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PubMed1999

[A suffering person's rights in the light of John Paul II's teaching].

The rights of a human being constitute the deepest basis of social obligations towards a suffering person. A list of these rights, apart from the basic right to live, enumerates many ithers. For a suffering person the most important ones are: the right to social welfare, protection against suffering, spiritual development. In John Paul IIs social teaching special emphasis is put on the issue of the rights of a suffering person, which constitutes a part of the civilisation of life which the Pope promulgates.

Christianity↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Health promoting effects of friends and family on health outcomes in older adults.

OBJECTIVE: To highlight the significant impact of social relationships on health and illness and suggest implications of these effects for health promotion efforts among older adults. DATA SOURCES: Published studies on social relationships and health (or health behaviors) for the period 1970-1998 were identified through MEDLINE by using the key words social relationships, social support, and health, as well as review of health-related journals such as the American Journal of Epidemiology, Annals of Epidemiology, American Journal of Public Health, Journal of Health and Social Behavior, Social Science and Medicine, and the Journals of Gerontology. STUDY SELECTION: Major published original research was considered. Where published research was too extensive for full discussion of all studies, preference was given to studies focusing on older adults and those using stronger methodology (i.e., representative samples, longitudinal data, or multivariate analyses controlling for potential confounders). DATA EXTRACTION: Reported findings were organized in terms of three major categories: (1) results related to major health outcomes such as mortality, CHD, and depression; (2) findings related to health behaviors; and (3) findings related to potential biological pathways for observed health effects of social relationships. DATA SYNTHESIS: Protective effects of social integration with respect to mortality risk among older adults are the most thoroughly documented, although protective effects have also been documented with respect to risks for mental and physical health outcomes and for better recovery after disease onset. There is also now a growing awareness of the potential for negative health effects from social relationships that are characterized by more negative patterns of critical and/or demanding interactions, including increased risks for depression and angina. Biological pathways are suggested by evidence that more negative social interactions are associated with physiological profiles characterized by elevated stress hormones, increased cardiovascular activity, and depressed immune function, whereas more positive, supportive social interactions are associated with the opposite profile. CONCLUSIONS: Available data clearly indicate that social relationships have the potential for both health promoting and health damaging effects in older adults, and that there are biologically plausible pathways for these effects. Such evidence suggests that aspects of the social environment could play an important role in future health promotion efforts for older adults, although careful consideration of both potentially positive as well as negative social influences is needed.

Aged↗
PubMed1995

Social sensitivity: a shared feature of all phobias.

The prominence of a variety of social fears among types of phobia was examined. Responses of 80 agoraphobics, 25 social phobics and 35 specific phobics to Wolpe's (1983) Fear Survey Schedule were factor-analysed. Factors of social sensitivity (accounting for 24 out of 50 per cent of the variance), agoraphobia (7 per cent), blood injuries (5 per cent) and five other small specific phobic factors were extracted. On social sensitivity, agora- and social phobics overlapped; specific phobics were significantly lower than social phobics. On agoraphobia scores, agoraphobics scored significantly higher than social and specific phobics. A regression analysis was performed to assess the relative contribution of the diagnostic groups to each factor. Social sensitivity may be a normal evolved mechanism that is protective in social interactions.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Childhood victimization and alcohol symptoms in women: an examination of protective factors.

OBJECTIVE: This study examined whether academic and intellectual functioning, high self-efficacy and social support protect women who were abused and neglected in childhood from developing alcohol problems in later life. METHOD: Substantiated cases of child abuse and neglect from 1967 to 1971 were matched on gender, age, race and approximate social class with nonabused/nonneglected children and were followed prospectively into young adulthood. Subjects were administered a 2-hour face-to-face interview, including the NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS-III-R), to assess alcohol symptoms. Analyses were restricted to women in the sample (N = 522). RESULTS: For women abused and neglected in childhood and for control women, graduating from high school significantly decreased the number of DSM-III-R alcohol symptoms. For abused and neglected women, high self-efficacy was also associated with significantly lower levels of alcohol symptoms. Interaction coefficients were not significant. CONCLUSIONS: Interventions to improve educational achievement and to increase feelings of self-efficacy (possibly through empowerment programs) may be effective in reducing alcohol problems in women abused and neglected as children.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

The relationship between knowledge about sexually transmitted diseases and actual sexual behaviour in a group of teenage girls.

PURPOSE: To assess longitudinally the relationship between knowledge about sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and sexual behaviour, contraceptive use, STD protection and social class in a group of Swedish teenage girls. METHODS: Girls starting their upper secondary school education were invited to attend a teenage clinic during a period of 2 years (5 visits). Questions were asked about family situation, sexual activity, contraceptives, STD protection and knowledge about STD. Gynaecological examinations were performed on entry and completion, and when necessary during the observation period. RESULTS: Eighty-eight girls completed all visits during the observation period. At 16 years of age there were no significant differences in knowledge about various STD and STD protection between girls from different social classes or with respect to coital experience, age of coitarche and the subsequent number of sexual partners at 18 years of age. At 18 years of age there was a better knowledge about STDs and the need for STD protection (p < 0.01) among girls with coital experience compared with those who had no coital experience. Girls reporting many lifetime partners were best informed, but in spite of solid knowledge they did not protect themselves from infection. Even though 34% of the girls with coital experience were found to harbour a STD during the course of this study, almost all girls denied the possibility of having acquired or transmitted an infection. CONCLUSIONS: Although girls were well-informed about sexually transmitted diseases and knew how to avoid infections this knowledge had little influence on behaviour.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Social selection in human populations: protected polymorphism of deleterious alleles with incomplete penetrance.

Population dynamics of two alleles, A1 and A2, at a locus under social selection have been studied by considering incomplete penetrance of the three genotypes. A social selection model is constructed by assuming that the fitness of an individual is determined by his or her own phenotype as well as parental phenotypes. For both multiplicative and additive fitness models, sufficient conditions for a protected polymorphism depend on the reduced fitness of affected individuals (gamma), the reduced fitness of all individuals resulting from affected parents (beta), and the penetrance probabilities, f1, f2, and f3, for the three genotypes, A1A1, A1A2, and A2A2. These conditions reduce to two biologically important cases: 1) f1 less than f2 greater than f3 and beta less than -gamma/(1 - gamma) and 2) f1 greater than f2 less than f3 and beta greater than - gamma/(1 - gamma), and the most common form of the equilibrium frequency of the allele A2 is given by (f1 - f2)/(f1 - 2f2 + f3).

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Implications of pandemic influenza for bioterrorism response.

The 1918-1919 influenza pandemic (Spanish flu) had catastrophic effects upon urban populations in the United States. Large numbers of frightened, critically ill people overwhelmed health care providers. Mortuaries and cemeteries were severely strained by rapid accumulation of corpses of flu victims. Understanding of the outbreak's extent and effectiveness of containment measures was obscured by the swiftness of the disease and an inadequate health reporting system. Epidemic controls such as closing public gathering places elicited both community support and resistance, and fear of contagion incited social and ethnic tensions. Review of this infamous outbreak is intended to advance discussions among health professionals and policymakers about an effective medical and public health response to bioterrorism, an infectious disease crisis of increasing likelihood. Elements of an adequate response include building capacity to care for mass casualties, providing emergency burials that respect social mores, properly characterizing the outbreak, earning public confidence in epidemic containment measures, protecting against social discrimination, and fairly allocating health resources.

Bioterrorism↗
PubMed2001

Nurse referrals of children to social services.

This literature review examines current referral systems and processes used by community nurses when making referrals of children in need and children in need of protection to social services departments. The problems surrounding definitions of need, children in need and children in need of protection are considered. The ambiguity of the language used and the difficulties encountered by community nursing staff in trying to identify criteria and thresholds for referral are highlighted. The review focuses on research exploring the assessment and referral processes used by community nurse, in particular by health visitors, and draws attention to the lack of research concerning these areas. Government recognition of the problems encountered by agencies working in this field is acknowledged in recent Department of Health publications.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Role of climatic factors in the etiology of vascular diseases].

While there is no doubt about the role of genetic factors in the aetiology of vascular diseases, especially in the genesis of disorders of the venous system, a place should be reserved for climatic and social factors. By means of an investigation which we undertook in a tropical environment in senegal, we examined the morbidity due to atheromatous disease. This study extended over a period of 30 years, from 1945 to 1975. We found that arteriopathy of the lower limbs due to overload did not exist before 1960. Since 1966, a few cases of myocardial infarction have been noted, and since 1970, a few cases of arteriopathy. These cases are confined to an urban environment which, during the same period, has undergone profound social upheavals. It all seems to be as if there were competition between climatic factors protecting and social factors aggravating. In contrast to the rarity of vascular disorders in hot countries is their high incidence in cold countries. In Canada and Sweden a particular clinical aspect of the disorder has been found: arteriopaths in a subarctic environment suffer more than sensory disturbances than ischaemia. In conclusion, it seems that the environment, in the broad sense of the term, plays a role in the aetiology of atheromatous disease, which has been classified, not without reason, among the diseases of civilization.

Arteriosclerosis↗
PubMed2006

Representative payment policies and administrative procedure for imposing penalties for false or misleading statements or withholding of information. Final rules.

We are amending our regulations on representative payment and on the administrative procedure for imposing penalties for false or misleading statements or withholding of information to reflect and implement certain provisions of the Social Security Protection Act of 2004 (SSPA). The SSPA amends representative payment policies by providing additional safeguards for Social Security, Special Veterans and Supplemental Security Income beneficiaries served by representative payees. These changes include additional disqualifying factors for representative payee applicants, additional requirements for non-governmental fee-for-service payees, authority to redirect delivery of benefit payments when a representative payee fails to provide required accountings, and authority to treat misused benefits as an overpayment to the representative payee. In addition, we are amending our rules to explain financial requirements for representative payees, and we have made minor clarifying plain language changes. The SSPA also allows us to impose a penalty on any person who knowingly withholds information that is material for use in determining any right to, or the amount of, monthly benefits under titles II or XVI. The penalty is nonpayment for a specified number of months of benefits under title II that would otherwise be payable and ineligibility for the same period of time for payments under title XVI (including State supplementary payments).

Fraud↗
PubMed1994

The role of social support in recovery from cardiovascular illness.

Social support has been described as having a direct/main effect and/or a buffering effect on health. The buffering hypothesis contends that social support protects the individual from the pathological effects of stress while the direct/main effect hypothesis posits that social support enhances health and well being regardless of the stress level. The links between social support, survival, and quality of life and cardiovascular health and illness have been the subject of much investigation over the last decade. Nurse researchers have contributed to the theory development of social support and the cardiovascular client group. This paper is an interpretive overview of the research contribution of nurses to the social support literature in the area of cardiovascular illness. The review notes research strengths and deficiencies and proposes strategies that would enhance future development of theory on social support in this population.

Cardiac Rehabilitation↗
PubMed1984

Social support and mental health: direct, protective and compensatory effects.

This study deals with the relationship between social support and mental health. This relationship was conceptualized as a multi-faceted one which may be understood in terms of direct (main), protective (buffering) and compensatory effects. Hypotheses relating to these effects were evaluated in terms of spousal/community support and job strains (pressure, autonomy, opportunities) among a sample of 455 married males who were employed on a full-time basis. Results indicated that spousal support generally had more important implications for psychological well-being than did community support. However, the relative impact of these different sources of support appeared to be related to the degree to which the mental health symptomology reported was affectively defined. With respect to protective effects, spousal support was found to moderate the relationship between certain job strains (pressure) and mental health. No protective effects were found for community support. Tests of the hypothesis that community support compensates for low levels of spousal support were made in terms of both direct and protective effects. No direct effect compensation was observed. However, protective effect compensation was observed for certain job strains (opportunities) and was relevant to a wide range of symptomology. The overall results suggest a primary/secondary hierarchy of supports and strains in which primary supports (e.g. spousal) assume a protective function with respect to secondary strains (e.g. job) while secondary supports (e.g. community) do not protect individuals from primary strains (e.g. spousal). Secondary supports have a protective function for secondary strains in the absence of primary supports. It is further suggested that sex roles may be important determinants of the availability and use of different support sources.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Predictors of depression and life satisfaction among spousal caregivers in hospice: application of a stress process model.

Using a stress process model, risk factors (caregiving stressors, caregiver health, and negative social interactions) and protective factors (caregiving appraisals and social resources) were examined as predictors of family caregiver well-being (depression and life satisfaction). Eighty spousal caregivers of hospice patients with dementia or lung cancer completed structured interviews and self-report measures assessing components of the stress process model. Results suggest that objective measures of patient impairment or amount of care provided are not strong predictors of caregiver depression or life satisfaction. Female gender, caregiver health problems, and negative social interactions were risk factors for poorer caregiver well-being. Caregivers who subjectively appraised caregiving tasks as less stressful, who found meaning and subjective benefits from caregiving, and with more social resources had lower depression and higher life satisfaction, even after controlling for patient impairment and caregiver appraisal variables. Regression models accounted for 42% of variance in caregiver depression and 52% of variance in caregiver life satisfaction. Counseling for hospice family caregivers could utilize the stress process framework, and pay particular attention to finding meaning or subjective benefits from caregiving, and remaining active in social roles. Further research providing evidence on caregiver risk and protective factors could improve the conceptual and empirical basis for psychosocial interventions for hospice family caregivers.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Social capital and psychiatry: review of the literature.

Social capital is an umbrella term used to describe aspects of social networks, relations, trust, and power, as a function of either the individual or a geographical entity (e.g., a city neighborhood). Increased attention is being paid to the role that social capital can play in determining a variety of physical health outcomes, though less attention has been paid to its role in determining mental health outcomes. This relative inattention continues despite a long historical tradition in psychiatry of exploring the role that socio-environmental factors can play in the etiology and course of mental illness. In this review, we begin by tracing the historical development of the concept of social capital, describing and analyzing competing definitions. We then proceed to review the published studies that examine the relationship between social capital and mental health-looking first at studies that focus on depression and anxiety, and second at studies that focus on psychoses. After briefly exploring whether social capital can have a detrimental effect on mental health, we discuss how knowledge regarding social capital may aid the clinician and mental health services. We go on to make a number of suggestions relevant to methodological, theoretical, and empirical advancement. These suggestions include refining the definitions of social capital, paying attention to communities without propinquity, and constructing contextual indicators of social capital. We conclude by remarking that social capital may be a promising heuristic for studies in community psychiatry and may even help individual clinicians in designing treatment plans. Despite all this promise, however, there is a lack of strong evidence supporting the hypothesis that social capital protects mental health.

Cognition↗
PubMed1989

[Future needs in health protection and preventive health].

Health protection is a social political program and dosely connected with the social development. It is pointed out that progress in health protection demands progress in social development. One of the main problems of preparing health protection strategies is to assess the numberless risks for health. Because of the fact that risk assessment is full of social implications people have to be involved in assessing risks. Stressing this fact it is concluded that concepts of health protection mainly reflect ideas about people and social life more than ideas about health and illness. Promoting health protection in the GDR four key problems of major concern are summarized: 1) improving information and education, 2) netting the responsibility of the whole society, 3) further progress in socialist democracy and communal life, 4) increasing the role of health protection in the whole social-political activities.

Forecasting↗