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At least 307 records · Page 17Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

A study of physiological responses during match play in Indian national kabaddi players.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the physical and physiological profile of kabaddi players and the physiological demands of playing a kabaddi match. METHODS: Maximum aerobic capacity (VO2max), maximum ventilation (VEmax), O2 pulse, respiratory equivalent (RE), maximum heart rate, and O2 debt were assessed on 16 players. The somatotype of the players was calculated by the Health and Carter method. Heart rate was monitored during a selection trial match on eight players who represented India in the Asian Games, 1994. From the playing heart rate, oxygen consumption (VO2) was computed through a heart rate v VO2 regression equation. Maximum lactate was evaluated from the blood samples collected at the end of the match. RESULTS: The average heart rate and oxygen consumption during the match were 146.5 (SD 9.25) beats min-1 and 2.25(0.59) litre min-1 respectively. During raiding the maximum heart rate attained varied from 162.4(11.3) to 177.4(4.2) beats min-1. Out of 40 min of match play a raider raided on average on 8.13(2.03) occasions. The average time per raid was 20.8(6.26) s. The match heart rate and oxygen consumption was 72.3-83.3% of the maximum heart rate, and 43.5-70.5% of VO2max respectively. Maximum lactate at the end of the match was 6.13(2.53) mmol litre-1. Kabaddi players had the somatotype of 2.68-4.71-1.83, with absolute back strength of 175.0 kg. VO2max and O2 debt were 3.59(0.36) litre min-1 [47.82(3.68) ml kg-1 min-1] and 5.3(1.85) litres (70 ml kg-1) respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Kabaddi is an intermittent sport. The rest pause during the game is sufficient for recovery. During raiding the main source of energy is anaerobic.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Influence of players' physique on rugby football injuries.

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether there is an association between a player's physique and injuries incurred while playing rugby football. METHODS: A cohort study was carried out involving all senior rugby clubs in the Scottish Borders during the 1993-1994 rugby season. Somatotype estimates were determined for 1152 (95%) of the 1216 eligible players. Body mass index (BMI), chest to waist ratio, and the ponderal index (PI) were used to classify players' physique as endomorphic (obese), mesomorphic (muscular), and ectomorphic (linear). RESULTS: A strong association was found between physique and age (chi 2 test: chi 2 = 317.2, df = 10, P < 0.0001). More younger players were ectomorphs. Older players were more often endomorphic. The physiques of forwards and backs were significantly different (chi 2 test: chi 2 = 58.6, df = 2, P < 0.0001), with forwards being of a heavier build than three-quarters, even after adjustment for age. Endomorphic players were more likely than ectomorphs to be injured in a match after adjustment for age (age-adjusted mean BMI for players who were injured in a match was 25.4 compared with 24.6 for players who were not injured in a match, P < 0.0001; adjusted chest to waist ratio means were 1.136 and 1.125 respectively, P = 0.0307; adjusted PI means were 0.414 and 0.417 respectively, P = 0.0056). Increased risk of injury may occur when players play out of position, since one fifth of all injuries occurred in this circumstance. CONCLUSIONS: Further research needs to be conducted using a more objective method of measuring somatotype on a further cohort of players so that the risk of injury for different body types can be examined more closely and related to other potential confounding factors. The level of increased risk for individuals playing out of their usual playing position needs to be established with a greater degree of certainty.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Morphological characteristics and performance variables of women soccer players.

The purpose of this study was to describe certain morphological characteristics of women soccer players and to examine aspects of training and performance. Twenty-two anthropometric sites were used in measurements of somatotype and body composition; flexibility, agility, anaerobic power, leg muscle power, and dynamic pulmonary functions were used as performance variables. Measurements were made on 17 professional athletes and 17 age-matched sedentary women who acted as controls. The women soccer players showed less fat content and less lean body mass than did the sedentary women. The mean somatotype for the soccer players was 3.07-3.55-2.43 and for the nonathletes was 3.57-3.35-2.90. Anaerobic power, leg muscle power, and agility in the athletes were higher than in the nonathletes, whereas no differences were found in flexibility and pulmonary functions (p > 0.05). The women soccer players showed more significantly mesomorphic, less endomorphic, least ectomorphic components and higher performance level than did the sedentary women.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

[Dermatoglyphics and body composition in obstructive sleep apnea].

Obesity is the main risk factor for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) and genetic patterns can modulate the pathogenesis of the disease. The aim of this study is to describe the anthropometrics and dermatoglyphics features among OSAS carriers. We collected information on Body Mass Index (BMI), Conicity Index (CI), Body Fat Mass (BFM), somatotype and fingerprints. Thirty-one cases of OSAS were compared to an equal number of controls. Membership to the obese category is based on observed BMI and BFM. The CI distribution among cases shows a strong central obesity component. The endomorph-mesomorph somatotype category predominates among cases showing high adiposity and relative muscle-skeletic development, such as relative linearity of great mass per unit of height. Increased morbidity, as given by more serious indices of apnea, correlates positively with higher mesomorphic predominance in the body composition. Analysis of dermatoglyphic data does not show significant statistical differences between OSAS--patients and controls.

Body Composition↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Impact of extreme climatic conditions on morphophysiological parameters].

The paper shows that there are uniform changes in the somatotypical characteristics with increases in the age of able-bodied population and in their adaptation to emergency environmental conditions. The amount of an indefinite somatotype increased in all groups (by age, adaptation to the conditions, low- and high lands and high-latitude Antarctic region), major signs of ethnicity and regional traits of the populations remaining in these periods.

Acclimatization↗
PubMed2003

[Changes of body mass components and body constitution in boys 7-17 years of age].

The longitudinal studies of boys aged 7-17 years were performed to trace the dynamics of growth processes, indices of endomorphism, mesomorphism and ectomorphism according to type of body build. The indices of somatotype stability, proposed by the authors, depending on the age and body build, are discussed. It is shown that the least variable are the boys of asthenoid and digestive types of body build, while those belonging to muscular and thoraco-muscular types undergo changes most frequently. At the age of 9-10 years the somatotype variability is the greatest. By the age of 15-17 years the proportion of the boys belonging to asthenoid-thoracal type is increased, that is characterized by a deceleration of skeletal muscles development and an increase in the ectomorphism index.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

What happens to children when they grow up? How does the human body change after the age of 18.

The present study answers the question on how the human body changes in two successive decades after its final height had been reached. One hundred and three individuals (56 males and 47 females) who were followed up longitudinally by a team of scientists from birth to 18 years of age were investigated anthropometrically by 18 body measurements again when they reached the age of between 35 and 39 years. The Carter-Heath somatotype was ascertained as a part of the study. The results of the investigation at the age of 35 to 39 years were compared with the Czech Standard and with those from 18 years of age. The means of all measurements in both sexes increased with age (with the exception of stature in females). Relative measurements and indices, which were calculated only in the groups of 35-39 year-olds were all on the average greater in males than in females with the exception of relative head circumferences and pelvis width, in the pelvis width in per cent of biacromial width, in the sum of skinfolds, and in the gross percent of body fat. Males as well as females increased from the age of 18 to 35-39 as a rule in weight, muscle, bone and fat mass, which were manifested by a shift towards endomorphic and mesomorphic components of their somatotypes away from the ectomorphic one.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Biological and performance variables in relation to age in male and female adolescent athletes.

To observe the cross-sectional nature of the effect of age, height, and body mass on motor performance during adolescence (13-18 years), 103 boy and 65 girl athletes were measured for motor performance and anthropometric variables. Motor performances included tests of strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, aerobic capacity, anaerobic power, speed, and agility. Anthropometric determinations included height, body mass, lean body mass, %fat, and somatotype. Boys were significantly different from girls in all measurements except endomorphy, while girls were significantly superior to boys only in flexibility. Physical maturation, as reflected by height and body mass, was a major contributor to increases in motor performance. Somatotype did not differ greatly across the age groups. Boys were significantly more mesomorphic than girls, while girls were significantly more ectomorphic than boys. Higher %fat and more endomorphy were significantly related to poorer performance for relative aerobic capacity, 40-yd dash, and agility in boys but only for upper body muscular endurance in girls. Mesomorphy had higher relationships with performance variables among boys than among girls. Growth would appear to contribute significantly to enhanced motor performance with age, and its effect may be different in boys than in girls.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2003

[Sports anthropology investigation on female participants of the German Sports-Aerobic-Masters compared to non-sports participating young females].

This investigation is based on the sports anthropology of 50 female participants of the German championships of Sport Aerobics (age range 16-35 years), whose constitutional body build parameters were compared to 50 female physical education students (age range 18-30 years) and 40 women (age range 18-35), who did not engage in sportive activities at all. Somatotyping and other sports anthropological techniques were performed according to Parnell (1958). Heath & Carter (1967), Conrad (1963) and Knussmann (1961a, 1961b) as well as proportion figures and phantom stratagem. In the North-American somatocharts the aerobic athletes were classified as ectomesomorph, whereas the physical education female students were found in the ectoendomorph area according to Parnell and the non-sportive subjects remained on the mesoendomorph part. In the Heath-Carter somatochart, the physical education students and the non-sportive women were registered in the mesoendomorph and ectoendomorph areas. In the German systems the young women were placed in the leptomorph direction and mesoplastic in the Conrad typology. According to Knussmann, all the investigated groups were classified as ultramacrosom and superleptomorph. Some morphological differences can be detected by means of proportion figures and phantom stratagem. The aerobic athletes display a more athletic somatotype with an accentuated radio-ulnar breath. The aerobic group is also characterised by the smallest body fat percentage, whereas the non-exercising group shows the opposite. This is also proven by the body mass index.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

[Characteristics of body constitution and their relations to success in learning].

Somatotype, finger dermatoglyphic pattern type, emotional stability level and foreign languages learning successfulness have been analyzed in 297 male cadets (aged 17-20 years) of the Military Institute of Physical Training. The cadets studied most frequently belonged to macrosomal and mesosomal somatotypes. In the study of finger patterns, loops were found to be most common (61.5% of all the patterns), while ringlets (33.4%) and arc patterns (5.1%) were less frequent. The amount of ulnar loops increased, while that of ringlets became less in the direction from micro- to macrosomal type. Almost half (46.9%) of the cadets appeared to be ambiverts, 30.8% were intraverts and the rest were extraverts. Loop patterns on all the fingers to a greater extent were found in cadets with high level of neuroticism; the cadets having lower neuroticism level were characterized by a combinations of loops with arcs on the left hand and arcs with ringlets on the right one. The cadets differing in foreign language learning successfulness level were different in their dermatoglyphic patterns and, especially in the prevalence of pattern combinations. So, among the excellent pupils the loop-arc combinations were 2.7 times more common and combinations of all three types of patterns (arcs, loops, ringlets) were 1.4 times more common.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

[Late antiquity constitutional historical and social-anthropologic observations of middle and north European populations at the time of population migrations].

This review on reports of mostly late antique authors concerning the physical appearance of Teutonic and Nordic populations of the so-called "Völkerwanderungszeit" is part of an extensive study of possible nutritional effects on somatotypes in early periods of the German history. It is linked up with a similar study on Teutonics of protohistorical periods (Wurm 1986a). The authors of the late antique periods were again and again impressed by the comparatively tall and sturdy stature as well as by the permanent martial aggressiveness and the considerable population growth of Northern peoples. One can observe a marked social variability in the distribution of somatotypes, and one can suppose, too, that physical superiority was favourable to social rise. However, as compared with Roman soliders the Teutonic-Nordic warriors of the "Völkerwanderungszeit" were obviously inferior as far as permanent physical stress is concerned. This seems to be caused by nutritional differences. Furthermore, the repeatedly claimed inclination of Teutonic-Nordic populations to a considerable consumption of alcoholics seems also be due to nutritional factors. Hair and eye colour of these populations are described by the various antique authors in a different way. The reported geographical differences in the distribution of hair and eye colour seem to indicate considerable Celtic elements in certain populations, which originally were designed as Teutonics. Apart from that no clear anthropological differences were recorded between different populations of this period.

Body Constitution↗
PubMed1987

[Correlation of the clinical manifestations of schizophrenia with the constitutionally morphologic type of the patient].

Using clinical and anthropometrical methods involving the determination of discrete somatotypic groups in accordance with the Reese-Aisenk Habitus index, the authors examined 1064 schizophrenic patients. Each constitutional-morphological type was characterized by specific premorbid personality features, duration and patterns of the initial period, as well as by manifest syndromes, variants of the time-course of the process and deficiency types. The process was especially acute in people with pyknic build while the severity of negative disturbances increased from the pyknic pole toward the asthenic one. The normosthenic somatotype was most frequently related to monomorphic productive disorders. The constitutional morphophenotype is considered as an important parameter with regard to the early prognosis of the time-course of schizophrenia.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Body type, personality temperament and psychotherapeutic treatment of female adolescents.

In a previous study on emotionally disturbed male adolescents (Stewart, 1980), the subjects were somatotyped in accordance with Sheldon's theory, and the implications of psychotherapeutic treatment were discussed. This is an exploratory study of emotionally disturbed female adolescents in residential treatment at the Anneewakee Treatment Center which seeks to define the population and formulate tentative treatment implications from the results of somatotyping.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Age and body type comparisons of the mass distributions of children.

Mass distribution profiles for children were constructed using a mathematical model of the body. The model was based on the assumption that the body is composed of 2 cm wide elliptical zones of known density. The method was judged to be accurate in terms of body mass estimations with a mean error of 0.61% (N = 12). Profiles were compared across somatotypes (endomorph, mesomorph, ectomorph) for four age levels (nominally, 12-, 9-, 6- and 4 years). The profiles showed differences in mass distribution with endomorph profiles tending to peak at the mid-trunk level, mesomorphs tending to have a lower profile and peaking at the shoulder or lower chest levels and ectomorphs having an even lower profile which was relatively constant through the trunk/upper extremity region. Profiles were also compared across ages for each somatotype and were found to become more angular as the child became older due to the regional growth of structural features such as the shoulders, chest, waist, pelvis and knees. These differences and the relatively small differences for the head were accentuated by creating a hypothetical scaled curve for a 4 year old compared with a 12 year old.

Aging↗
PubMed1993

Endometriosis and body fat distribution.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the association of body fat distribution with risk of endometriosis in an effort to determine whether a specific somatotype is related to the disease. METHODS: We conducted a case-control study of 88 laparoscopically confirmed cases of endometriosis, identified in a specialty gynecologic practice in western New York, and 88 age-matched friend controls. Data were collected by standardized personal interview, and body measurements were taken in a standardized fashion by one interviewer. Risk of endometriosis associated with body fat distribution, as expressed by waist-to-hip and waist-to-thigh ratios, was assessed using logistic regression. RESULTS: For women under 30 years of age (45 cases, 46 controls), endometriosis was inversely related to both waist-to-hip ratio (odds ratio 6.18, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.01-19.01) and waist-to-thigh ratio (odds ratio 3.64, 95% CI 1.23-10.78). This effect was not evident among women aged 30 years and older (43 cases, 42 controls). CONCLUSION: Our results suggest a specific somatotype with a predominance of peripheral body fat among women with endometriosis. This finding may provide information useful in both the diagnosis and understanding of the disease etiology.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1995

Diurnal rhythms of the neuroendocrine system in professional riveters with different constitutional types.

In our earlier investigations it have been shown that experimental vibration exposure causes different endocrine reactions in hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) and hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) systems in men of different constitutional types. The present study was carried out to determine diurnal rhythms of HPA and HPG systems in professional male riveters during a working day under industrial conditions. The state of HPA and HPG systems was evaluated according to the concentration of hormones cortisol (Cort.) and testosterone (T) in saliva. Mixed saliva was collected without stimulation at 7.00, 11.00, 15.00, 19.00 and 23.00 h. The concentration of hormones was determined by radio-immunoassay. Only healthy workers with a long working time under vibration exposure were chosen for participation in the investigation. The workers were divided into three groups of abdominal (A), muscular (M) and pectoral (P) somatotypes according to the antropometric signs (Bunaris classification, 1941). The results of investigating the HPA system have shown that usual diurnal rhythm of Cort, was observed in 60% of all cases. This rhythm is characterised by the maximum concentration of Cort, at 7.00 h with subsequent lowering during the day. In 10% of all cases we observed very low concentration of Cort, at 7.00 h and in 30% there was a significant increase of the level of Cort, at 15.00 and 19.00 h. Another change of diurnal rhythm was revealed in the HPG system. The diurnal rhythm of T completely corresponds to the rhythm of Cort. The accordance of T concentration to the diurnal rhythm we observed only in 27% of all cases. In 47% of all cases the increase of T took place at 15.00 and 19.00 h and in 20% the "monotonous" curve of T concentration without any changes of rhythm and with a low concentration at 7.00 h was observed. We also revealed different distribution of A, M and P somatotypes in connection with various diurnal rhythms of hormone curves. The result allows us to suppose that constitutional dependence of changes of diurnal rhythm of HPA and HPG systems probably underlines the adaptive processes to long time vibration exposure.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Body size and physique among Canadians of First Nation and European ancestry.

The purpose of this study was to compare body size and physique among Canadians of Aboriginal (First Nation [FN]) and European ancestry (EA) from the northern Ontario communities of Temagami and Bear Island. The sample consisted of 130 FN and 494 EA participants including adults (20-75 years: 214 men, 234 women) and youth (5-19 years: 97 boys, 79 girls). Indicators of body size and physique included stature, the sitting height-to-stature ratio (SSR), body mass, BMI, estimated upper-arm muscle area, biacromial, bicristal, biepicondylar, and bicondylar breadths, and the Heath-Carter anthropometric somatotype (endomorphy, mesomorphy, and ectomorphy). There were few differences in body size between FN and EA, with the exception of adult females. Adult FN females were significantly heavier and had greater bone breadths than EA women (P < 0.001). On the other hand, somatotype differed significantly between EA and FN by age and sex, except for 5-19-year-old females. Among boys and men, FN had greater endomorphy (P < 0.03), whereas FN men also had lower ectomorphy (P < 0.01). Among women, FN were significantly more endomorphic and mesomorphic and less ectomorphic (P < 0.001). Although results for 5-19-year-old females were not significant, they were in the same direction as the other groups (greater endomorphy). Forward stepwise discriminant function analyses indicated that endomorphy was the most important discriminator between FN and EA by age and sex.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Factors affecting the work productivity of Oraon agricultural laborers of Jalpaiguri district, West Bengal.

In developing countries like India, where the incidence of protein-calorie malnutrition is high and mechanization is at a minimum, human labor provides much of the power for physical activity. This study presents anthropometric measurements, somatotypes, food intakes, energy expenditures, and work outputs of Oraon agricultural laborers of the Jalpaiguri district, West Bengal, in an attempt to identify the factors that predict high work productivity. Specifically, this study investigates 1) the relationship between morphological variation (anthropometric measurements and somatotype) and work productivity, 2) the nature and extent of the relationship between nutritional status and work productivity, and 3) the best predictor variables of work output. Classification of groups on the basis of median values of work output show that in the aggregate, the high productive groups are significantly younger than low-productive groups in both sexes. Before age-adjustment, the high productive groups show higher mean values of a few body dimensions, though these differ by sex, and both males and females exhibit a normal range of blood pressure and pulse rate values. Mean values of grip strength and back strength are higher in high-output men and women. Mean values of both food intake and energy expenditure are also higher among men in high-output groups, with only food intake higher in high-output women. However, after eliminating the effects of age, the differences between low-productive groups and high-productive groups in most of the variables are not significant. Productivity predictors in males consist of age, food intake and chest girth (inhalation). Females, on the other hand, show age and grip strength (left) as work output predictors.

Adult↗