Complications in the management of surgical disease of the major salivary glands.
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Twelve cardiorespiratory arrests in eight neuropathy are reported. Only one patient died at the time, but two others subsequently died suddenly at home. There was no evidence of myocardial infarction, cardiac arrhythmia, or hypoglycaemia at the time of arrest. In most of the episodes there was some interference with respiration, either by anaesthesia, drugs, or bronchopneumonia. Five of the episodes occured during or immediately after anaesthesia. It is suggested that the arrests were caused by defective respiratory rather than cardiovascular reflexes. Cardiorespiratory arrest appears to be a specific feature of diabetic autonomic neuropathy and may contribute to the mortality of this condition.
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The aims of and indications for temporomandibular joint (TMJ) reconstruction are well-established but the method of reconstruction is controversial. We describe a retrospective, two-centre audit of 49 patients treated with costochondral grafting and 50 patients treated with alloplastic joints. The characteristics of the patients were similar in both centres and the minimum follow-up period was 2 years. For each patient a number of variables were recorded including both subjective scores (pain and interference with eating) and objective data (interincisal distance). Patients in both groups showed an improvement in symptoms but more patients required reoperation in the autogenous group.
Parotid surgery can cause postoperative facial nerve dysfunction, cosmetic impairment, and Frey's syndrome. Thirty-six patients listed for superficial parotidectomy were entered into a prospective randomised trial to find out if the use of a sternocleidomastoid flap could reduce the incidence of these complications. Partial facial nerve paresis was seen at 3 months in five patients in whom flaps were raised compared with six among those who did not have flaps (P=0.025). There was no difference between the two groups at 1 year. The flap was not associated with an improvement in either subjective (P=0.13) or objective (P=0.12) appearance measured on visual analogue scales. Eight patients in whom flaps were raised described symptoms suggestive of Frey's syndrome, compared with nine patients in whom a flap was not raised (P=0.31). Overall 19 of those who had a flap and 11 of those who did not had a positive starch-iodine test (P=0.21).
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Frey's syndrome is a common complication of salivary gland surgery. Although it is usually preventable by raising the skin flap in the superficial musculoaponeurotic system layer, the treatment of the established condition often requires further surgery. There are many surgical options to treat this condition. The method described in this paper avoids the morbidity of a second operative site by using a biocompatible interpositional layer to prevent the sweat glands of the skin being inappropriately cross-innervated. The follow-up period on both patients was 12 months. This factor needs to be taken into account despite the early improvement observed.
We report 94 patients with recurrent pleomorphic adenomas of the parotid gland who were referred to our clinics after operations elsewhere. In 78 patients (83%) enucleation was the surgical technique used to remove the tumour. Patients with more than one recurrence were significantly younger than patients who had only one. Many recurrent adenomas (44%) were multifocal. In 20 (21%) further recurrences became obvious after we had operated on them. The mean time interval before recurrence ranged from 7.3 to 10.1 years. Twenty patients (14%) had persistent motor disorders of the facial nerve after operation for recurrence (n = 143). Twenty eight of the 84 patients from whom follow-up data could be obtained developed Frey's syndrome (33%). Our data support the importance of an adequate initial operation to avoid recurrences of pleomorphic adenomas in the parotid gland.
Forty-seven joints in 28 patients were examined 4 months to 10 years after temporomandibular joint (TMJ) surgery via a modified preauricular approach. Many patients had undergone multiple procedures. None of the patients had any subjective or objective evidence of auriculotemporal syndrome (ATS), although patients in previous studies with more extensive incisions have demonstrated ATS. It was concluded that ATS is an unlikely complication following TMJ surgery. A small incision without an oblique superior extension may further reduce the risk.
PURPOSE: This study analyzes facial and trigeminal nerver function after arthroscopic surgery. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Eighty-one consecutive patients (81 joints) who underwent unilateral temporomandibular joint (TMJ) arthroscopic surgery were assessed postoperatively for facial and trigeminal nerve function. RESULTS: Twenty-four of 81 patients (29.6%) had some degree of sensory or motor nerve dysfunction. Two patients (2.5%) showed signs of facial nerve dysfunction, which completely resolved in one patient in 11 weeks, but persisted mildly in the other at the 1-year follow-up examination. CONCLUSIONS: Auriculotemporal syndrome was not detected in any of the 40 patients tested. However, transient numbness over the distribution of the auriculotemporal nerve was present in 19 of 81 patients (23.4%). This numbness persisted for 3 days to 3 months with a mean duration of 14 days. Three of the 81 patients (3.6%) showed signs of inferior alveolar and lingual nerve involvement, which returned to normal in 4 to 12 weeks in all 3 patients.
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Although fractures of the condylar neck belong to the most frequent injuries of the jaws, and various nerves are found in close proximity to the temporomandibular joints, only little mention is made in the literature of neurological complications arising from accidents. We have therefore carried out a prospective study on nerve injuries in 237 fractures of the articular process in the period 1971-1975. We found two cases of post-traumatic Frey's syndrome, whereby the syndrome developed from a post-traumatic auriculotemporal neuralgia. We also found loss of function of auriculotemporal buccal and facial nerves, and loss of taste sensation of the tongue in another case, caused by damage to the chorda tympani. This paper discusses the formal and causal origin of the individual damages, and suggests possibilities for their management.
In a consecutive series of 61 parotid operations only one case of unexpected permanent facial nerve injury was seen although transient disturbances of facial nerve function were more common. Frey's syndrome subsequently developed in 13% of patients although its onset was delayed on average for 22.2 months.