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PubMedDate not supplied

[Differences in the blocking of the proventriculus in male and female Xenopsylla cheopis (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae)].

Frequency of block formation was studied in Xenopsylla cheopis infected with the triptophan-dependent and the typical strains of Yersinia pestis from the Mountain-Altai natural plague focus. It was shown that the rate of blocked males in comparison with that of females was statistically higher. In experiments with the triptophan-dependent strain the frequency of blocking in males was 40.9% and exceeded that in females at four times. The highest rate of blocked males was marked at 7-10th and that of females at 21st days. The tryptophan-dependent strain did not concede to the typical strain in the ability to form a proventricular block in fleas.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The role of fleas (Siphonaptera) in the epizootiology of plague].

This review concerns the role of the fleas in survival and spread of the plague, their influence on the seasonal dynamics of the epizootics, and infection rates of these insects in different natural foci. The critical evaluation is given to the data which are used to calculate the flea transmission probability for mathematical simulation of plague epizootics.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

The effects of flea egg consumption on larval cat flea (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae) development.

Cat flea larvae feeding on the feces of adult fleas that were maintained on cats and were provided with frozen flea eggs ad libitum each consumed an average of 21.7 +/- 3.9 eggs and developed rapidly with 100% adult emergence. In contrast, 93.4% of larvae held individually and provided with only flea feces did not survive to the adult stage. Developing larvae consumed eggs in the presence of yeast and rearing diet. In a second experiment, larvae provided with flea feces and eggs and maintained at 55% RH consumed 26.9 +/- 2.7 eggs per larva, compared to larvae maintained at 75% RH that consumed 20.4 +/- 1.9 eggs per larva.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The longevity of Leptopsylla segnis fleas (Siphonaptera: Leptopsyllidae)].

In experiments, the mean life duration of fleas Leptopsylla segnis on white mice (abundance of fleas within natural limits, up to 10 fleas per mouse) was 22.7 days in females and 18.8 day in males. Maximum life duration was 51 and 37 days respectively. In cases, when the initial numbers of fleas were 20 and 28-34 fleas, the duration of life was decreased. The maximum limit decreased greater than the mean duration of life. A survival dynamics of fleas depended upon the flea number. It was found out, that in cases of high abundance of fleas in the beginning of experiments, the mortality rate of males was lower than in females. During the stay on a host the fleas lost gradually an ability to endure a starvation. Possible mechanisms of the regulation of flea abundance are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

A taxonomic review of the North American genus Orchopeas Jordan, 1933 (Siphonaptera: Ceratophyllidae: Ceratophyllinae).

The 20 named taxa assigned to the North American flea genus Orchopeas Jordan, 1933 are reviewed. Four of these are treated as junior synonyms and the fifth as a nomen dubium. These are: Orchopeas sexdentatus firemani Hubbard, 1955 = Orchopeas schisintus (Jordan, 1929); Orchopeas schisintus nevadensis (Jordan, 1929) = Orchopeas schisintus agilis (Rothschild, 1905); Orchopeas howardi bolivari Barrera, 1955 = Orchopeas howardi (Baker, 1895); Orchopeas howardi texensis Eads, 1950 = Orchopeas fulleri Traub, 1950 and Orchopeas labiatus (nomen dubium). Six taxa originally assigned as subspecies of Orchopeas sexdentatus are elevated to the rank of full species and distribution and host preferences of all 15 species are discussed. Illustrations of the diagnostic features of all the species are provided.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

A review of the North American Catallagia Rothschild, 1915, with the description of a new species (Siphonaptera: Ctenophthalmidae: Neopsyllinae: Phalacropsyllini).

Catallagia duffneri Lewis and Haas is described from the Pinaleno Mountains of southeastern Arizona. The 15 known North American members of the genus are illustrated, a key to them is included and the individual species are discussed with respect to their taxonomic characters, host preferences and geographic distribution.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Peculiarities of thoracic and abdominal combs of fleas (Siphonaptera)].

The structure of pseudosetae, spinelets, and spines of combs (ctenidia) was studied by means of light and SE microscopy in 80% of genera and subgenera of the World fauna. It is found out that peculiarities of ctenidiae in the prothorax and in tergites of the abdomen are characteristics of families and infraorders of fleas. Some characters of ctenidiae found in certain flea genera are reductions and apparently caused by habitation in some extremal conditions. An absence of ctenidiae in the unfraorder Pulicomorpha is compensated by more developed posterior margin of prothorax and general abbreviation of all thoracal segments. Reasons of ctenidiae absence, which is observed in certain genera of the infraorders Ceratophyllomorpha, Pygiopsyllomorpha and Hystricopsillomorpha associated with the same hosts, is not clear. It is confirmed, that distance between ctenidiae in different flea species associated with the same species host species, however it is recovered, that this distance correlates with the diameter of most thin hair of host. In some flea species the distance between ctenidia spices in females is larger, than in males. It is found, that sexual dimorphism by this character may not be expressed in certain species of closely related species group of fleas. It is suggested that ctenidiae were present even in the common ancestor of fleas. The hypothesis on origin of spines and pseudosetae from setae of the posterior walls of toracal and abdominal segments in the common ancestor of fleas is proposed.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

A taxonomic review of the Ceratophyllus Curtis, 1832 of North America (Siphonaptera: Ceratophyllidae: Ceratophyllinae).

The 22 North American taxa assigned to the flea genus Ceratophyllus Curtis, 1832, are reviewed. All are parasites of birds and include 17 species in the nominate subgenus, 3 in Emmareus and 2 in Celeophilus. Keys to the subgenera are provided, distinguishing characters of the individual species are discussed and illustrated and the various aspects of distribution and host preferences are cited.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

The effect of behavioural interactions on the transfer of fleas (Siphonaptera) between two rodent species.

The transfer of fleas between the house mouse, Mus musculus, and the midday jird, Meriones meridianus, through social contacts was studied by performing interspecific dyadic encounters on a neutral arena. M. meridianus and M. musculus exchanged parasites through social contacts. The intensity of this exchange was higher between mice and adult male and young jirds than between mice and adult female jirds. The pattern of behavioural interactions was the main determinant of the intensity of flea exchange. Adult female jirds were highly aggressive towards mice. In contrast, interactions between male and young jirds and mice were mainly cohesive and resulted in higher frequency of flea transfer. The proportion of fleas transferred was positively correlated with the number and cumulative duration of tactile contacts between opponents in dyads.

Aggression↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Aging and changes in fecundity of the flea Leptopsylla segnis (Siphonaptera: Leptopsyllidae)].

In experiment, the mean diurnal fecundity of Leptopsylla segnis females increased during the first five days since the beginning of feeding on white mice and reached the maximum in the second five-day period (15.7-16.7 eggs per 1 female during a day). In subsequent period of stay on a host, an activity of egg laying gradually decreased. In flea females, which had lived on hosts for 40 days and more this index was 3.7 eggs. During the mean life longevity (23 days), the flea females lay about 260 eggs; the females, which have lived more than 40 days, produce above 400 eggs.

Aging↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Feeding and reproduction of XX Ctenophthalus wagneri Tifl., 1928 (Ctenophthalmidae, Siphonaptera) in experiments].

Under laboratory conditions at 20 to 21 degrees C young imagos of C. wagneri proceed quickly to feeding and reproduction. They suck blood about three times a day and females oviposit three times, each laying consisting of three eggs. When placed in a refrigirator at 2 to 5 degrees some young individuals lay eggs, while others do not start oviposition up to 5 months (observation period). Fleas, which already laid eggs under laboratory conditions, being transferred into a refrigirator decrease the degree of their attachment to the host and feeding frequency (up to one time a day). Oogenesis of females is inhibited and most of them cease egg laying.

Feeding Behavior↗
PubMed2002

The effects of diet upon pupal development and cocoon formation by the cat flea (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae).

Cocoon formation by cat flea larvae was directly related to the quantity of eggs or yeast consumed. Larvae consuming either 1-3 eggs or 0.25-1.0 mg of yeast developed as naked pupae or formed incomplete cocoons. Third instar cat flea larvae fed upon naked pupae and pupae within partial cocoons, but complete cocoons protected pupae from cannibalism. First and second instars did not attack pupae. When larvae were provided with a carpet fiber for protection, a greater number of fleas successfully developed to the adult stage.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Time of survival under starvation in two flea species (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae) at different air temperatures and relative humidities.

We studied the effect of air temperature and RH on the survival time of adult Xenopsylla conformis Wagner, 1903 and Xenopsylla ramesis Rothschild, 1904 fleas during starvation to explain the paratopic habitat distribution of these species on opposite ends of a precipitation and temperature gradient in the Negev Highlands, Israel. We hypothesized that the pattern of distribution of the two flea species is caused by differential microclimatic preferences of imagoes and predicted that (1) the resistance to starvation would differ between the two flea species at different air temperatures (10 degrees C - 38 degrees C) and relative humidities (RH) (40%-92%) and (2) survival time of starving X conformis would be longer than that of starving X ramesis at high air temperatures and low RHs. Survival time of newly emerged X conformis was dependent on air temperature but not on RH, whereas in newly emerged X ramesis it was affected by both air temperature and RH. Generally, survival time of newly emerged fleas was longer at lower air temperatures and higher humidities than at higher air temperatures and lower humidities. No significant difference in survival time between species in dependence on either air temperature or RH were found for newly emerged fleas. Fed fleas of both species responded similarly to changes in air temperature and RH in terms of survival time. Survival time at lower temperatures was longer than that at higher temperatures. Females survived longer than males at all air temperatures except for the highest temperature when the survival time of both sexes was similarly low. In both species, the effect of RH on survival time was significant at the highest RH only, with a decrease in survival time at 92% RH. In contrast, survival times at lower RHs did not differ. Males of both species survived for less time than females at all RHs. X conformis generally survived for less time than X ramesis, all else being equal. The only regime at which X conformis survived longer than X. ramesis was 38 degrees C and 40% RH. Newly emerged fleas survived for significantly longer time than fed fleas.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Life expectancy of Ctenophthalmus wladimiri Is.-Gurv., 1948 (Siphonaptera, Ctenophthalmidae) under laboratory conditions].

Laboratory studies have shown that at 75% humidity fleas, Ct. wladimiri, are less viable than at 100% humidity. At 100% humidity at a temperature from 0 to 10 degrees and without feeding newly born imagos survived up to 363 days, at a higher temperature from 18 to 30 degrees-from 44 to 163 days. At a temperature from 7 to 10 degrees imagos, which fed one time, lived up to 355 days and at 0 to 2 degrees-up to 287 days. Maximum life duration (1133 days) for periodically feeding fleas was at 100% humidity at a temperature from 7 to 10 degrees. Under such conditions 50% of fleas survived up to 114 days. Hungry but previously "prepared" for winter fleas lived at a temperature from 0 to 2 degrees not more than 376 days.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Feeding behavior and reproduction of Stenophthalmus wagneri Tifl., 1928 (Stenophthalmidae, Siphonaptera) under experimental conditions].

Under laboratory conditions at 20 to 21 degrees C young imagos of C. wagneri proceed quickly to feeding and reproduction. They suck blood about three times a day and females oviposit three times, each laying consisting of three eggs. When placed in a refrigirator at 2 to 5 degrees some young individuals lay eggs, while others do not start oviposition up to 5 months (observation period). Fleas, which already laid eggs under laboratory conditions, being transferred into a refrigerator decrease the degree of their attachment to the host and feeding frequency (up to one time a day). Oogenesis of females is inhibited and most of them cease egg laying.

Age Factors↗