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PubMed2002

Color removal from cotton textile industry wastewater in an activated sludge system with various additives.

The low biodegradability of many dyes and textile chemicals indicates that biological treatment is not always successful in the treatment of cotton textile wastewater, in terms of color removal. In this study, a specific organic flocculant (Marwichem DEC), powdered activated carbon (PAC), bentonite, activated clay and commercial synthetic inorganic clay (Macrosorb) were directly added into the activated sludge laboratory pilot plant model. Before dosage, the optimum sludge retention time and hydraulic retention time were determined as 30 days and 1.6 days, respectively. The Monod kinetic constants were determined as Y = 0.76 kg MLSS/kg COD, Kd = 0.026 l/day, K(S) = 113.3 mg/L, k = 0.42 l/day and mu(max) = 0.32 kg MLSS/kg COD day. Under these conditions the average COD removal was 94% and color removal was 36%. The addition of these materials did not change COD removal significantly. The most effective materials were found to be DEC and PAC for color removal. While the color removal efficiency for 120 mg/L DEC addition was 78%, it was 65% for 100 mg/L, 77% for 200 mg/L and 86% for 400 mg/L PAC addition. The advantage of DEC compared to PAC was the lower sludge production. Statistical analyses using multiple linear regression indicate that there is no relationship between the effluent color with the influent color and total suspended solids (TSS) for DEC and PAC addition. On the other hand, when only bentonite, activated clay and Macrosorb were added, the effluent color was primarily dependent on the influent color and the TSS concentration had little effect. When the data is examined by using Kruskal-Wallis H and Mann-Whitney U tests and it was found that there was a significant difference between the color data groups.

Adsorption↗

PubMed2003

Treatment of cotton textile wastewater using lime and ferrous sulfate.

This technical note summarizes the results of a textile wastewater treatment process aiming at the destruction of the wastewater's color by means of coagulation/flocculation techniques using ferrous sulfate and/or lime. All the experiments were run in a pilot plant that simulated an actual industrial wastewater treatment plant. Treatment with lime alone proved to be very effective in removing the color (70-90%) and part of the COD (50-60%) from the textile wastewater. Moreover, the treatment with ferrous sulfate regulating the pH in the range 9.0+/-0.5 using lime was equally effective. Finally, the treatment with lime in the presence of increasing doses of ferrous sulfate was tested successfully, however; it proved to be very costly mainly due to the massive production of solids that precipitated.

Calcium Compounds↗

PubMed2002

Toxicity evaluation of reactive dyestuffs, auxiliaries and selected effluents in textile finishing industry to luminescent bacteria Vibrio fischeri.

The toxicity of 17 selected process effluents, 11 reactive dyestuffs and 8 auxiliaries from a textile dyeing and finishing mill in Ayazaga, Istanbul, Turkey was evaluated by bioluminescence test using bacteria Vibrio fischeri in LUMIStox 300. The EC20 and EC50 for auxiliaries, the EC20 for dyestuffs were determined. For selected process effluents GL-values, the dilution level at which a wastewater sample causes less than 20% inhibition, were examined. Our results demonstrate that the toxicity assessment with luminescent bacteria is effective and of practical use for chemicals applied in textile finishing industry with the limitation of the deep dark-colored dye bath samples and for the related effluents. Inhibition effects of numerous dyestuffs as well as auxiliaries to luminescent bacteria differed considerably with a range 5-600 mg l(-1) for EC20 and 9-6930 mg l(-1) for EC50, respectively. Among 17 effluents, I sample exhibited high toxicity (GL = 100), 7 showed moderate toxicity (GL = 12-32), and 9 had a GL-value <10 indicating a low or no toxicity.

Coloring Agents↗

PubMed2002

Pre-oxidation and coagulation of textile wastewater by the Fenton process.

This paper evaluates the Fenton process, involving oxidation and coagulation, for the removal of color and chemical oxygen demand (COD) from synthetic textile wastewater containing polyvinyl alcohol and a reactive dyestuff, R94H. The experimental variables studied include dosages of iron salts and hydrogen peroxide, oxidation time, mixing speed and organic content. The results show that color was removed mainly by Fenton oxidation. The color removal reached a maximum of 90% at a reaction time of 5 min under low dosages of H2O2 and Fe2+. In contrast, the COD was removed primarily by Fenton coagulation, rather than by Fenton oxidation. The ratio of removal efficiency between Fenton process and ferric coagulation was 5.6 for color removal and 1.2 for COD removal. It is concluded that Fenton process for the treatment of textile wastewater favors the removal of color rather than COD.

Coloring Agents↗

PubMed2002

Solar light induced and TiO2 assisted degradation of textile dye reactive blue 4.

Aqueous solutions of reactive blue 4 textile dye are totally mineralised when irradiated with TiO2 photocatalyst. A solution containing 4 x 10(-4) M dye was completely degraded in 24 h irradiation time. The intensity of the solar light was measured using Lux meter. The results showed that the dye molecules were completely degraded to CO2, SO4(2-), NO3-, NH4+ and H2O under solar irradiation. The addition of hydrogen peroxide and potassium persulphate influenced the photodegradation efficiency. The rapidity of photodegradation of dye intermediates were observed in the presence of hydrogen peroxide than in its absence. The auxiliary chemicals such as sodium carbonate and sodium chloride substantially affected the photodegradation efficiency. High performance liquid chromatography and chemical oxygen demand were used to study the mineralisation and degradation of the dye respectively. It is concluded that solar light induced degradation of textile dye in wastewater is a viable technique for wastewater treatment.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗

PubMed1999

PCDD/Fs in textiles--part II: transfer from clothing to human skin.

The transfer of PCDD/Fs from contaminated textiles to the outermost layers of the skin (stratum corneum) of human volunteers was measured. The experiments were conducted with cotton T-shirts containing high levels of hepta- and octachlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans. The results indicated that there is little spatial variability in the transfer from the T-shirt to the skin surface (< factor2) and also little variability among individuals (< factor 3). The percent transfer from different cotton textiles (sigma PCDD/F: 1,900 pg/g - 281,000 pg/g) to the stratum corneum was found to be similar. The transfer from a white, unbleached polyester material was more than an order of magnitude lower, indicating that the PCDD/Fs were more tightly bound to the polyester than to the cotton. It was shown that the PCDD/Fs penetrate into deeper layers of the stratum corneum during an 8 hour exposure period. However, systemic exposure and a significant contribution of this pathway to the PCDD/F body burden is only possible if the compounds are able to overcome the penetration barrier posed by the viable epidermis.

Benzofurans↗

PubMed2000

Decolorization of textile wastewater by photo-fenton oxidation technology.

This paper describes the use of photo-fenton process for color removal from textile wastewater stream. The wastewater sample to be treated was simulated by using colorless polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and reactive dyestuff of R94H. As a result, the hydroxyl radical (HO*) oxidation can effectively remove color, but the chemical oxygen demand (COD) was removed in a slight degree. The color removal is markedly related with the amount of HO* formed. The optimum pH for both the OH* formation and color removal occurs at pH 3-5. Up to 96% of color can be removed within 30 min under the studied conditions. Due to the photoreduction of ferric ion into ferrous ion, color resurgence was observed after 30 min. The ferrous dosage and UV power affect the color removal in a positive way, however, the marginal benefit is less significant in the higher range of both. PVA as the major background COD of a textile wastewater stream inhibits the color removal insignificantly as its concentration increases.

Color↗

PubMed2001

Biodegradation, decolourisation and detoxification of textile wastewater enhanced by advanced oxidation processes.

Recently, an increasing application of so called advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) to industrial wastewater has been observed. In particular, an integrated approach of biological and chemical treatment of wastewater is advantageous conceptually. The subject of our study was synthetic wastewater, simulating effluents from knitting industry. The wastewater contained components that are very often used in Polish textile industry: an anionic detergent Awiwaz KG conc., a softening agent Tetrapol CLB and an anthraquinone dyestuff-Acid Blue 40, CI 2125. The toxicity of the detergents and the dye was determined in terms of effective concentration EC50 using mixed cultures of activated sludge as well as pure culture of luminescent bacteria Vibrio fischerii NRRLB-11177. The dye did not undergo biodegradation without AOPs pretreatment, therefore a degree of its removal (decolourisation) by the AOPs has been determined and its bio-sorption properties on the flocks of activated sludge have been studied. The dye adsorption onto flocks of activated sludge was described by Henry's isotherm. Our investigations focussed on the influence of various oxidants like O3, H2O2 and UV light on biodegradation of single components aqueous solution as well as of the whole textile wastewater. The results of kinetic measurements of the biodegradation (by means of acclimated activated sludge) was described by Monod type of kinetic equation. The experimental evidence of the positive effect of chemical oxidation pretreatment on the biodegradation of recalcitrant compounds was quantified by estimation of the kinetic parameters of the Monod equation. Due to the AOPs pretreatment a decrease of the Monod constant and an increase of maximal specific growth rate was observed. The activity of degradative enzymes of activated sludge was assayed by the methods of 2-[4-iodophenyl]-3-[4-nitrophenyl]-5-phenyltetrazolium chloride test.

Adsorption↗

PubMed2002

Solar/UV-induced photocatalytic degradation of three commercial textile dyes.

The photocatalytic degradation of three commercial textile dyes with different structure has been investigated using TiO(2) (Degussa P25) photocatalyst in aqueous solution under solar irradiation. Experiments were conducted to optimise various parameters viz. amount of catalyst, concentration of dye, pH and solar light intensity. Degradation of all the dyes were examined by using chemical oxygen demand (COD) method. The degradation efficiency of the three dyes is as follows: Reactive Yellow 17(RY17) > Reactive Red 2(RR2) > Reactive Blue 4 (RB4), respectively. The experimental results indicate that TiO(2) (Degussa P25) is the best catalyst in comparison with other commercial photocatalysts such as, TiO(2) (Merck), ZnO, ZrO(2), WO(3) and CdS. Though the UV irradiation can efficiently degrade the dyes, naturally abundant solar irradiation is also very effective in the mineralisation of dyes. The comparison between thin-film coating and aqueous slurry method reveals that slurry method is more efficient than coating but the problems of leaching and the requirement of separation can be avoided by using coating technique. These observations indicate that all the three dyes could be degraded completely at different time intervals. Hence, it may be a viable technique for the safe disposal of textile wastewater into the water streams.

Catalysis↗

PubMed2003

Vermicomposting of mixed solid textile mill sludge and cow dung with the epigeic earthworm Eisenia foetida.

This paper reports the results of a study of vermicomposting with Eisenia foetida of solid textile mill sludge mixed with cow dung in different ratios in a 90 days composting experiment. Vermicomposting resulted in significant reduction in C:N ratio and increase in TKN. Total K and Ca were lower in the final cast than the initial feed mixture. Microbial activity measured as dehydrogenase activity increased up to 75 days and decreased on further incubation. Total P was higher in the final product than the initial feed mixture. Total heavy metal contents were lower in the final product than initial feed mixture. Solid textile mill sludge can be potentially useful as raw substrate in vermicomposting if mixed with up to 30% cow dung (on dry weight basis). The growth and cocoon production of the worm species in different feed mixtures were also investigated.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Noise pollution in textile, printing and publishing industries in Saudi Arabia.

A study of 20 factories belonging to textile, printing, publishing and paper products industries in Jeddah was conducted. Data on Leq, Maximum and Minimum SPL at different octave bands, as well as dBA, were collected. It has been found that textile, publishing and paper products industries are the most noisy industries. The paper is concluded with suitable recommendation for noise control and worker protection.

Humans↗

PubMed2004

Bioremediation of textile azo dyes by aerobic bacterial consortium.

An aerobic bacterial consortium consisting of two isolated strains (BF1, BF2) and a strain of Pseudomonas putida (MTCC1194) was developed for the aerobic degradation of a mixture of textile azodyes and individual azodyes at alkaline pH (9-10.5) and salinity (0.9-3.68 g/l) at ambient temperature (28 +/- 2 degrees C). The degradation efficiency of the strains in different media (mineral media and in the Simulated textile effluent (STE)) and at different dye concentrations were studied. The presence of a H2O2 independent oxidase-laccase (26.5 IU/ml) was found in the culture filtrate of the organism BF2. The analysis of the degraded products by TLC and HPLC, after the microbial treatment of the dyes showed the absence of amines and the presence of low molecular weight oxidative degradation products. The enzymes present in the crude supernatant was found to be reusable for the dye degradation.

Azo Compounds↗

PubMed2003

Prevalence of oral leukoplakia and lichen planus in 1167 Iranian textile workers.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence of oral precancerous lesions in textile workers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was undertaken to assess a total of 1167 textile factory workers randomly selected from a total of 6947. An overall 97 women and 1070 men aged 18-69 years (mean=31.8 years) were studied. Regular smoking during the past 6 months was considered as the smoker group. Leukoplakia lesions were classified in accordance to Axell criteria [Axell T, Pindborg JJ, Smith CJ and Van-der-waal I (1996). J Oral Pathol Med 25: 49]. RESULTS: The results showed that 115 workers (9.9%) had red and white lesions. Among these 43 positive detections (3.7%) had leukoplakia and six cases (0.5%) had lichen planus. The smoking habits of the workers were limited to cigarette smoking. There was a statistically significant positive correlation between tobacco smoking and oral leukoplakia (P<0.001). CONCLUSION: There was a statistically significant positive correlation between tobacco smoking and leukoplakia in this relatively young cohort with generally mild tobacco use. The prevalence of leukoplakia had an inverse relationship with the level of education.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

Partially degradable film/fabric composites: textile scaffolds for liver cell culture.

In this study, a composite scaffold combining textile superstructures and biomimetic glycopolymers is introduced, which may allow engineering of organotypic liver tissue in vitro. Woven poly(ethylene therephtalat) (PET) fabrics were coated on one side with a thin biodegradable polymer film (poly[D-L-lactic-co-glycolic acid] PLGA), in order to obtain a polar structure. The composite structure ensured the stability of the membrane during in vitro degradation, independently of mesh size. Matrix porosity increased when a polymer blend matrix was used. For hepatocyte culturing studies, the scaffolds were additionally coated with an artificial glycopolymer (poly[N-p-vinylbenzyl-D-lactoamide], PVLA) in order to improve cell attachment. It was observed that formation of aggregates depends on the scaffold geometry as well as on the pretreatment and medium conditions. After 4 days in culture, the pores of the fabric were filled with aggregates illustrating the possibility of immobilizing hepatocyte aggregates in well-defined spatial configurations on textile structures.

Biocompatible Materials↗

PubMed1975

Technological feasibility of the 2 fibers/cc asbestos standard in asbestos textile facilities.

The technical feasibility of developing dust control practice which would bring the asbestos industry into compliance with the OSHA I fibers/cc standard, scheduled to become effective July 1, 1976, has been questioned since its promulgation. This paper presents the results of industrial hygiene surveys, including the results of 243 asbestos air samples, conducted at two asbestos textile production facilities which have achieved the 2 fibers/cc standard. Both facilities use nonconventional production techniques. Conclusions drawn from the investigations express the need for: (1) a study of new products; (2) a tool to motivate consumers to switch to the new products when appropriate; and (3) legislation which will protect all domestic producers of asbestos textiles from certain producers who do not have to absorb the added expense of meeting the OSHA standard.

Air Pollution↗

PubMedDate not supplied

A case-control study of carcinomas of the nose and paranasal sinuses in the woolen textile manufacturing industry.

A population-based case-control study was conducted in Biella, which is located in northwestern Italy, to investigate the reported association between sinonasal carcinomas and woolen fabrics production. The study included 33 cases diagnosed during 1976-1988 (14 adenocarcinomas, 11 epidermoid carcinomas, 3 other specified carcinomas, 1 unspecified carcinoma, and 4 cases without histologic confirmation) and 131 controls. No association was found with smoking. As reported previously, excess risks were observed in wood and furniture workers (odds ratio [OR] = 4.4, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 1.41-13.4) and in the leather industry (OR = 3.5, 95% CI = 0.6-20.3). Odds ratios in the wood and furniture industry were 22.0 (95% CI = 4.4-124.0) for adenocarcinomas and 0.9 (95% CI = 0.4-8.3) for epidermoid carcinomas. No association was found with the woolen textile or garment industries (OR = 0.8, 95% CI = 0.2-2.8), nor with farming, construction, metal works, and transport. Odds ratios for the textile industry did not vary with length of exposure or histologic type. Power for detecting an odds ratio of 3.0 at the 95% level of significance was 40%.

Aged↗

PubMed2005

Treatment of textile wastewater using a natural flocculant.

The physicochemical treatment of wastewater is of substantial interest, especially when conventional treatments by biological processes are not amenable. Among the current chemical processes used for industrial wastewater treatment, coagulation-flocculation has received a large attention for high pollutant removal efficiency. This paper summarizes the results of a textile wastewater treatment process aimed at the destruction of colour by coagulation-flocculation process and using an organic natural flocculant: tannic substances. Jar-test experiments were carried out in order to determine the optimum conditions for the removal of organic matter and color. Treatment with studied flocculent (Polysep3000) proved to be effective in a wide pH range (pH < or = 10), very effective in removing the color (96 %) and a fraction of the COD (40-50 %) from the textile wastewater. Polysep3000 is compared to Al2 (SO4)3 and FeCl3 for sludge production. Polysep3000 seems to be suitable for yielding a high removal of color (> 90%) and corresponding low volume of settled sludge.

Flocculation↗

PubMed2004

Decolorization of dyes from textile wastewater by Trametes versicolor.

The white rot fungus Trametes versicolor was applied to the decolourisation of three synthetic textile dyes in the presence and absence of glucose. Different initial dye concentrations were tested and approximately 97% decolourisation was achieved. It was found that fungal metabolism induced by the glucose as well as the pH play an important role in the decolourisation process. This treatment was also applied to a real wastewater from a textile industry-dyeing sector leading to 92% decolourisation.

Basidiomycota↗