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PubMed2000

Prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases (STD) among women in a suburban Sudanese community.

338 women with age ranging from 15 to 69 years in a suburban Sudanese community were randomly selected and studied. Urine sample, high vaginal swabs and blood samples were investigated for bacterial vaginosis, candidiasis, trichomoniasis, gonorrhoea, HIV and syphilis. The sensitivity and specificity of some laboratory tests were evaluated. Bacterial vaginosis was found in 17.2% of the subjects, candidiasis in 10.1%, trichomoniasis in 7.7%, gonorrhoea in 1.2%, HIV in 1.2% and syphilis in 0.9% of the subjects. The sensitivity and specificity of amine test as a criterion for diagnosing bacterial vaginosis was 58.6% and 73.2%, respectively. The respective values of clue cells in wet preparation were 43.1% and 99.6%. The vaginal discharge in women with bacterial vaginosis lacked pus cells unless associated with concurrent infection.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

The Matola malaria project: a temporal and spatial study of malaria transmission and disease in a suburban area of Maputo, Mozambique.

A temporal and spatial study of malaria transmission in a suburban area of Maputo, Mozambique with a mean population density of 2,737/km2 was made from December 1992 to June 1995. A steep but continuous gradient was observed in the Plasmodium falciparum prevalence from 59.0% adjacent to the breeding sites to 5.4% only a few hundred meters distant. The entomologic inoculation rate ranged from a number too low to be determined in some districts to 20 infectious bites per person per year in the others. The risk of malaria was 6.2 times higher for individuals living less than 200 meters from the breeding sites than for individuals living 500 meters or more away from the breeding sites. In areas of high human density, mosquito and parasite dispersion is very limited, and therefore malaria control strategies could be more specifically targeted.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Distribution of dengue and Japanese encephalitis among children in rural and suburban Thai villages.

In the rainy season of 1989, IgG and IgM antibodies against dengue and Japanese encephalitis viruses (measured by enzyme-linked immunoassay [ELISA]) in serum from all primary-school children in two areas of central Thailand were sampled in order to choose a study site for more detailed epidemiological and entomological analysis. Students in three schools in the largely non-agricultural, suburban community of Bang Bua Thong, Nontaburi Province were sampled in late June and July. Of 1,477 children, 33/1,000 had recent dengue infection and 7/1,000 had recent JE infection. The rate of dengue infection in each village influenced the rate in schools, in that the rate of the school could be predicted from the proportion of students coming from each village. This result suggested that most transmission occurred in the residential environment; otherwise, the rate in each village going to a single school would be identical. Serum samples were taken in late August in the agricultural community of Hua Samrong, Chachoengsao Province. Of 748 students in two schools, 95/1,000 had signs of recent dengue infection and 32/1,000 had signs of recent JE infection. Two of 12 villages had significantly less flavivirus infection than some other villages and three villages had significantly more flavivirus infection. The children from one village had a dengue infection rate of 256 per 1,000, which was higher than the national average for the worst year (1987) previously recorded in Thailand. Within Hua Samrong, there was evidence for significant dengue transmission in one of the schools and concentrated transmission in small areas of two of the villages. The younger age group (3-8 years old) had significantly higher risk of infection by either flavivirus than older children. Elevated homes with wooden floors had significantly higher risk of dengue in the largest village. The observations from 1989 describe the epidemiological situation in rapidly developing, rural villages. This stage of development is probably being repeated throughout Southeast Asia as formerly isolated, rural villages become connected by transportation and economy to urban centers. What appears to be a single dengue outbreak based on passive surveillance conducted on a regional basis may actually be a variety of epidemiological situations. The practical implication of this conclusion is that application of a combination of vaccination and vector control should be targeted to higher risk areas in order to increase the likelihood of regional dengue virus eradication.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

[Cervical cancer screening for high risk women: is it possible? Results of a cervical cancer screening program in three suburban districts of Lyon].

Between november 1993 and october 1996, a cervical screening program was proposed for women 25-65-year-old who tend to have little or no medical supervision, in three suburban districts of Lyon. The data and results of the two last Pap-smears have been collected together with details of gynecological follow-up. Both general practitioners and gynaecologists were actively involved. A total of 3,792 women (12.3% of the target) were registered, with a larger proportion of women over 60 (17.7%). According to the "Consensus of Lille", only 403 women (34.4%) had adequate screening (over 50 y: 25.8%, 35-49 y: 39.4%, 25-35 y: 36.5%) and 2,489 women had inappropriate gynaecological follow-up: no smear for 185 women (4.9%) and inadequate schedule of follow-up visits for 476 others (12.5%). Missing data (date or results of Pap smear) were noted for 1,828 patients (48.2%). The screening procedure for women over 50 years was carried out mainly by general practitioner. Of 3,127 registered smears, 62 positive results were found (2.1%). Of these women, 9 were lost to follow-up and 4 did not have appropriate tests. Others results were: 27 negative further investigations, 9 CIN1, 7 CIN2, 3 CIN3, 1 in situ carcinoma and 2 invasive carcinoma. Despite low participation, this pilot study indicates that a procedure can be established to integrate high risk women in cervical cancer screening programme. Active participation of general practitioners is essential.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Relationship between hemostatic factors and known cardiovascular disease correlates in two suburban populations in Taiwan.

The Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) Risk Factor Two-Township Study is a longitudinal cardiovascular epidemiologic study of two suburban towns in Taiwan. Analyzing baseline data from 1,080 men and 1,510 women aged 18 and above, this paper focuses on the relationship of several hemostatic factors to CVD correlates: blood lipids, apolipoproteins, glucose, and uric acid, and blood pressure. Information on these relationships can shed light on whether hemostatic factors contribute to the pathogenesis of CVD independently or through known mechanisms. Pearson correlation and multiple regression analysis were used to analyze the data. In the population studied, cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B had the strongest correlations with all hemostatic factors tested. Triglyceride was also strongly associated with factor VIIc. Factor VIIIc, factor VIIc, and fibrinogen, ordered by the strength of the correlation, were positively and significantly correlated with glucose, uric acid, and blood pressure levels. The associations of apolipoprotein B and cholesterol with fibrinogen (p = 0.14-0.20) were not as strong as those with factors VIIc (p = 0.28-0.37) and VIIIc (p = 0.15-0.30). Factors VIIc and VIIIc were independently associated with most clinical variables studied, including the levels of cholesterol components, triglyceride, glucose, uric acid, and diastolic blood pressure. These finding indicate that states of coagulating factors correlated, to varied degrees, with levels of blood lipid parameters, uric acid, and blood pressure in the population studied.

Apolipoproteins↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Intestinal parasitosis in the inhabitants of a suburban zone in which the groundwater is polluted by nitrates of fecal origin (Yeumbeul, Senegal)].

This study was carried out in 1997 to 1998, to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasite infestations due to groundwater pollution at Yeumbeul, Senegal, and to follow the progression of parasite infestations following anti-parasite treatment. The study included 705 people living in a suburban zone in which the water table was polluted with nitrates of fecal origin. These individuals consumed either well water or water from springs. The overall prevalence of parasite infestation was 42.26%, but varied significantly with age (p < 0.001). Individuals who consumed well water were more frequently infested than those who consumed spring water, but the difference was not significant (p > 0.3). Giardia and Entamoeba coli were the most frequently isolated parasites, with Giardia predominating in the 0 to 9 year age-group. There was no significant correlation between the prevalence of the various parasites and indicators of water pollution (R2 = 0.0566 for nitrates and 0.1086 for fecal coliform bacteria). Similarly, no correlation was found with water pollution factors such as the depth of the water table (R2 = 0.027) and the distance between the wells and the latrines (R2 = 0.00007). Following specific treatment, the prevalence of parasite infestation fell to 30.81%. This indicates the limitations of drug treatment, which is always used alone to combat intestinal parasites, in the face of possible reinfestation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

[A survey on the physical growth of children under 7 years in the urban and suburban rural areas of nine cities of China in 1995. Coordinating Group of Nine Cities on Physical Growth and Development of Children].

OBJECTIVE: To know the changing trend of physical growth of Chinese children and compare their nutritional status with that of ten years ago. METHODS: Random cluster sampling was used and 157,362 healthly children were classified into 22 groups according to location (urban and rural), sex(boy and girl), and age (0-7 years). RESULTS: As compared with the results in 1985, the mean weight, height and sitting height were significantly increased. The chest and head circumference in most age groups were slightly improved. The urban-rural difference in weight and height reduced. The children in northern and central china were heavier and taller than those in southern China though the regional gap is narrowing in this respect. CONCLUSION: The condition of growth and nutrition of children 0-7 years from urban and suburban rural areas has been much improved. The growth speed of rural children has caught up or surpassed that of their urban peers.

Body Height↗
PubMed2001

Bioaerosol emissions from a suburban yard waste composting facility.

The purpose of this study was to assess worker and community exposure to bioaerosols emitted from a suburban yard waste composting facility in northern Illinois, USA. Characterization of on- and off-site viable bioaerosols was undertaken through a total of 288 on- and off-site Andersen samples conducted over 10 sampling days. A total of 46 dust samples and 38 Kramer-Collins spore samples were also collected in this period. Evaluation of the impact of the facility on community bioaerosol concentrations was undertaken by comparing on- and off-site measurements by sampling locations, wind direction, and site activity. On-site concentrations of total spores, Aspergillus/Penicillium spores, total bacteria, Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, actinomycetes, total particulates, endotoxin, and beta-1,3 glucans were higher than off-site concentrations. Total fungal spores averaged 13,451 spores/m3 (range 5,223-26,067) on-site and 8,772 spores/m3 (range 243-18,276) off-site. Viable bacterial airborne concentrations (in cfu/m3) averaged 11,879 on-site (range 480-78,880) and 3,204 off-site (range 160-17,600). Mean levels of endotoxins (in ng/m3) were 1.94 on-site (range 0.12-6.06) and 0.14 off-site (range 0.01-0.41). Mean levels of beta-1,3 glucans (in ng/m3) were 2.17 on-site (range 0.12-14.45) and 0.24 off-site (range 0.01-0.78). Mean total viable fungi, on the other hand, were higher off-site than on-site (8,651 vs 3,068 cfu/m3). On-site concentrations of total bacteria, Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, and actinomycetes demonstrated a statistically significant pattern of decreasing concentration with distance from pile and higher downwind vs upwind concentrations. Mean on-site concentrations of viable bacteria, viable fungi, and endotoxins were significantly higher during periods of activity compared to periods of no activity. Off-site concentrations of bacteria were also significantly higher during periods of activity compared to no activity. The highest concentrations of total particulates, endotoxin, and beta-1,3-glucans were observed in the personal samplers worn by workers at the facility. One personal sampler measured an Asp f1 exposure of 22.17 ng/m3 during turning activity. Peak exposures to several bioaerosol constituents were sufficiently high to warrant use of respirators by workers during periods of pile activity that lead to dust generation.

Aerosols↗
PubMed2001

[Characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus pollution in the middle and small creeks, suburban Shanghai].

1. The middle and small creeks in suburban Shanghai were under heavy eutropic condition, with high loadings of nitrogen, phosphorus and organic pollutants. KN, TP and CODCr of the surface water of them were several times greater than the critical values of Types V, the worst level of water. 2. Spatial variations of N and P pollution were observed, as the creeks in different places accepted different types and amounts of pollutants. Affected by domestic sewage, the creeks nearby residential areas were often heavily polluted by NH4+ and P. The creeks in agricultural fields were more easily polluted by NO3- than by NH4+ and phosphorus. The creeks nearby livestock farms often witnessed sudden soaring of NH4+ and P. 3. N and P loadings of the creeks were also affected by the seasonal evolvement of ecological environment. With the increase of temperature and biomass, NH4+ and NO3- in the surface water were largely consumed and decreased as a result; while organic N and particle P increased as the enhancement of suspending biological particles. NO2- in the surface water increased with temperature as nitrifying bacteria became active. Total P and water soluble P also showed the trend of enhancement with the intensification of biological activities, however, they were also controlled by the condition of pH and DO in the water. 4. At the height of the summer, the surface and bottom water of the creeks differed in N and P loadings. NH4+, soluble P and total reactive P in the bottom water were higher than those in the surface; while NO3- and NO2- in the surface were higher than those in the bottom. Such water-quality stratification inevitably resulted from the enhancement of phytoplankton in the surface water and intensified release of NH4+ and P from the sediments. In the autumn, as-the temperature decrease, such phenomenon declined gradually.

China↗
PubMed1975

Blood lead concentrations in three groups of dogs from a suburban Illinois community.

Of 89 clinically normal dogs that were regular patients of a suburban Illinois veterinary hospital, all had blood-lead concentrations (BLC) within the range cited as normal in the literature. In contrast, 22% of 50 dogs from city pound and 15.3% of 98 dogs owned by low-income families of the community had BLC in excess of the normal limits. Additionally, 8% of dogs from the city pound and 4.1% of dogs from low-income families had BLC that are reported to the reliably associated with clinical lead poisoning. Socioeconomic characcteristics of the dog-owning family were more reliably associated with abnormally high BLC than were either history or clinical signs.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Drug resistance amongst uropathogens isolated from women in a suburban population: laboratory findings over 7 years.

Urinary tract infections (UTI) are a common reason for patient visits to the family physician. The following study was carried out during one month in 1989 and one month in 1996, whereby urine specimens from adult females (living in suburban areas of Toronto, Canada), with presumed signs and symptoms of UTI, were processed. The pool of 20 infecting uropathogenic species was relatively unaltered over the seven years. Most isolates were Gram negative pathogens (72% in 1989; 76% in 1996), with Escherichia coli the most common (56.5% in 1989; 61.9%, in 1996), followed by Enterococcus faecalis (17.4% in 1989; 9.47% in 1996). The resistance to commonly prescribed trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole increased during the seven years from 10% to 15%, for E. coli (Table 2) and from 35% to 100% for enterococci (Table 3). In 1996, although there was resistance to norfloxacin, the top five uropathogenic species were highly susceptible. No enterococci were resistant to nitrofurantoin and almost all E. coli (99.2%) were susceptible. Based upon this in-vitro data, nitrofurantoin, and not trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, would be the antimicrobial agent of choice for treatment of uncomplicated UTI in adult females.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1992

Prevalence of anti-HCV in cryptogenic cirrhosis in a suburban Detroit community.

To assess the role of the hepatitis C virus in patients with unexplained chronic liver disease, we tested for the presence of anti-hepatitis C antibody (anti-HCV) in the stored serum of patients with cryptogenic cirrhosis and a variety of other chronic liver diseases. The anti-HCV assay was performed by both the enzyme-linked and recombinant immunoblot methods in 16 patients with cryptogenic cirrhosis. Eight of these 16 patients (50%) were seropositive. Six of these eight patients were born outside of the United States, compared with only one of eight seronegative patients (p = 0.021). Of the anti-HCV-positive cryptogenic cirrhotic patients, 50% also had markers of previous hepatitis B infection, compared with only 12.5% of seronegative patients. Evidence of anti-HCV positivity was found in 10%, 19%, 0%, and 0% in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis, autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, and primary sclerosing cholangitis, respectively. We conclude that in a suburban American population, hepatitis C accounts for a significant percentage of patients with presumed cryptogenic cirrhosis. Unrecognized risk factors may account for a higher prevalence of HCV in foreign-born patients with cryptogenic cirrhosis. A low prevalence of anti-HCV positivity is found in other forms of chronic liver disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

[Incidence rates of cerebral palsy, severe mental and motor retardation, and Down syndrome in the city of Higashiyamato in suburban Tokyo].

We investigated the incidence rates of three neurological diseases in childhood in the City of Higashiyamato in suburban Tokyo with a total population of about 70,000. The number of liveborn babies during 1985-1989 was 3,958. The number of patients with cerebral palsy (CP) was 9 and the incidence rate was 2.2/1,000, which was equal to the reports from several countries. Four out of 9 patients with CP had mild motor handicaps and were expected to "outgrow" their handicaps. The number of patients with "severe mental and motor retardation" (SMMR) was 4 and the incidence rate was 1.0/1,000. Prenatal brain damage played a major role in the pathogenesis of CP and SMMR. The number of patients with Down syndrome (DS) was 7 and the incidence rate was 1.8/1,000. Incidence rates of CP, SMMR, and DS still remain high and further strategy to prevent pediatric neurological diseases is necessary.

Birth Rate↗
PubMed2003

[School retardation in a suburban community of Tunisian Sahel].

This study tries to assess the prevalence of the school retardation in a suburban community of the Tunision Sahel, to identify its determinants factors and to propose a preventive strategy. It is a transverse investigation having interested 540 registered pupils at the 6th year in six randomly chosen primary schools of Kalaa Kebira (Sousse-Tunisia). Showed that the prevalence of the school retardation is 29%. It appears therefore that the school retardation is especially a complex problem dominated by the socio-educational factors requiring the orientation of the school health team toward a multi sectorial intervention integrating teachers, social workers and representatives of parents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Quantitative and qualitative hydrologic balance for a suburban watershed with a separate sewer system (Nantes, France).

A qualitative and quantitative budget at the outlet of the storm-water runoff system of a small suburban watershed is presented together with some data regarding waste-water. 445,000 m3 (34% of the rain-water volume) were drained by the storm-water runoff system and 40,879 m3 by the waste-water system from September 2002 to March 2004. Storm-water runoff is generally not heavily polluted with regard to trace metals but concentrations occasionally exceed the standards for surface water of good quality. On the contrary, pesticides (diuron and glyphosate) have very high concentrations especially in spring and autumn when their use is maximum. As the St Joseph storm-water runoff is finally discharged into the Erdre River, measures to reduce the use of these pollutants should be considered.

Diuron↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Assessment of functioning and prospective evolution of patient care institutions in suburban area].

Sociological survey of medical personnel in medical preventive institutions of suburban area provided data to analyze opinions of 440 respondents on functioning and prospective evolution of local health care institutions. Most of medical personnel consider dynamics of changes occurring in local health care as stable and positive. Yet, significant portion of respondents consider trends in local health care development pessimistically. Higher is social and professional status of respondent better is one's assessment of dynamics of changes in local health care and more drastic modes of its reformation are proposed and more widespread implementation of paid medical services principles are supported.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

[Incidence rate of cerebral palsy, severe mental and motor retardation, and mental retardation in a suburban Tokyo area].

We investigated the incidence rates of several neurological diseases in childhood in a suburban Tokyo area with a total population of about 130,000. The number of liveborn babies during 1985-1989 was 6,772. The number of patients with cerebral palsy (CP) was 13 and the incidence rate was 1.9/1,000, which is equal to the results of reports from several countries. Patients with severe mental and motor retardation (SMMR) was 7 and the incidence rate was 1.0/1,000. Five out of the 7 children with SMMR always needed medical care and were always or very frequently hospitalized. Prenatal brain damage played a major role in the pathogenesis of CP and SMMR. The number of patients with Down syndrome (DS) was 9 and the incidence rate was 1.3/1,000. The number of patients with mental retardation (MR) except DS was 64 and the incidence rate was 11.6/1,000. We conclude that the incidence rates of CP, DS, SMMR, and MR still remain high and that we need further strategy to prevent pediatric neurological diseases.

Cerebral Palsy↗