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PubMed2000

Perceptions of dual identity and separate groups among secular and religious Israeli Jews.

The authors examined the effects of perceptions of dual identity and separate groups on tendencies to handle intergroup conflict through problem solving and contention. Among secular Israeli Jews, regression analyses revealed a significant interaction between perceptions of dual identity and perceptions of separate groups: Only under high perception of dual identity was the perception of separate groups associated with contention. Among religious Israeli Jews, problem solving and contention were unrelated to either dual identity or to perceptions of separate groups. The results are discussed in terms of the common ingroup identity model (S. L. Gaertner, M. C. Rust, J. F. Dovidio, B. A. Bachman, & P. A. Anastasio, 1994) and in the context of the conflict between religious and secular Jews in Israel.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Self-esteem and in-group bias among members of a religious social category.

In a sample of New Zealand university students, the author extended earlier research into the relationship between self-esteem and intergroup discrimination. He found no support for the hypothesis that social-category members (i.e., Christians) experience an elevation in the domain of self-esteem (i.e., religious self-esteem) judged as more relevant to the in-group after evaluations favoring the in-group. Regardless of whether the evaluation targets behaved positively or negatively, the respondents in the experimental condition evaluated in-group (Christian) targets more highly than out-group (Atheist) targets. After evaluations favoring the in-group, the respondents did not experience an elevation of religious self-esteem, global self-esteem, or mathematical self-esteem (judged as less relevant to the in-group).

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Cultural values and happiness: an East-West dialogue.

Happiness as a state of mind may be universal, but its meaning is complex and ambiguous. The authors directly examined the relationships between cultural values and experiences of happiness in 2 samples, by using a measurement of values derived from Chinese culture and a measurement of subjective well-being balanced for sources of happiness salient in both the East and the West. The participants were university students-439 from an Eastern culture (Taiwan) and 344 from a Western culture (the United Kingdom). Although general patterns were similar in the 2 samples, the relationships between values and happiness were stronger in the Taiwanese sample than in the British sample. The values social integration and human-heartedness had culture-dependent effects on happiness, whereas the value Confucian work dynamism had a culture-general effect on happiness.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Associations between religious behavior and attitude to Christianity among Australian Catholic adolescents: scale validation.

In a sample of 1,166 Catholic high school students (age = 13-18 years), the author used confirmatory factor analysis to validate a 30-item instrument that assesses 6 dimensions of attitude to Christianity (viz., attitude to prayer, attitude to God, attitude to Jesus, attitude to the Bible, attitude to Christian practice, attitude to social justice). Goodness-of-fit indices for the proposed measurement model revealed that the model fitted the data very well, thus confirming the instrument's structure. A correlation analysis revealed associations between religious behavior and attitude to Christianity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Explaining own and others' behavior in a controversial issue: animal experimentation.

The authors investigated how 2 groups with different attitudes toward animal experimentation-researchers who conducted animal experiments and members of animal welfare organizations who protested against animal experiments--made attributions for the behavior of the opposing group. The 2 groups showed an actor--observer effect, mentioning more internal causes for the opponents' behavior and more external causes for their own behavior. Both groups were able to take the other's perspective, resulting in a reversed actor-observer effect. The less involved participants followed the pattern of ratings of the group whose attitudes corresponded to their own. In particular, the participants with a negative attitude toward animal experimentation rated researchers' behavior as more internally caused than did those with a positive attitude. The results illustrated how the participants formed and defended attitudes in a social context.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Individual versus collective responses to membership in a low-status group: the effects of stability and individual ability.

To test predictions of social identity theory (SIT; M. A. Hogg & D. Abrams, 1988; H. Tajfel & J. C. Turner, 1979) and the 5-stage model (FSM; D. M. Taylor & D. J. McKirnan, 1984) concerning reactions to membership in a low-status group, the authors led 112 pupils to believe that another (anonymous) class outperformed their class. In an overall permeable and legitimate intergroup context, the authors manipulated the stability of the low group status and the individual ability of the group members. Contrary to SIT and FSM, the pupils generally favored collective normative action. Individual mobility was preferred only by group members, especially boys, with high individual ability who thought that the low status of their group was stable. The results support FSM assumptions (a) that individual ability is a powerful determinant of intergroup behavior but (b) that one should consider its impact in combination with perceived stability.

Child↗
PubMed2002

Justice and organizational citizenship behavior intentions: fair rewards versus fair treatment.

In a sample of 114 employees from various industries, organizations, and positions, the likelihood of organizational citizenship behaviors (OCB) increased when employee perceptions of fair treatment by supervisors became more positive. Perceptions of fair rewards and fair formal procedures were not predictors of OCB intentions. After the authors controlled for established patterns of OCB and demographic characteristics, interactional justice perceptions were significantly related to the intention of performing specific organizationally beneficial activities.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Social behaviors as determined by different arrangements of social consequences: diffusion of responsibility effects with competition.

According to a recently proposed synthesis, social loafing, social facilitation, and deindividuation can be viewed as different ways of arranging social consequences (B. Guerin, 1999). The effects of such arrangements have been measured in past research as productive output (social loafing and social facilitation) or as antinormative behaviors (deindividuation), but all 3 effects are manipulable by changing individual identifiability, evaluation, social identity, task difficulty, and presence in a group. The synthesis also predicted that these same variables would apply to other measures and other arrangements of social consequences. To this end, in the present 2 experiments, the author varied the arrangements for consequence diffusion in a competition situation by varying small and large competing groups and measured productive output and antinormative behaviors simultaneously. The 2 experiments showed social-consequence effects in competition situations with college students, giving further support for the social-consequence synthesis and the idea that the verbal naming of phenomena in social psychology is arbitrary.

Competitive Behavior↗
PubMed1993

Social explanations and self-esteem in Northern Ireland.

The relationship between group-serving attributional biases and self-esteem among Catholics and Protestants in Northern Ireland was examined. There was little evidence of any consistently positive association between these variables. Differential patterns of group-serving biases were clearly evident. The Catholics demonstrated more pronounced levels of bias, whereas the Protestants tended to be more selective about the dimensions on which they displayed discrimination. These differential patterns of bias were consistent with each group's relative status position.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

The determinants of Australians' attitudes toward the Gulf War.

Social identity theory was used to investigate the determinants of the current attitudes of 356 Australian (Melbournian) subjects toward the Gulf War. The dependent variables included a scale measuring belligerence, a scale measuring perceived justification for the Gulf War, and a short scale measuring how extensively the outcome of the war was perceived as an environmental issue. Independent variables included the concept "Australia," measured by a semantic differential scale; conservatism and liberalism, measured by Kerlinger's (1984) Social Attitudes Scale; and gender. Multiple regression analysis provided some support for social identity theory. Conservatism and liberalism, however, were the strongest predictors of attitudes toward the war. Men expressed more support for the war than women did. Participants' conservatism and liberalism were predictive of how extensively they perceived the outcome of the war as an environmental issue.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

The underestimated role of temporal comparison: a test of the life-span model.

The assumption of the life-span model (Suls & Mullen 1982)--that age affects the way people make comparisons--was tested. Three groups of participants in England--young adults (18-39 years old; n = 83), middle-aged adults (40-64 years old; n = 52), and older adults (65-87 years old; n = 50) completed a questionnaire that assessed preference for temporal comparison or social comparison. Although the present results support the general assumption of the life-span model, they suggest that preferences for comparison processes develop in accordance with another pattern. Consistent with the life-span model, the present results indicate that temporary comparison is more important for young and middle-aged adults than researchers have assumed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Ethnolinguistic vitality under a new political dispensation in South Africa.

The dimensions and group expectations of ethnolinguistic vitality in the new South Africa were investigated in random samples of 460 Whites (347 Afrikaans-speaking; 113 English-speaking) and 466 Blacks. By means of a factor analysis, 5 factors were distinguished: Institutional Support, Group Status and Power, Maintenance of Identity, Maintenance of Symbols, and Threat to Identity. The expectations of groups differed significantly in regard to the dimensions of ethnolinguistic vitality. Relationships between these dimensions and other variables and the implications of the findings were discussed against the background of sociopolitical and economic changes in South Africa.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Perceived discrimination and self-esteem among ethnic minority adolescents.

In a sample of ethnic minority adolescents in The Netherlands, the relationship between perceived discrimination and self-esteem was investigated. First, the participants perceived a higher level of discrimination directed at their group as a whole than at themselves as individuals. Second, personal self-esteem was relatively independent of group self-esteem. Third, perceived personal discrimination was related to personal self-esteem, and perceived group discrimination was related to group self-esteem. A path model showed 2 pathways to personal self-esteem. In the 1st path, group discrimination had a negative effect on ethnic self-esteem, which, in turn, was related to personal self-esteem. In the 2nd path, perceived personal discrimination had a direct negative effect on personal self-esteem as well as an indirect negative effect stemming from reduced sense of control.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Culture's influence in Japanese and American maternal role perception and confidence.

Japanese recognition of the importance of the mother in ensuring survival of the culture group is very old. This antiquity is spelled out dramatically in the ancient Chinese-Japanese ideographs (in Japan called kanji), which remain in use today. The kanji reflect the cultural isolation of Japan during 300 years of insularity preceding the Meiji period, and reveal the deep historical link to even greater antiquity in continental Asia. The historical development of kanji explicitly associates the concept of woman with passiveness, the home, and domesticity (see "woman," "peaceful," "to marry," and the concept "wife" in Figure 1) and attributes to the mother survival of the infant (see "mother" and "milk" in Figure 1). The dependence of this new member of the culture group on its mother also is conveyed in the kanji depiction of the "child" with its arms open and unable to walk. In contrast, diverse European progenitors of the comparatively recent "American" perception of the maternal role contributed an array of maternal role expectations; though often conflicting, each set of expectations was well-suited to the exigencies of the particular immigrant group's circumstances. Given the contrasting historical circumstances, substantial difference between present Japanese and American perceptions of the maternal role, and in the degree of a woman's confidence in taking the maternal role for the first time, could be expected. These hypotheses were tested using questionnaire responses and drawings made by 102 Japanese women and 104 American Caucasian women in the last trimester of their first pregnancy. The findings are examined in relation to achievement dynamics in the context of culture.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Therapeutic factors in partial hospitalization.

In recent years, partial hospitalization programs have become an accepted major component of community-based care for psychiatric patients. Studies have shown that partial hospitalization is at least as effective as inpatient hospitalization in treating a spectrum of psychiatric disorders and is substantially more cost effective than standard inpatient care (Guillette et al. 1978; Herz et al. 1971; Washburn et al. 1976; Wilder et al. 1966). Despite these positive findings, the therapeutic factors that contribute to the effectiveness of partial hospitalization continue to be a subject of speculation (e.g., Goldberg 1982; Vannicelli et al. 1978; Washburn 1983). In a recent review of the literature on the efficacy of partial hospitalization, Mason et al. (1982) emphasize that the "active ingredient" in this treatment modality remains unclear. In an outcome study by Dunn et al. (1982, p. 297), hope was expressed that "future studies might best explore which nonspecific factors are most powerful therapeutically." The current study is part of a larger effort to develop from an empirical base a comprehensive model of partial hospitalization. The comprehensive model provides a framework for understanding partial hospitalization by examining: 1) the functions of a partial hospital admission, 2) the types of patient changes that occur in these programs, 3) the processes of change, and 4) the therapeutic factors that appear to facilitate change. Findings regarding the first three elements of the model are described in a companion paper. This report focuses on the findings regarding the fourth element of the model, the therapeutic factors that appear to facilitate change in a short-term partial hospitalization program. It also examines how specific program components contribute to these therapeutic factors.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Reconstructing silenced biographical issues through feeling-facts.

The undiscussible within daily discourse can have intentional and unintentional forms. The first occurs when someone intentionally gears the discourse so that it will not reveal certain facts which have happened (such as being an abused child, or a perpetrator during the Holocaust). We assume that even if they were difficult to reconstruct as part of one's biography, these facts could be verified externally (not only through the feelings of the victim). In the first part of the paper, we analyze the paradoxical nature of such discourse, and show how difficult it is to work through intentional undiscussibility. In the second part, we discuss what happens when the undiscussible facts can not be verified, meaning that there is doubt if events have taken place. By presenting a case study of a German woman who tried to construct a biography in face of certain undiscussibility in her family, we discuss the different social reactions evolving in such reconstruction of feeling-facts. We thereby hope to confront the psychoanalytic approach to narrative analysis with the constructivist hermeneutic one.

Adaptation, Psychological↗