPH, 47.6%) and aromatics (11.3%) was observed in 900-min ozonated soil. The number of total viable heterotrophic bacteria decreased by three orders of magnitude in the soil. Ozonated soils were incubated for 9 weeks for bioremediation. The number of microorganisms in the soils increased during the incubation period, as monitored by culture- and nonculture-based methods. The soils showed additional PH-removal during incubation, supporting the presence of PH-degraders in the soils. The highest removal (25.4%) of TPH was observed during the incubation of 180-min ozonated soil during the incubation while a negligible removal was shown in 900-min ozonated soil. This negligible removal could be explained by the existence of relatively few or undetected PH-degraders in 900-min ozonated soil. After a 9-week incubation of the ozonated soils, 180-min ozonated soil showed the lowest TPH concentration, suggesting that appropriate ozonation and indigenous microorganisms survived ozonation could enhance remediation of PH-contaminated soil. Microbial community composition in 9-week incubated soils revealed a slight difference between 900-min ozonated and unozonated soils, as analyzed by whole cell hybridization. Taken together, this study provided insight into indigenous microbial potential to degrade PH in ozonated soils.

Hydrocarbons↗

PubMed1992

Genetic susceptibility of indigenous chicks to subgroup A Rous sarcoma virus inoculated via the chorioallantoic membrane.

An investigation was made using chicks of two Indian indigenous breeds of fowl, Kadaknath and Aseel, to ascertain genetic resistance to infection by Rous sarcoma virus of subgroup A. A standard inoculation dose of 0.2 ml virus containing 1000 pock forming units ml-1 was injected via the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) into the 11-day-old embryos that were subsequently hatched. The sensitivity of the two indigenous breeds was compared with the highly susceptible exotic White Leghorn (WL) strain maintained in the laboratory. The Kadaknath breed was about three-fold and Assel, about six-fold less sensitive than the WL strain, indicating superiority of the indigenous breeds over the exotic breed of fowl. Most of the CAM-susceptible chicks died of liver tumour (LT) and most of the CAM-resistant chicks survived. However, conversely associated tumour phenotype subclass chicks, i.e. CAM-susceptible LT-negative chicks that survived and CAM-resistant LT-positive chicks that died, occurred consistently in the three breeds of fowl. Nevertheless, the overall survival potential of Kadaknath chicks measured up to 8 weeks post-hatching was greater than that of Aseel chicks. Neither transformation of embryonic tissue prior to hatching nor the visceral metastasis including liver conformed with the degree of CAM-infection as measured by number of pocks on CAMs.

Allantois↗

PubMed1993

Bacterial leaching of metals from sewage sludge by indigenous iron-oxidizing bacteria.

Bioleaching of metals can be achieved in sewage sludge using Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, which obtains its energy requirements from the oxidation of added ferrous iron. The purpose of this study was to verify the presence of indigenous T. ferroxidans and to evaluate their adaptive capacity and leaching potential. Nineteen sludges (primary, secondary, aerobically and anaerobically digested, oxidation pond) were tested and all of them contained indigenous iron-oxidizing bacteria. The acclimation of these organisms by successive transfers allowed a rise of sludge redox potential over 450 mV and a decrease of sludge pH between 3.8 and 2.2 over a 10-day incubation period. The metal solubilization efficiencies were Cd: 55-98%, Cr: 0-32%, Cu: 39-94%, Mn: 71-98%, Ni: 37-98%, Pb: 0-31% and Zn: 66-98%, were reached with these indigenous strains. The results obtained show that the metal bioleaching may be easily realized by direct acclimation of sludge microflora.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1983

A legacy without heirs: Korean indigenous medicine and primary health care.

The ancestral shadow of Korean indigenous medicine is long, alive and kicking. The problem is what role it should have in the future of primary health care. The issue of the integration of past medical systems with the modern ones requires a closer look at theoretical as well as practical issues. In this endeavor, medical social sciences are just beginning to reconstruct models which reflect the real concerns of developing countries. These would challenge the illusion that any medical system is an ahistorical institution with autonomous ideologies or intentions. And while bio-medical interventions have significant effects on health and fertility patterns, the distribution of resources within the society and historical patterns appear to have greater persuasion. The model proposed identifies the indigenous and cosmopolitan medical systems along with the household as the main units of the 'social reproduction' of the society, or, the means by which society is renewed. In the final analysis, integration would mean that a compromised alliance had been created between all institutions involved in social reproduction--including biological reproduction, reproduction of the labour force and society's values and institutions. The key structures are the triangle-indigenous medicine, primary health care and the household. The limitations of their functions are in the modes of production from which they derive their resources, political support and even many of their values.

Community Health Services↗

PubMed1984

Curing and commerce: changes in an indigenous medical practice in a highland Philippine town.

The intrusion of the capitalist mode of production in Third World countries is usually accompanied by the expansion of cosmopolitan medicine. In most multi-ethnic societies, indigenous medical practices continue to persist, if not thrive, under these conditions for a variety of reasons. Urbanizing areas in particular may become focal points for the emergence of innovative role adaptations among indigenous curers. This paper describes the career development of an indigenous medical specialist in a highland Philippine town. The purpose is to suggest the importance of examining the lifestyle and socio-economic strategies pursued by curers in similar contexts. Such analysis can aid in the process of understanding the way in which particular individuals can perform significant buffer roles that promote the continued viability of medically plural practices and beliefs.

Commerce↗