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At least 307 records · Page 17Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

Tuberculosis in New York City--turning the tide.

BACKGROUND: From 1978 through 1992, the number of patients with tuberculosis in New York City nearly tripled, and the proportion of such patients who had drug-resistant isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis more than doubled. METHODS: We reviewed, confirmed, and analyzed data obtained during the surveillance of patients with tuberculosis. RESULTS: From 1992 through 1994, there was a 21 percent decrease in reported cases of tuberculosis in New York City. An evaluation of the surveillance system revealed very few unreported cases. The number of cases decreased by more than 20 percent among blacks and Hispanics, persons with documented human immunodeficiency virus infection, homeless persons, and patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis; in all these groups, tuberculosis is likely to result from recent transmission. In contrast, the number of cases of tuberculosis increased among elderly and foreign-born persons, in whom the disease is likely to result from the reactivation of an infection acquired many years earlier. Enrollment in a program of directly observed therapy, in which health workers watch patients take their medications, increased from fewer than 100 patients to nearly 1300, with more than 32,000 patient-months of observation from 1992 through 1994. CONCLUSIONS: Epidemiologic patterns strongly suggest that the decrease in cases resulted from an interruption in the ongoing spread of M. tuberculosis infection, primarily because of better rates of completion of treatment and expanded use of directly observed therapy. Another contributing factor may have been efforts to reduce the spread of tuberculosis in institutional settings, such as hospitals, shelters, and jails. Expansion of measures to prevent and control tuberculosis and support of international control efforts are needed to ensure continued progress.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Taxonomic difficulties in red tide and paralytic shellfish poison studies: the "tamarensis complex" of Gonyaulax.

The type illustrations of the dinoflagellate Gonyaulax tamarensis contain an apparent reversal of the epithecal plates. Furthermore a culture from the type locality has been found not to be toxigenic. These two features have led a recent author to doubt the appropriateness of the allocation of toxic populations in the North Atlantic to this species or a variety of it (var. excavata Braarud). The latter has been raised to the status of a distinct species but the wrong name has been applied to it (G. excavata) as, according to the rules of priority, it should be G. phoneus (Woloszynska & Conrad) nov. comb. A history of this confused situation is provided. The criteria by which other similar species are recognised are summarised. The necessity for further study on the specific distinction of these taxa is stressed. G. conjuncta has been so inadequately described or rejected. Variability in the plate pattern of a culture of G. tamarensis var. excavata from British Columbia is illustrated and its bearing on the taxonomy of the group discussed. The presence of this toxic variety on the west coast of N. America is a new record for the Pacific Ocean.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Lack of secondary intoxification by red tide poison in the American lobster Homarus americanus.

Lobsters are able to feed on shellfish which are toxic with PSP (paralytic shellfish poisoning from Gonyaulax tamarensis) with no apparent harm to themselves, and no measurable assimilation of the poison into their tissues. Lobsters consumed food containing in excess of 1000 mug PSP. There was no impairment of respiration (oxygen consumption) measurable two to three hours after feeding, and no PSP measured in the meat of the claws and tail 48 to 120 hours after feeding. The only PSP was in the guts and contents which were measured 48 hours after feeding began.

Aging↗