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At least 307 records · Page 17Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

Television viewing and violence in children: the pediatrician as agent for change.

Three decades of research suggest a causal link between exposure of children to violent images on television and subsequent violent behavior. The epidemic of violence in American society mandates a critical reappraisal of the televised images that children see. To slow the cycle of violence, pediatricians can: (1) Help shape parental attitudes toward children's viewing habits; (2) lobby for school systems to adopt curricula that include critical viewing skills; and (3) work with Congress, Federal regulators, television producers, and broadcasters to reduce the exposure of children to televised violence.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of television viewing on children's development.

Because television and its explicit and implicit messages are ubiquitous in our society, pediatric nurses need to be aware of the effects of inappropriate television viewing. This article reviews physical, cognitive, and psychological effects associated with inappropriate television viewing and suggests assessment procedures and interventions that can be used with families who want to change their pattern of television viewing.

Child↗
PubMed1979

Comparison of observational recordings in vivo, via mirror, and via television.

Simultaneous observational recordings were made in vivo, via an observation mirror, and via closed circuit television. Three of nine observers had extensive experience recording behavior in vivo; three had extensive experience recording behavior via mirror; and three had extensive experience recording via television. Observers recorded nine categories of disruptive behavior for children in a special class setting. Frequencies of behavior recorded in vivo, via mirror, and via television differed significantly for only one category, vocalization. There were no significant main effects or interactions involving the observers' previous experience. Occurrence reliability coefficients computed within and between media demonstrated the similarity of observer agreement in all three media. Data collection procedures using an observational mirror or closed circuit television appear to be reasonable alternatives to in vivo observation in circumstances similar to those in the present study.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

Effects of reducing children's television and video game use on aggressive behavior: a randomized controlled trial.

CONTEXT: The relationship between exposure to aggression in the media and children's aggressive behavior is well documented. However, few potential solutions have been evaluated. OBJECTIVE: To assess the effects of reducing television, videotape, and video game use on aggressive behavior and perceptions of a mean and scary world. DESIGN: Randomized, controlled, school-based trial. SETTING: Two sociodemographically and scholastically matched public elementary schools in San Jose, Calif. PARTICIPANTS: Third- and fourth-grade students (mean age, 8.9 years) and their parents or guardians. INTERVENTION: Children in one elementary school received an 18-lesson, 6-month classroom curriculum to reduce television, videotape, and video game use. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: In September (preintervention) and April (postintervention) of a single school year, children rated their peers' aggressive behavior and reported their perceptions of the world as a mean and scary place. A 60% random sample of children were observed for physical and verbal aggression on the playground. Parents were interviewed by telephone and reported aggressive and delinquent behaviors on the child behavior checklist. The primary outcome measure was peer ratings of aggressive behavior. RESULTS: Compared with controls, children in the intervention group had statistically significant decreases in peer ratings of aggression (adjusted mean difference, -2.4%; 95% confidence interval [CI], -4.6 to -0.2; P =.03) and observed verbal aggression (adjusted mean difference, -0.10 act per minute per child; 95% CI, -0.18 to -0.03; P =.01). Differences in observed physical aggression, parent reports of aggressive behavior, and perceptions of a mean and scary world were not statistically significant but favored the intervention group. CONCLUSIONS: An intervention to reduce television, videotape, and video game use decreases aggressive behavior in elementary schoolchildren. These findings support the causal influences of these media on aggression and the potential benefits of reducing children's media use.

Aggression↗
PubMed2005

Early cognitive stimulation, emotional support, and television watching as predictors of subsequent bullying among grade-school children.

BACKGROUND: Bullying is a major public health issue, the risk factors for which are poorly understood. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether cognitive stimulation, emotional support, and television viewing at age 4 years are independently associated with being a bully at ages 6 through 11 years. METHODS: We used multivariate logistic regression, using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, to adjust for multiple confounding factors. RESULTS: Parental cognitive stimulation and emotional support at age 4 years were each independently protective against bullying, with a significant odds ratio of 0.67 for both variables associated with a 1-SD increase (95% confidence interval, 0.54-0.82 for cognitive stimulation and 0.54-0.84 for emotional support). Each hour of television viewed per day at age 4 years was associated with a significant odds ratio of 1.06 (95% confidence interval, 1.02-1.11) for subsequent bullying. These findings persisted when we controlled for bullying behavior at age 4 years in a subsample of children for whom this measure was available. CONCLUSION: The early home environment, including cognitive stimulation, emotional support, and exposure to television, has a significant impact on bullying in grade school.

Aggression↗
PubMed1996

Role of television in adolescent women's body dissatisfaction and drive for thinness.

OBJECTIVE: Many authors have implicated the media's promotion of an unrealistically thin ideal for women as a major causal factor in the current high levels of body dissatisfaction and increasing incidence of eating disorders. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between exposure to one medium, television, and body dissatisfaction and drive for thinness. METHOD: Questionnaires were administered to 94 adolescent women who reported how much and what television they had watched in the previous week. Body dissatisfaction and drive for thinness were also assessed. RESULTS: Amount of television watched did not correlate with either body dissatisfaction or drive for thinness, but category of program did. Specifically, amount of time spent watching soaps, movies, and (negatively) sport predicted body dissatisfaction, and the watching of music videos predicted drive for thinness. DISCUSSION: The results are consistent with sociocultural explanations for body dissatisfaction and for the emergence of eating disorders in young women.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Adaptation of personal projection television to a head-mounted display for intra-operative viewing of neuroimaging.

We describe an adaptation of a personal projection television for intra-operative viewing of conventional neuroimaging and frameless stereotaxy displays. In addition to image display, the device provides surgical magnification and eye protection from body fluids. Image data is first processed by a scan converter to provide a National Standards Television Committee (NTSC) television signal. The adjustable optics of the system display are permanently secured to avoid displacement during surgery. A virtual image of the data is projected to an apparent size of four feet in the inferior visual field of the surgeon's dominant eye. Magnification is provided by the surgical telescopes mounted in the visor. Resolution of the device is consistent with that obtained in a slice of computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging data. Optimal display of multiplanar data awaits improvement in density of the light emitting diode device used for image generation.

Humans↗
PubMed1987

Closed loop television tracking of beating heart cells in vitro.

The motion of beating heart cells in vitro has been used as a sensitive indicator of the presence of drugs. The combination of closed loop television video tracking and latex microspheres placed on the cells as markers results in an improved measurement of cell motion. Latex microspheres, 5.2 micrometers, are allowed to settle onto beating myocardial heart cells in vitro, where they move in concert with the cell motion. These microspheres, when viewed by televised transmission microscopy with normal optics, present high contrast circular targets that are excellent for closed loop television video tracking techniques. With video tracking, an analog voltage is generated proportional to the horizontal center of intensity of the target being tracked. This signal represents the location of a video demodulator gate that is maintained centered over the video target by feedback control.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Medicine on British television: a content analysis.

Fifty-four British television programs on medical topics were viewed and analyzed during a four-month period in the winter of 1988-89. Medical programs of a nonfictional, nondramatic variety were represented on all four channels of British television with 75% appearing on the BBC. The primary format was that of a documentary; most offerings were during peak television viewing hours and were 30-50 minutes in length. Principal settings were within the realm of clinical medicine or health care delivery. The location of filming was in hospitals rather than outpatient areas. Doctors were presented as experts, but general practitioners were infrequently represented. The health care team was generally treated in a sympathetic manner. Psychiatric/behavioral and neurologic topics appeared frequently, with common medical problems and preventive medicine rarely emphasized.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1989

Factors in smoking cessation among participants in a televised intervention.

This paper analyzes factors associated with smoking cessation during a 1-year period following a televised, self-help intervention among a sample of smokers who registered and participated in the program. Factors examined include readiness to quit smoking, extent of use of self-help materials, degree of exposure to the televised intervention, and environmental support for quitting from within the smoker's household. Behavioral response immediately following the intervention appeared to persist over the year of observation. Of those who reported stopping smoking immediately following the intervention, fewer than half (about 10% of the total sample that was followed) were continuously abstinent at 12 months. The results indicate that environmental support when the individual is attempting to quit smoking is very important in differentiating between those who successfully quit and those who attempt but fail to sustain their abstinence. The results also suggest that an approach combining television and self-help may reach large populations of smokers and induce a substantial number to quit and remain abstinent.

Chicago↗
PubMed1990

Children, television, and gender roles. Messages and impact.

This review examines images relating to gender roles on television and the possible impact of these images. Numerous content analyses point to one basic finding: on television, women are underrepresented and the images of both men and women tend to be stereotypical and traditional, despite a number of programs with characterizations that present a more liberated view of gender roles. Studies examining the impact of these images have focused upon four specific areas: the perception of gender-typed behaviors and occupational roles; the tendency of children to identify with specific television characters; the notion of counter-stereotypical portrayals; and the cultivation of gender-role attitudes in both adults and children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Television and adolescent sexuality.

Existing studies of the sexual content of television programming and advertising and the effects of this content on adolescent viewers are reviewed. Content studies show that the frequency of sexual references have increased in the past decade and are increasingly explicit. Studies of the effects of this content, while scarce, suggest that adolescents who rely heavily on television for information about sexuality will have high standards of female beauty and will believe that premarital and extramarital intercourse with multiple partners is acceptable. They are unlikely to learn about the need for contraceptives as a form of protection against pregnancy or disease. Suggestions for future research and trends in television programming policies are explored.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Mass media based health behavior change: televised smoking cessation program.

This report describes the 1-year follow-up assessment of a television-based smoking cessation program shown as a part of local news in the Los Angeles area. The post-broadcast experiences of two distinct samples was considered: individuals who wrote in for additional materials (Registrants) and a cross section sample (CS) contacted by a random survey method. Results showed significant between-group differences in demographic characteristics and smoking behavior outcomes. Compared to the CS sample, registrants displayed more quitting attempts during the 1-year follow-up period (70.7% and 49.8%) and more abstinence (6.2% and 2.4%, respectively). When compared to results from a comparison survey, both registrant and CS subjects made significantly more quitting attempts in the three week period following broadcast. In terms of abstinence, only registrant results significantly differed from the comparison survey (6.2% vs. 2.9%). Few correlates of outcome were identified. Overall, analyses suggest that the televised quit smoking program encouraged viewers to initiate more numerous attempts to quit smoking than otherwise would have been expected. In terms of maintaining nonsmoking over time, however, only registrants experienced significantly greater success than might have been observed in the general population. Implications for research and policy recommendations of televised health promotion programs are proposed.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Does excessive television viewing contribute to the development of dementia?

The etiology of most kinds of dementia is still obscure and is probably multifactorial. We query whether excessive watching of television may contribute to the development of dementive processes for the following reasons: TV spectators are exposed to a mass of successive and rapid stimuli with little or no possibility of relating to the viewing matter. In addition, a considerable part of the material is stressogenic, and generally there is no opportunity for a subsequent release of tension. Stress, via the glucocorticosteroids which it induces, has been shown to damage neurons in the hippocampus, a brain region involved in memory processes. Considering that many individuals have by now been watching television for several decades, not infrequently at an average rate of 4 or more hours daily, it is possible that cumulative, stress-derived damage may magnify the risk of a dementive process in such long-term, habitual viewers. Upon clinical intake of cases of suspected dementia, it is suggested that inquiry into the patient's television watching habits be incorporated into the anamnesis.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Naturally occurring changes in time spent watching television are inversely related to frequency of physical activity during early adolescence.

In this longitudinal study, we examined the relationship between changes in time spent watching television and playing video games with frequency of leisure-time physical activity across a 2-year period among adolescent boys and girls (N=4594). Latent growth modelling indicated that a decrease in time spent watching television was associated with an increase in frequency of leisure-time physical activity. That relationship was strong in magnitude and independent of sex, socioeconomic status, smoking, and the value participants placed on health, appearance, and achievement. Our results encourage the design of interventions that reduce television watching as a possible means of increasing adolescent physical activity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Non food-related environmental stimuli induce increased meal intake in healthy women: comparison of television viewing versus listening to a recorded story in laboratory settings.

The objective of the present study, performed under laboratory conditions, was to assess the impact of two non food-related environmental stimuli (television and auditory stimulus) on meal intake. Normal weight women (N = 48) ate lunch in the laboratory once a week for four weeks. All lunches were identical and included popular traditional foods, of which participants could eat ad libitum. The first and last lunches were eaten in the absence of the environmental stimuli (control conditions); in the other two tests, presented in random order, subjects ate while either watching television or listening to a recorded story. Energy intakes were determined for each meal, as were ratings of hunger, satiety and meal palatability. Subjects filled out the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire at the end of the meal series. Meal size was significantly larger in the presence of both environmental stimuli than in both control conditions (+11.6%, 280 kJ, p < 0.01). Television viewing induced a significant stimulation of intake, equal to, but not greater than the effect of the auditory stimulus. Ratings of hunger, satiety, and palatability were not significantly different between conditions, despite the differences in intake. These results suggest that environmental, non food-related stimuli could stimulate intake regardless of hunger-satiety or palatability conditions. Environmental stimulation of eating should be tested in other populations, eg subjects with weight control problems, and other conditions, e.g. free-living.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Energy intake associated with television viewing in adolescents, a cross sectional study.

The present study examines the energy intake resulting from eating snacks and drinking energy containing drinks while watching television. 2546 first and fourth year students in a random sample of 15 secondary schools in Flanders, Belgium received quantifiable, closed survey questions about average weekly TV viewing volume and about eating five types of snacks and drinking two types of soft drinks. On an average, the respondents watched 22:27 h of television per week (SD = 11:53). Only 3.5% of the adolescents never eat snacks or drink soft drinks while they watch TV. Estimated daily energy intake accompanying TV viewing amounts to 19% of the Belgian average energy allowance (AEA) in boys and between 12 and 14% of AEA in girls. On an average 1 h of watching television equals the consumption of 653 kJ.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

The relationships between television viewing in midlife and the development of Alzheimer's disease in a case-control study.

The relationship between leisure activities and development of cognitive impairment in aging has been the subject of recent research. We examined television viewing in association with risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD) in a case-control study. Given recent focus on the importance of intellectually stimulating activities as preventive measures against cognitive decline, it is important to examine the effects of less stimulating but common activities. Data are from 135 Alzheimer's disease cases and 331 healthy controls. Demographic characteristics and life history questionnaire responses on the number of hours spent on 26 leisure activities during middle-adulthood (ages 40-59) were analyzed. Logistic regression was used to examine the effects of middle-adulthood leisure activities on case vs. control status. Results indicate that for each additional daily hour of middle-adulthood television viewing the associated risk of AD development, controlling for year of birth, gender, income, and education, increased 1.3 times. Participation in intellectually stimulating activities and social activities reduced the associated risk of developing AD. Findings are consistent with the view that participation in non-intellectually stimulating activities is associated with increased risk of developing AD, and suggest television viewing may be a marker of reduced participation in intellectually stimulating activities.

Adult↗