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At least 307 records · Page 17Linked to original sources
PubMed1984

Thyroid T4 5'-deiodinase activity in normal and abnormal human thyroid glands.

To investigate the activity of the thyroid gland to convert T4 to T3, we measured the activity of thyroid T4 5'-deiodinase in the following human thyroid glands: 9 normal glands, 5 Hashimoto's thyroiditis, 13 follicular adenomas, 11 methimazole (MMI)-treated Graves' disease (GD), 11 propranolol iodide-treated GD, and 8 propylthiouracil (PTU)-treated GD. The enzyme activity was determined by the ability of 100,000 X g pellet of the thyroid homogenate to convert T4 to T3 in vitro. Normal thyroids showed the enzyme activity of 1.59 +/- 0.18 (mean +/- SEM) pmol T3/mg protein/min. Euthyroid Hashimoto's thyroiditis displayed the enzyme activity of 1.01 +/- 0.15 pmol T3/mg protein/min, which was similar to the normal thyroid enzyme activity. The hypothyroid gland of Hashimoto's thyroiditis showed the enzyme activity of 1.8 pmol T3/mg protein/min. Follicular adenomas showed a wide range of enzyme activity with the mean level of 3.24 +/- 0.82 pmol T3/mg protein/min that did not differ significantly from that of the normal thyroids. Interestingly, one adenoma, despite TSH suppression that ordinarily decreases enzyme activity, showed the greatest activity of 11.0 pmol T3/mg protein/min. Graves' thyroids following treatment with MMI, PTU, and propranolol-iodide showed enzyme activities of 4.61 +/- 0.53, 3.95 +/- 0.43, and 3.51 +/- 0.46 pmol T3/mg protein/min, respectively; all these values were greater than that of the normal thyroids (P less than 0.01), but did not differ significantly when compared with each other. In summary, thyroid glands with Hashimoto's thyroiditis had activities of T4 to T3 conversion similar to the normal thyroid glands.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adenoma↗
PubMed1994

Ultrasound evaluation of thyroid abnormalities and volume in Chinese adults without palpable thyroid glands.

Typical examination of the thyroid gland involves palpating the patient. If goiter is found, thyroid ultrasonography and/or aspiration cytology is usually performed in addition to assay of thyroid hormones and antibodies. However, palpation may not be sensitive enough to detect thyroid lesions. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of thyroid abnormalities detected by ultrasonography in Chinese adults without palpable thyroid glands admitted for health examination. Two hundred and seventy-seven patients (aged 17 to 79 years; mean, 52 years) admitted to National Taiwan University Hospital for health examinations were included in this study. The thyroid was first palpated by a thyroidologist. Goiter was detected in 77 out of 277 patients (27.8%). Two hundred patients who had no palpable goiter underwent thyroid ultrasonography. Thyroid abnormalities were detected in 37 out of 200 patients (18.5%). These included 18 cases of thyroid cyst, 13 cases of solid nodule, and six cases of multiple nodules with ill-defined margins. Patients with thyroid abnormalities were older than those without lesions [59.3 +/- 9.2 years (mean +/- SD) vs 50.1 +/- 12.8 years, p < 0.001]. In addition, we also calculated the thyroid volumes of 163 patients who had neither palpable goiter nor lesions detected by ultrasonography. The thyroid volumes were 7.7 +/- 3.3 mL and positively correlated to the body mass index (BMI, r = 0.17, p < 0.05) and body weight (r = 0.28, p < 0.005). Males (n = 115) had larger thyroid volume than females (n = 48) (8.3 +/- 3.3 vs 6.1 +/- 2.6 mL, p < 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Experimental thyroiditis in guinea pigs and rabbits. Immunization with thyroglobulin and bovine thyroid gland suspension.

Morphological changes in the thyroid glands of the guinea pigs with autoimmune thyroiditis (EAT) experimentally induced by thyroglobulin (TGL) or immunization by the suspension of thyroid gland cells with CFA manifested mainly by atrophy and alterations of follicular cells, fibrotic tissue changes, formation of inflammatory lymphoplasmocytic infiltrations, multiplication of C-cells and by the increase in the proportion of lymphocytes with activated nucleoli in the tissue. The antigenic effects of TGL differed from those of the cell suspension; the effects of TGL participated especially in the formation of the infiltrates, the effects of cell suspension participated in the diapedesis of mononuclears and in the multiplication of C-cells. The findings correspond to the principal findings in human autoimmune lymphocytic thyroiditis. In an electron microscope, strongly dilated cisterns of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and multiplied mitochondria in the cytoplasm of altered follicular cells were found. The wall of the follicles exhibited fully intact or altered C-cells. The latter had a large number of granules in cytoplasm with an unusually clear medullary substance. In the rabbit thyroid glands no morphological changes were observed following the immunization with both antigens. TGL antibodies examined immunohistochemically in the sera were present in all the sera of guinea pigs immunized with TGL and CFA. The antibodies determined by dot immunodetection were present in the sera of all guinea pigs immunized with TGL+CFA, the titres reached the level of 1:81 to 1:729; the highest titres were observed in the guinea pigs following the immunization by dose of 7.7 mg/kg after 12 weeks of immunization.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

[Pregnancy and the thyroid gland].

During pregnancy the thyroid should adapt itself to the availability of the least quantities of iodides necessary to synthesis hormones and to several other possible modifications such as a rise in the thyroxine-binding globulin and the thyroid stimulating effect of beta-hCG. An increase in size of the thyroid gland is very common. The interpretation of the parameters used to diagnose abnormalities of thyroid function can be carried out. Although the development of the fetal thyroid can take place independently of the maternal thyroid behaviour, an abnormal thyroid function in the mother can not occur without affecting the pregnancy. Grave's disease can cause either fetal or neonatal hyperthyroidism due to a transplacental transfer of thyroid stimulating immunoglobulins or hypothyroidism secondary to the use of too large doses of synthetic antithyroid products. Pregnancy itself favours hyperthyroidism. Maternal hypothyroidism which has not been treated is rarer because of a lack of fertility. It can cause repercussions on the fetus that have probably been over estimated. When pregnancy occurs in a hypothyroid woman who is being treated the dosages of drugs that she is being given should be increased by 20-30%. Providing a good knowledge of the thyroid parameters and keeping the patient preferably euthyroid in cases where thyroid dysfunction can occur, the pregnancy can continue normally whatever the state of the mother thyroid function was. The risks to the fetus are minimal. In women who are at risk it is very important to keep controlling the thyroid state after delivery when there is an immunological rebound which may lead to a relapse in Grave's disease and to post-partum thyroiditis.

Antithyroid Agents↗
PubMed2005

A cavernous haemangioma of the thyroid gland.

Haemangioma of the thyroid gland is extremely rare. We report a case of a cavernous haemangioma of the neck that was located both inside and outside the thyroid gland of a 21-year-old man. Ultrasonography of the neck revealed numerous calcified nodules. Computed tomography (CT) showed a large calcified soft tissue mass in the right lobe of the thyroid. Based on the imaging findings a papillary thyroid carcinoma was suspected, but examination of the surgical specimen revealed a huge cavernous haemangioma containing numerous phleboliths.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

[From Hashimoto thyroiditis to B-cell lymphoma of the thyroid gland].

Lymphoma of the thyroid gland is an uncommon condition occurring primarily in older women. Most patients have a short history of an enlarging thyroid or a neck mass causing tracheal compression. There is also a strong association between thyroid lymphoma and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. The diagnosis is established by biopsy. The conventional approach to treatment is combination of radiation therapy with multi-agent chemotherapy, while there is no significant role for extirpative surgery in the management of thyroid lymphoma. The prognosis of localised tumours (stage IE, Ann Arbor classification) is excellent. Extrathyroidal involvement (stage IIE-IVE) reduces the 5-year survival rate to about 70%, provided that current therapy regimens are respected. In this case report, the different stages of development from Hashimoto's thyroiditis to thyroid lymphoma are demonstrated by histology. In a review of the literature we discuss the diagnostic procedure and the current approach to treatment.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

Modern concepts of primary thyroid gland failure.

Primary thyroid gland failure is a common medical disorder occurring in mild or severe forms in 10% to 15% of our population. Symptoms may be classical and easy to recognize or very subtle, escaping clinical detection. This disorder is more common in females and increases with advancing age. The most important diagnostic test is measurement of the serum thyrotropin (TSH) concentration, which will increase above the normal range in both mild and severe cases. Most clinical effects of thyroid hormone deficiency can be explained by the "nuclear thyroid hormone hypothesis," which states that thyroid hormones act predominantly by effecting the transcription of key genes in affected tissues. Therapy of hypothyroidism is easy, inexpensive, and precise, involving pure L-thyroxine and measuring dose requirements and efficacy by monitoring serum TSH concentrations.

Humans↗
PubMed1996

Rectal carcinoma metastatic to the thyroid gland.

Clinically evident metastases to the thyroid gland are rarely found antemortem. A case of a 59-year-old woman with a history of rectal carcinoma, who presented with low back pain and a mass in the right lobe of her thyroid gland, is presented. The tumour of the thyroid was found to be metastatic adenocarcinoma from her previous rectal cancer. Other synchronous metastases were noted in her lumbar spine and kidneys. The clinical finding of metastases to the thyroid gland is rare, particularly from a colorectal primary. One must consider, however, the possibility of a tumour of the thyroid gland representing a secondary malignancy in any patient with a prior history of cancer.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1984

Neuropeptide Y in the thyroid gland: neuronal localization and enhancement of stimulated thyroid hormone secretion.

Nerve fibers displaying neuropeptide Y (NPY) immunoreactivity occurred around blood vessels and follicles in the thyroid gland of several mammals, including man. Removal of the superior cervical ganglia or chemical sympathectomy (6-hydroxydopamine treatment) markedly reduced the number of NPY-containing nerve fibers in the thyroid and eliminated norepinephrine-containing fibers. NPY-immunoreactive nerve cell bodies were numerous in the superior cervical ganglia of mouse, rat, and guinea pig. Not unexpectedly, therefore, immunocytochemistry involving sequential staining with antibodies against dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (an enzyme marker for adrenergic neurons) and NPY revealed that most of the NPY fibers were adrenergic. As tested in mice in vivo, NPY did not affect basal or norepinephrine-stimulated thyroid hormone secretion, but enhanced isoprenaline-, TSH-, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-induced iodothyronine release. These findings suggest a modulatory role for NPY in the control of thyroid hormone secretion.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Thyroid scintigram in familial medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland.

Findings on thyroid scintigram were compared with results of thyroid palpation and size and location of C-cell disease in 68 thyroid lobes of 35 patients with familial medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) and high basal or stimulated plasma calcitonin values. Rectilinear scans showed cold nodules in 24 (35%) of 68 lobes. In three lobes, the cold nodules did not coincide with MTC (2 macrofollicular adenomas, 1 colloid goiter). Thus, the true positive rate for rectilinear scans was 31%. Palpation identified nodules in 20 lobes (29%), but the true positive rate was only 26%. Patients with MTC have high basal or stimulated calcitonin values long before the tumor is detectable by scan or even later by palpation. When the tumors were large enough to be seen on thyroid scans, the most frequently encountered single pattern was that of symmetrically located cold nodules in the middle of otherwise normal thyroid lobes. This pattern, if encountered in a thyroid scan, should raise the suspicion of MTC.

Adolescent↗