Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Toothbrushing”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 307 records · Page 17Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

A practice-based randomised controlled trial of the efficacy of an electric and a manual toothbrush on gingival health in patients with fixed orthodontic appliances.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of an electric toothbrush with a specially designed orthodontic brush head compared with a manual toothbrush in controlling plaque and gingivitis in patients with fixed orthodontic appliances over an 8-week period in a dental practice setting. METHODS: This was a randomised controlled, single blind, stratified, parallel group trial conducted in two specialist orthodontic dental practices by a specialist orthodontist. Group 1 comprised 41 subjects who used the electric toothbrush and Group 2 consisted of 43 subjects who brushed with a manual toothbrush around the orthodontic appliance for a timed 2 minutes twice daily for 8 weeks. Plaque around the fixed appliance attachments was measured using an orthodontic modification to the Silness and Loe plaque index, while gingival condition was scored using the gingival index and Eastman interdental bleeding index. RESULTS: There was baseline balance for all clinical variables (p > 0.05). Both groups had significantly less plaque after 8 weeks than at baseline (p < 0.001) but the group using the electric brush also had significantly less interdental gingival bleeding, as determined by the Eastman interdental bleeding index both at week 4 (p < 0.001) and week 8 (p = 0.004). The majority of subjects (n = 54, 64.3%) preferred the electric toothbrush. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, the results from this study would suggest that use of an electric toothbrush with an orthodontic brush head may be of benefit in promoting gingival health in fixed orthodontic appliance patients; however, the long-term effects (over at least 6 months) need to be evaluated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Comparison of the effectiveness of two types of toothbrushes on the oral hygiene of patients undergoing orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances.

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether orthodontic toothbrushes were superior to classical toothbrushes in the elimination of microbial dental plaque on teeth and brackets and in the maintenance of periodontal tissue health in patients, ages 12 to 22 years, with fixed appliances. Twenty patients undergoing orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances and brushing with the Bass technique were included in the study. Ten patients used the Oral B Ortho type toothbrushes (Oral B Laboratories Ltd.), whereas the remaining 10 patients used the Oral B Plus 35 type toothbrushes. Quigley-Hein plaque index, bonded bracket index, sulcus bleeding index, and periodontal pocket depth measurements were made at the beginning of the study and a month later. No statistically significant difference was found for plaque, sulcus bleeding, and periodontal pocket depth between Oral B Ortho and Plus 35 groups when the preinvestigatory and postinvestigatory measurements for the vestibular and proximal surfaces of upper and lower teeth were compared. This short-term study concluded that the Ortho-type toothbrush is not superior to the Plus 35-type toothbrush.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Efficacy of manual and powered toothbrushes (I). Effect on clinical parameters.

BACKGROUND/AIM: The purpose of the present investigation was to compare manual (Crest Complete) and powered toothbrushing (Braun Oral-B 3D Plaque Remover) for their ability to affect clinical parameters of periodontal diseases. METHODS: 48 periodontal maintenance subjects completed this single-blind 6-month longitudinal study. Subjects had a minimum of 20 natural teeth excluding third molars and >10% of sites (approximately 17 sites) with pocket depth > or =4 mm and/or >10% sites with attachment level >4 mm. At baseline, subjects received full mouth clinical measurements (168 sites) to determine mean Plaque Index, Gingival Index, pocket depth and attachment level and % of sites exhibiting BOP. Subjects were then randomly assigned to one of two groups. The control group (N=26) used a manual toothbrush while the test group (N=22) used a powered toothbrush. Subjects received instruction in oral hygiene and used their assigned toothbrush twice daily according to instruction. Follow-up clinical assessments were performed at 3 and 6 months. Significance of differences in clinical measures over time was determined using the Quade test and between brushing groups at each time point using the Mann-Whitney test. RESULTS: Mean pocket depth, mean plaque index and % of sites exhibiting BOP showed significant reductions from baseline to 3 and 6 months in both groups. Mean probing attachment level and mean Gingival Index were significantly reduced in the powered brushing group only. There was a significant positive correlation between plaque reduction and reduction in other clinical parameters in both brushing groups. The majority of subjects showed improvements in clinical parameters at 6 months, although a greater proportion of subjects in the powered group showed a reduction in Plaque Index (77% versus 65%) and in % sites exhibiting BOP (82% versus 69%). Mean pocket depth and mean attachment level showed significantly greater reductions between baseline and 6 months in lingual and mandibular areas in the powered group. CONCLUSIONS: Both manual and powered toothbrushes reduced pocket depth, plaque index and BOP. The powered toothbrush significantly reduced mean gingival index and probing attachment level. The greatest benefit of the powered brush was at mandibular and lingual surfaces.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Plaque removal with a novel manual toothbrush (X-Active) and the Braun Oral-B 3D Plaque Remover.

OBJECTIVES: The study was designed to test the efficacy in plaque removal of three toothbrushes: two manual brushes, the Butler GUM 311 and the Dr Best X-Active, and one electric toothbrush the Braun Oral-B 3D Plaque Remover (3D). METHOD: The study was a split-mouth, single-blind, randomized clinical study consisting of three identical experiments testing three combinations of toothbrushes (experiment 1: 3D versus Butler; experiment 2: 3D versus Dr Best; experiment 3: Butler versus Dr Best), in which the teeth of the panellists were brushed by a dental hygienist. In a fourth experiment, the panellists brushed their own teeth (3D versus Dr Best). Thirty-five subjects participated in the study and received a professional prophylaxis prior to the first experiment. They were requested to refrain from brushing their teeth for 48 h prior to each experiment. Plaque was assessed according to the Silness & Löe plaque index at six sites per tooth. Next, the dental hygienist (experiments 1-3) or the panellist (experiment 4) brushed for 60 s with their first assigned brush in two randomly selected contralateral quadrants. Brushing was repeated (60 s) with the second brush in the opposing two contralateral quadrants. Prior to experiment 4, panellists were given two thorough hands-on professional instructions in the use of the 3D and the Dr Best toothbrushes. RESULTS: In experiment 1, the 3D showed a mean plaque reduction of 72% compared to 63% with the Butler (P<0.01). In experiment 2, the 3D showed a mean plaque reduction of 79% and the Dr Best 76% (P<0.05). In experiment 3, the Butler showed a mean plaque reduction of 81% and the Dr Best 85% (P=0.01). In the hands of the panellists (experiment 4), the 3D showed a mean plaque reduction of 88% and the Dr Best 84% (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: A 5-week training period with repeated hands-on instruction gives panellists the skill to perform brushing with efficacy comparable to that of professional brushing. In agreement with a previous study, the 3D was more effective than a flat-trimmed manual toothbrush (Van der Weijden et al. 1994). Brushing with the criss-cross resulted in small statistical differences with the 3D and the flat-trimmed manual toothbrush. The clinical relevance of these statistically significant results should be the subject of a longitudinal study.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Effects of dynamic fluid activity from an electric toothbrush on in vitro oral biofilms.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the plaque-removing ability of a Sonicare Plus electric toothbrush in an in vitro model. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Multispecies oral biofilms derived from human saliva were grown on hydroxyapatite discs in a constant-depth film fermenter. The biofilms were placed in a typodont model so that they mimicked the interproximal plaque between teeth 46 and 47 and were then treated with an electric toothbrush, both activated and inactivated. The distance from the bristle tips to the edge of the disc was 2.65 mm. Brushing action was controlled by a specially constructed brushing machine. After brushing, the number of viable bacteria removed from, and remaining in, the biofilms were determined. RESULTS: In all, 73.70% of viable bacteria in the biofilms were dislodged from the discs using the activated toothbrush. An inactivated toothbrush removed only 3.66%. Scanning electron microscopy and confocal microscopy revealed differences between untreated and treated biofilms. CONCLUSION: The fluid shear forces generated by the electric toothbrush penetrated at least 2.65 mm beyond the reach of the bristles and these forces contributed to the toothbrush's plaque-removal ability (p<0.001).

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Gingivitis and toothbrushes: potential roles in viridans streptococcal bacteraemia.

We report a case of Streptococcus oralis bacteraemia in a paediatric neutropenic patient with acute myeloid leukaemia whose predominant form of oral compromise was severe gingivitis, rather than mucositis. By phenotypic and genotypic analyses, the strain of S. oralis from blood culture was indistinguishable from an isolate from his mouth, suggesting that gingivitis may have provided a portal of entry for viridans streptococci into the bloodstream. To improve the patient's oral and dental hygiene and reduce gingivitis, conventional disposable foam toothettes were substituted with a new soft toothbrush for use as part of the oral care protocol. As there are no guidelines regarding the frequency of replacement of toothbrushes used by immunocompromised patients, the brush was swabbed regularly and culture performed to detect microbial colonization. Viridans streptococci were cultured from the toothbrush after 2 weeks of use. Phenotypic, followed by genotypic analyses, demonstrated that a strain of S. oralis from the toothbrush was indistinguishable from the strain previously isolated from blood culture and mouth. Soft toothbrushes may be useful tools for maintaining oral hygiene in immunocompromised individuals. However the results of this study indicate that regular replacement is warranted, as the toothbrush itself may become colonized with the organisms responsible for bacteraemia.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2004

Clinical evaluation of the plaque-removing ability of three different toothbrushes in a mentally disabled group.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of plaque removal of three different toothbrushes on mentally disabled children in two different age groups. A manual triple-headed brush (SuperBrush; Dento Co. AS [junior, regular]) compared with a new manual toothbrush (CrossAction; Oral-B [35 compact, 40 regular]) and an electric toothbrush with an oscillating rotating head (Braun Plaque Control 3D [Braun 3D]; Oral-B [D15525]). Fifteen children aged 6-12 (Group A) and 15 children aged 13-18 (Group B) with mild mental disabilities participated in the single-blind clinical study. To obtain a plaque-free condition at baseline, professional tooth-cleaning was performed on each participant. After instructions on how to use the toothbrushes, each group started the experiment. After 1 week of application, the Quikley Hein (QH) plaque index and the approximal plaque index (API) were used to assess the oral hygiene status of each participant. This was followed by a week of recess before each group switched to the next type of toothbrush. The study lasted for 5 weeks. Compared to the two other brushes, the Braun 3D was more effective in removing plaque (means of QHI: 1.54 (Braun 3D), 1.77 (SuperBrush), and 2.15 (CrossAction) in total; means of API 1.37 (Braun 3D), 1.52 (SuperBrush), 1.94 (CrossAction). The study indicated that the electric toothbrush is the most effective for removing dental plaque in mentally disabled children, whereas the SuperBrush is a good alternative.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Toothbrushing efficiency in smokers and non-smokers.

The present study was conducted to determine whether smokers have more plaque than non-smokers, and whether higher plaque scores subsequently found in smokers could be explained by differences in toothbrushing time, efficiency and frequency. Plaque was scored from photographs, before and after toothbrushing, in 64 smokers and 64 non-smokers, aged 20-40 years, matched for age and sex. The results showed that in both sexes smokers had more plaque than non-smokers. Male smokers brushed for a shorter time, and had more plaque after toothbrushing, than male non-smokers. A similar, though non-significant trend was found in females. There was no association between tobacco consumption and frequency of toothbrushing. It was concluded that the poorer oral cleanliness found in smokers both before and after toothbrushing may be explained, in part at least, by their shorter toothbrushing time.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Toothbrush age and wear as it relates to plaque control.

An investigation was conducted to test the hypothesis that age and wear of toothbrushes do not affect plaque removal. 40 preclinical dental students between the ages of 19 and 26 years were assigned randomly to 2 groups. 1 group of 19 subjects used a toothbrush for 10 weeks while the 21 subjects in the other group were given new toothbrushes every 2 weeks for 10 weeks. A baseline of zero plaque and calculus was obtained on the first visit. On subsequent visits, 2 weeks apart, the gingival status of each group was evaluated using the gingival index, and plaque levels were scored using the patient hygiene performance index. The brushing surface area of the toothbrushes was measured with a caliper as well as being graded subjectively according to their condition (good, fair or poor). Results were statistically analysed at the end of the 10-week period. It was found that after 10 weeks, the subjects using the same toothbrush for the whole period had significantly more plaque than those who replaced their brushes every 2 weeks. As brushes deteriorated, they became less effective. No differences in gingival state were detected. There was appreciable variation in toothbrush wear among subjects, some reducing their brush to a poor state in 2 weeks whereas with others the brush was rated as "good" after 10 weeks.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Influence of rotating-oscillating, sonic and ultrasonic action of power toothbrushes on abrasion of sound and eroded dentine.

OBJECTIVE: This in vitro study aimed to evaluate the susceptibility of sound and eroded dentine to brushing abrasion performed by different rotating-oscillating, sonic and ultrasonic toothbrushes. METHODS: Toothbrushing abrasion (20 cycles, each 30 s) was applied to bovine dentine samples (each subgroup n = 10) exhibiting both a demineralized (each cycle: 1% citric acid, pH: 2.3, 60 s; 30 min remineralization in artificial saliva) and a sound surface area. Toothbrushing was performed in an automatic brushing machine with the rotating-oscillating, sonic and ultrasonic toothbrushes either (a) activated, supplemented by 20 strokes/min of the brushing machine, (b) inactivated, supplemented by 20 strokes/min of the brushing machine or (c) inactivated, supplemented by 80 strokes/min of the brushing machine. A manual toothbrush was applied with 20, 80 or 100 linear strokes/min. Specimens of the control group were not brushed after erosion. After each cycle, the samples were stored in artificial saliva for 4 h. After 20 cycles, loss of sound and softened dentine was determined by profilometry. Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon test and Bonferroni corrections were applied to the data (p < 0.05). RESULTS: For all groups, demineralized dentin areas exhibited significantly higher abrasion values than the respective sound dentine surfaces. However, mean dentine loss of both softened and sound dentine was higher after use of the rotating-oscillating, sonic and ultrasonic brushes with the activated regime [(a) eroded dentine: 9.94-16.45 microm; sound dentine: 3.31-5.47 microm] than after brushing with the inactivated regimes [(b) eroded dentine: 5.10-5.62 microm; sound dentine: 1.16-1.81 microm; (c) eroded dentin: 7.64-8.89 microm; sound dentine: 1.38-1.69 microm]. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that rotating-oscillating, sonic or ultrasonic action of the power toothbrushes leads to an increased loss of demineralized and sound dentine.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Toothbrushing and gingival recession.

AIM: To review the hypothesis that toothbrushing leads to gingival recession. Gingival recession develops due to anatomical and pathological factors. The prevalence of recession is dependent on the age and characteristic of the population because it usually presents in individuals with periodontal disease or those who practise zealous or improper oral hygiene methods. Gingival trauma and gingival abrasion from toothbrushing is thought to progress directly to gingival recession. Case studies documenting recession from toothbrush trauma are speculative. Short-term studies suggest that gingival trauma and gingival abrasion may result from toothbrushing, but the direct relationship between traumatic home care and gingival recession is inconclusive. Long-term studies remain elusive or do not support the development of recession following toothbrushing. Nevertheless, tooth abrasion may be an integral part in the aetiology of recession. Toothbrush abrasion also may cause wear at the cemento-enamel junction resulting in the destruction of the supporting periodontium leading to recession.

Gingival Recession↗
PubMed2006

In vitro evaluation of abrasion of eroded enamel by different manual, power and sonic toothbrushes.

This study aimed to evaluate the susceptibility of eroded enamel to brushing abrasion performed by manual, power or sonic toothbrushes. Bovine enamel samples were subjected to 5 cycles, each consisting of 5 min demineralisation, 15 min remineralisation and 10 min brushing in a machine. Toothbrushing with the activated electric devices was supplemented with 20 linear strokes/min. Furthermore, enamel specimens were brushed with 20 linear strokes/min or 80 linear strokes/min with the electric toothbrushes without their individual operating action. A manual brush was applied at 100, 20 or 80 linear strokes/min. Specimens of the control group were not brushed after demineralisation. Loss of enamel was determined by profilometry. For all groups, substrate loss for linear brushing treatment applying 20 or 80 strokes/min did not differ significantly from the control (4.97 +/- 1.49 microm). Three power toothbrushing treatments significantly increased abrasion compared to linear brushing treatment with 20 or 80 strokes/min in their inactivated condition. The results indicate that brushing treatment with power or sonic toothbrushes may lead to significantly higher loss of demineralised enamel compared to toothbrushing without power or sonic support.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Plaque removal by young children using old and new toothbrushes.

There is inconclusive evidence about the relationship between toothbrush wear and plaque removal. This randomized cross-over clinical trial aimed to validate or invalidate non-inferiority in the plaque-removal efficacy of old vs. new toothbrushes in the hands of 7- and 8-year-old children. The lower limit for non-inferiority was set a priori as a difference in plaque score<15%. Children (n=101) brushed, in the first session, with either their 14-month-old toothbrush or a new one, and in the second session vice versa. The mean Quigley-Hein plaque score, before and after children brushed with old brushes, was 2.9 and 2.4, and with new brushes 2.8 and 2.1. The plaque score after they brushed with the new toothbrush was 10.9% lower (p<0.001) than after they brushed with the old toothbrush. The confidence interval of 7.6%-13.9% was within the acceptance band (<15%), and non-inferiority of old toothbrushes in the hands of these children was validated.

Child↗
PubMed2001

The effects of toothpastes on the residual microbial contamination of toothbrushes.

BACKGROUND: Contaminated toothbrushes have been shown to harbor and transmit viruses and bacteria. The authors conducted a study to evaluate the effect of a triclosan-containing toothpaste on the residual anaerobic microbial contamination of toothbrushes. METHODS: Twenty patients who had Type III or Type IV periodontitis participated in this study. One side of each of their mouths served as a control (no toothpaste). The teeth on the other side were brushed with a regular toothpaste or a triclosan-containing toothpaste. After the toothbrushes were allowed to dry in air for four hours, the authors placed the toothbrush heads in solution, dislodged the microbes from the brushes by vortexing and plated them in culture dishes. The authors anerobically incubated the culture dishes and determined the presence or absence of Prevotella species or Ps; Porphyromonas gingivalis, or Pg; and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, or Aa. RESULTS: The authors detected Aa and Pg on the control toothbrushes more frequently than they did Ps. This variation in isolation frequency was statistically significant by chi 2 analysis (P < .001). The authors compared the isolation frequency of the three test organisms between the control and regular-toothpaste groups, between the control and triclosan-containing--toothpaste groups, and between the triclosan-containing--toothpaste and regular-toothpaste groups. They found no significant intergroup differences in the isolation frequencies after using chi 2 analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Toothpaste use reduced the residual microbial contamination for two of three test organisms, but the lower isolation frequencies were not statistically significant. Further study in this area is indicated. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Dental professionals should advise patients who have systemic, localized or oral inflammatory diseases to disinfect or frequently replace their toothbrushes.

Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Plaque removal by manual and electric toothbrushing among children.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of plaque control performed with electric and manual toothbrushes. Fifteen children with primary dentition and 14 children with mixed dentition were divided in two groups and randomly assigned to utilize a manual or an electric toothbrush. In the first session, professional plaque removal was performed, and the children spent 24 hours without brushing their teeth. In the second session, plaque was disclosed and assessed on all facial and lingual surfaces. After that, all children brushed their teeth with the predetermined toothbrush. The next procedure was the disclosure and measurement of residual plaque. After a period of 7 days, the children switched the kind of toothbrush, and the same procedures were repeated. According to the statistical analysis of the results, there were no significant differences concerning plaque removal when the toothbrushes were utilized by children with mixed dentition. On the other hand, the electric toothbrush promoted significantly greater plaque removal on the lingual surfaces of teeth from children with primary dentition.

Child↗
PubMed1993

Gingival recession in relation to history of hard toothbrush use.

Gingival recession studies in the U.S. have related primarily to sex and age with little consideration of toothbrush hardness. This preliminary study examined the relation between a history of hard toothbrush use and gingival recession. A total of 182 subjects, male and female, between 18 and 65 years of age, with a minimum of 18 natural teeth, no advanced periodontitis or history of periodontal surgery were examined. Gingival recession was scored as present whenever the free gingival margin was apical to the cemento-enamel junction and root surface was exposed. History of hard toothbrush use was ascertained. Eighty-two subjects had a history of hard toothbrush use, 77 did not, and 23 did not know. The percentage of subjects with recession increased with age from 43% to 81%, with a figure of 63% for all age groups combined. Males tended to show slightly greater levels of recession than females. Regression analysis showed that females had about 4 percentage points less receded surfaces than males. Recession was also found to be more pronounced for subjects with a history of hard toothbrush use, with a mean of 9.4% receded surfaces versus 4.7% for those who had never used a hard brush. For users of hard toothbrushes, the percent of surfaces with recession showed a significant and dramatic increase with increasing brushing frequency; this effect did not exist for those without a history of hard brush use. The relation with age was highly significant, with regression analysis showing that the percent of surfaces with recession tends to increase about 3.5 percentage points per decade.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Clinical evaluation of the efficacy and safety of a new sonic toothbrush.

The efficacy and safety of a new sonic toothbrush were studied in this single-blind study. The sonic toothbrush combines acoustic vibrations and dynamic fluid activity surrounding the bristles with direct mechanical scrubbing of tooth surfaces. Fifty-one subjects were randomly assigned to either the sonic or the manual toothbrush. Plaque scores were assessed before and after a 2-minute brushing at baseline and 1, 2, and 4 weeks. Gingivitis and sulcular bleeding scores were also taken at each evaluation. To assess long-term safety, 29 subjects returned after 6 months of product use. Repeated measures analysis of variance of the total mean plaque score indicated a significant difference between the devices over time (P < 0.01), with the sonic toothbrush demonstrating a greater level of plaque removal on all tooth surfaces. On average, the plaque reduction from the baseline score for the sonic toothbrush was 3 times greater than the manual brush. However, when broken down by dental region, the sonic toothbrush demonstrated an improved level of plaque removal ranging from 1.5 to 11.9 times better than the manual brush, with the greatest improvement in the interproximal and lingual areas. Both the gingivitis and sulcular bleeding scores exhibited a similar, significant reduction (P < 0.005) over time for both devices with an approximate 17% decrease in the gingivitis index and a 33% decrease in sulcular bleeding sites. Safety assessment after 6 months of use indicated no soft tissue abnormalities which could be attributed to the products.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Removal of interproximal subgingival plaque by hand and automatic toothbrushes.

Subgingival plaque removal at interproximal sites by automatic and hand toothbrushes was compared with control sites at which cleansing was not performed. There were 58 patients, 35 to 63 years of age, each with one hopeless tooth requiring extraction. Each patient was randomly assigned to one of four test groups: hand brush; automatic toothbrush 1; automatic toothbrush 2; and no brushing. The brushing instructions as stated by the manufacturers were demonstrated and the patient brushed the sextant containing the test tooth for 20 seconds. The level of the gingival margin was marked at each interproximal test site. The teeth were extracted and processed for SEM, and subgingival plaque was viewed at X100 and X2000 magnifications. A montage of photomicrographs of the gingival groove to the occlusal margin of the bacterial plaque at X100 magnification was made and the distance from the groove to the margin was measured. An ANOVA was performed using P = 0.05 level for significance. Due to processing difficulties, only 33 specimens were available for analysis. The average distances from the groove to the subgingival plaque front for the four test groups were 0.514, 0.132, 0.163, and 0.111 mm respectively. The maximum distance (1.5 mm) of plaque removal was greatest for the hand toothbrush. Due to the large standard deviation (0.636 compared to 0.146, 0.250, and 0.124 respectively), the hand brushing group was excluded from ANOVA. There were no statistically significant differences among the automatic toothbrushes and the no brushing control (P = 0.8393). It was concluded that a single session of oral hygiene instruction with an automatic toothbrush did not result in subgingival interproximal plaque cleansing.

Adult↗