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PubMed1989

New media in medical education.

In 1984 the American Association of Medical Colleges' Panel on the General Professional Education of the Physician challenged the medical community to take a leadership position in the effective application of information science and computer technology to medical education. The medical education community has risen to that challenge through the use of microcomputer technology and optical disc media including the recently developed fully integrated Hypermedia environment to enhance the learning environment.

Audiovisual Aids↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Experience in managing a large-scale rescreening of Papanicolaou smears and the pros and cons of measuring proficiency with visual and written examinations.

Experiences in a large-scale interlaboratory rescreening of Papanicolaou smears are detailed, and the pros and cons of measuring proficiency in cytology are discussed. Despite the additional work of the rescreening project and some psychological and technical problems, it proved to be a useful measure of the laboratory's performance as a whole. One problem to be avoided in future similar studies is the creation of too many diagnostic categories. Individual testing and certification have been shown to be accurate predictors of proficiency. For cytology, such tests require a strong visual component to test interpretation and judgment skills, such as by the use of glass slides or photomicrographs. The potential of interactive videodisc technology for facilitating cytopathologic teaching and assessment is discussed.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S.↗
PubMed1989

Construction of the diagnostic encyclopedia workstation. Computerizing pathology for the pathologist.

The combination of a personal computer and a laser-vision disc player is an adroit tool for storing and retrieving textual information in combination with pictorial information. This paper describes such a system (a "diagnostic encyclopedia workstation"), which provides information to the pathologist engaged in daily diagnostic practice. The system contains a considerable amount of descriptive textual information that might be useful in making diagnoses in histopathology, along with many illustrations; the text is presented in a natural language (English). The descriptive information is divided into 18 categories, including such topics as histology, macroscopy, immunopathology and clinical data; each topic has a separate display in the system. Also present are two types of "decision rules" for making diagnoses (confirmative criteria for a diagnosis under consideration and exclusive criteria for many other diagnoses) and a classifying structure. The present version of this system contains information on about 100 diagnoses in ovarian pathology, illustrated with about 3,000 color slides from about 140 cases. The information and pictures are immediately available. Further characteristics of this system are its flexibility, accessibility and user friendliness; it has been structured so that components of artificial intelligence may be added later.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed1989

A senior elective program in anatomic pathology.

The faculty of the Department of Pathology at the University of Miami School of Medicine has developed a senior elective program in anatomic pathology for fourth-year students. The program is designed in such a way that the fundamental concepts involved will be easily remembered and clinically useful. The teaching methods, which maximize active learning, include the students' group resolution of challenging unknown autopsy cases, participation in the performance of necropsies, individual presentation of one of their own autopsy cases to the group, and work with several interactive videodisc programs. The program has proved to be both effective and popular. It could be reproduced with relative ease in any academic department of pathology.

Autopsy↗
PubMed1986

Interactive instruction in the radiographic anatomy of the chest.

An instructional program has been developed which is designed to instruct medical students in a systematic approach to the reading of the chest radiograph. A videodisc player is used to display a radiograph on a video monitor and computer graphics are superimposed over this image. Another feature is the use of a mouse pointer as an input device to identify structures on the radiograph. The instructional approach is based upon the drill and practice method. All questions and responses are created by the computer through the program's database manipulation.

Computer-Assisted Instruction↗
PubMed1986

Computerized anatomy instruction.

A self-paced gross anatomy teaching package is under development using computer-generated anatomic images controlled by branching instructional software on a personal computer. The package is designed to overcome several problems encountered in the traditional study of anatomy. The capabilities, strengths, and weaknesses of computer-assisted instruction are highlighted.

Anatomy↗
PubMed1984

A densitometer based on a microcomputer and TV camera, for use in the clinical laboratory.

We describe a microcomputer-based densitometer that includes a television camera for the analysis of one- and two-dimensional electrophoresis gels. The hardware configuration is a modification of that described by Mariash et al. (Anal Biochem 212: 388-394, 1982). The video signal is digitized by a commercially available interface, yielding 1 of 64 greyscale values for each pixel examined. The operator controls the region being analyzed through the use of a joystick and video monitor. We have optimized the linear response range (0-1.5 A) and have written a relatively simple control program ("GELSCAN 5.0"). For analyses of one-dimensional gels, the required operator decisions include the start and finish points of the gel, the width of the scan (analogous to slit size), and the level of background correction. The digital information may be stored on disk, displayed by one of several graphic routines, and analyzed for total scan and individual peak absorbance values. Similar analyses may be done with two-dimensional gel spots.

Computers↗
PubMed1995

Flow measurements with digital subtraction densitometry in a steady flow experimental model.

Computerized densitometry was applied on digital subtraction series for measuring flow rates, 600 to 2,000 ml/min, in model experiments, using contrast medium as indicator substance. A total of 962 measurements were performed, employing the Stewart-Hamilton dilution technique, as well as direct measurements of velocity of the indicator bolus between 2 measuring sites. Results with the dilution technique were closely correlated with true values, but slightly lower (mean 8%), presumably because of sedimentation of contrast medium. Measurements based on bolus velocity were most accurate when the bolus passage was defined by points near the gravity line of the area under the concentration curve. Use of more easily identified curve points, e.g. the time of curve maximum, tended to yield too high values due to flow laminarity with a high-velocity leading edge of the indicator. Variation in repeated measurements on any single image series was attributed to the low sampling rate.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed1993

A survey of the use of live animals, cadavers, inanimate models, and computers in teaching veterinary surgery.

A questionnaire, designed to gather information regarding the use of live animals, cadavers, inanimate models, and other innovative methods to teach veterinary surgery, was mailed to individuals in the surgery sections of all 31 veterinary schools in the United States and Canada. Of the 31 questionnaires mailed, 27 (87%) were completed and returned. Mean number of total, general, small-animal, and large-animal surgery laboratory sessions were 22, 5.9, 11, and 7.4, respectively. At 7 of 26 (27%) schools, animals were euthanatized prior to recovery from anesthesia in all teaching laboratories; in 18 schools (69%), small animals were euthanatized prior to recovery from anesthesia. In 4 (20%) of the 20 schools that offer large-animal laboratory courses, large animals were euthanatized prior to recovery from anesthesia. In 24 schools (88%), cadavers, models, or both were used in at least 1 laboratory session in their surgery training program. Models were used most frequently to teach suturing, knot typing, and hemostasis. Plastic bones were used in 8 (30%) schools to teach fracture repair. In several schools, models were used to teach other general psychomotor skills, and at several schools, models were available for sale to other teaching institutions. At 16 (59%) of the 27 veterinary schools, some type of program has been developed with local humane societies. At 13 (81%) of the 16 schools with such a program, small animals were euthanatized prior to recovery from anesthesia in their traditional laboratories. At 10 (37%) of the schools, some process was used to evaluate students in the laboratory, and at 5 (19%), course evaluations were completed by students taking the laboratory.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animal Welfare↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Therapeutic computing: teaching therapeutic communications utilizing a videodisc.

Effective communication skills for nurses are essential and serve as the interface between patients and health care providers. Yet, teaching communication skills is subject to only limited success. Results vary according to the mix of students, the talent and interest of the instructor, and the availability of teaching time for the topic. The nursing program at Indiana University Kokomo is addressing the needs of nursing students with a multimedia computer system. A videodisc on therapeutic communication was purchased to supply the desired video-based examples. The programming of the computer interface was done by a senior information systems department major. Student attitudes measured after using the system the first year were very good.

Attitude↗