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At least 307 records · Page 17Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

A feasibility study on the use of direct light silver stain compared with dark field microscopy for differential counting of subgingival plaque.

The purpose of the present study was to compare direct light microscopy using a silver stain, with dark field microscopy for differential counting of subgingival plaque samples from patients with periodontitis. The feasibility of using the staining method was assessed on subgingival plaque samples which were collected at 34 sites from patients with untreated adult periodontitis. Differential counts of plaque morphotypes assessed by both methods showed close agreement. The proportions of spirochaetes assessed by both methods were significantly associated with probing depth. The silver stain proved a simple, rapid and inexpensive method for differential counting of plaque composition. This method is suitable for possible use in general dental practice where smears could be made at the chair-side and allowed to dry ready for staining and counting at the dentist's convenience using a simple light microscope. A permanent record is also produced which could allow for comparison of samples from before and after treatment and could be used as an aid to patient motivation in suitable cases.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Silver-staining specificity in metaphases after incorporation of 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BUDR).

Silver staining is reported to be reduced in chromatin substituted by BUDR. This quenching effect allows for the demonstration of replication patterns and differential chromatid staining. Though the differentiation, as compared to other staining techniques, is of inferior quality, it is of theoretical importance concerning the effect of BUDR incorporation into chromatin.

Bromodeoxyuridine↗
PubMed1997

[A morphometric study of the silver-stained nucleoli in mononuclear and binuclear rat hepatocytes].

Investigation of silver-stained nucleoli has been made in mono- and binuclear rat hepatocytes of different ploidy. Morphometric parameters of nucleoli and cell ploidy (after silver removing and Feulgen staining) were measured by image analyzer "Videotest". It has been shown that the total area and total volume of nucleoli correlate with cell ploidy, but the found dependence deviates from the proportional one. Possible reasons of such a deviation have been discussed. Marked correlation of total area or total volume of nucleoli was detected between pairs of nuclei of binuclear hepatocytes, whereas between accidental pairs of mononuclear hepatocytes such correlation is practically lacking.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

In situ hybridization technique using an immunogold silver staining system.

An in situ hybridization technique using an immunogold silver staining detection system was used to detect biotinylated DNA probes in cultured cells and in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue. The detection method is rapid, reliable and economical, producing an insoluble signal at the site of hybridization which is visible at low-power light microscopy and which can be enhanced by epipolarization microscopy.

Cell Line↗
PubMed1982

The number of nucleolar silver-stained granules of active nucleolus organizer regions in mitotic and interphase cells of rat Yoshida and Zajdela ascitic tumors.

To provide more information on the number of silver-stained granules (SSGs) of active mitotic nucleolus organizer regions (NORs) as well as interphase nucleoli, rat Yoshida ascitic sarcoma and Zajdela ascitic hepatoma cells were studied by means of standardized one-step and two-step silver-staining procedures. The number of SSGs of mitotic active NORs was relatively constant and corresponded to the number of active NORs of animals bearing the tumors investigated. Some anaphases and telophases were "asymmetric", i.e. chromosomal figures (future nuclei) in one and the same cell contained different number of SSGs (active NORs). The incidence of such asymetric anaphases and telophases was higher in aneuploid (hypoploid) Zajdela hepatoma than in euploid (diploid) Yoshida sarcoma cells. In the interphase, the number of SSGs was low in small or large cells with distinct chromocenters or chromosomes condensation presumably representing postmitotic and premitotic cells. In contrast, the highest number of SSGs was noted in nucleoli of large cells which were usually characterized by a fine chromatin structure.

Aneuploidy↗
PubMed1989

Structural features of Borrelia burgdorferi--the Lyme disease spirochete: silver staining for nucleic acids.

Borrelia burgdorferi--the Lyme disease spirochete--was grown in modified Kelly medium and characterized by transmission and by scanning electron microscopy. Using silver staining procedures which preferentially bind to nuclear components of eukaryotic cells, signal could be detected by backscattered electron imaging throughout the length of the prokaryotic spirochete. Interestingly, however, the highest levels of backscattered signal were observed in naturally elaborated membrane blebs that were visible attached to cell surfaces and free in the medium. These membrane vesicles could be enriched by filtration through nitrocellulose or Anopore membranes and by differential centrifugation. The possibility of contaminating cellular DNA coating the membrane vesicles was ruled out by exhaustive digestion with pancreatic DNAse I. Intact DNA was demonstrated both by lysing blebs directly on the surface of microscope grids and by extracting molecules from purified bleb preparation with detergents and solvents. Both linear and circular DNA molecules could be identified in purified membrane blebs. A simple, one-step, alternative silver staining procedure is described which appears to effectively label the protein-nucleic acid complexes contained in the membrane vesicles of the human pathogen B. burgdorferi, and may provide an important method to track and to define the biological function of these structures.

Borrelia burgdorferi↗
PubMed1997

Silver staining nucleolar organiser region (AgNOR) study in melanocytic skin tumours.

Silver staining nucleolar organiser regions (AgNORs) were studied in 35 cases of melanocytic skin tumours. In the 23 cases of benign melanocytic naevi AgNORs per nucleus were between 1.06 and 3.43 with a mean of 2.05. In the 12 cases of malignant melanoma the AgNORs ranged from 4.26 to 10.66 (mean 7.43). Since statistically significant difference in AgNOR counts between benign and malignant melanocytic skin tumours was noted, this technique may serve as a useful adjunct to routine histopathology.

Diagnosis, Differential↗
PubMed1981

The length of silver-stained human autosomal pachytene chromosomes.

The length of 44 silver-stained human autosomal pachytene complements was shown to vary from about 300 micrometer to at least 535 micrometer. The lengths of the individual 22 autosomal chromosomes of eight complements representing this interval was measured and the relative lengths calculated. For most of the chromosomes a 1:1 relationship was found between the relative length and the corresponding relative DNA content (Mendelsohn et al. 1973). For some of the chromosomes this ratio seemed to deviate systematically from the 1:1 ratio. The data indicate a different organization of certain stages of the meiotic and the mitotic chromosome (Bak et al. 1979).

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Silver staining of the postacrosomal sheath during human spermiogenesis.

Applying the silver staining technique, it could be shown that in the early phase of spermiogenesis a layer of argyrophilic material accumulated at the base of the acrosomal vesicle and at the outer side of the nuclear envelope opposite that region, and, later, at the inner side of the plasma membrane near the base of the acrosomal vesicle. During further development of the postacrosomal region of the spermatozoon head, the argyrophilic material associated with the plasmalemma grew caudally to form the postacrosomal dense lamina, while the argyrophilic material associated with the nuclear envelope, staying the same size, shifted to the caudal end of the postacrosomal dense lamina to form the post-nuclear band.

Humans↗
PubMed1997

Interphase ribosomal RNA cistron silver staining in refractory anaemias with and without excess blasts.

AIM: To evaluate the haemopoietic function of bone marrow blood forming cells in human myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) by silver staining of nucleolar organiser regions (AgNORs). METHODS: Nucleoli were investigated in bone marrow blast cells and in erythroid, granulocytic, and megakaryocytic cells from 12 haematologically healthy subjects, and from 26 patients with MDS, including 14 with refractory anaemia (RA), nine with RA with excess blasts (RAEB), and three with RAEB in transformation (RAEB-t). The investigation was performed before treatment using a one step silver staining method. In each case 50 to 100 blasts, promyelocytes, myelocytes, immature (pronormoblastic and basophilic normoblastic) and mature (polychromatic normoblastic) erythroid elements, and megakaryocytes were evaluated for the mean numbers of nucleoli and AgNORs per nucleus. Student's t test was used to compare the patient and control groups. Other statistical analyses were carried out by the computer assisted "HEMA" system. RESULTS: Compared with controls, the number of AgNORs in blasts, promyelocytes, immature erythroid elements, and megakaryocytes was decreased, whereas in myelocytes and polychromatic normoblasts it was similar. There was also a difference in the AgNOR scores in blood forming cells from patients with RAEB/ RAEB-t v RA. CONCLUSIONS: The loss of AgNOR sites in cellular series in MDS may result from the decrease of their proliferative potential with disease progression, intrinsic defects in maturation, and extensive apoptosis.

Anemia, Refractory↗
PubMed2003

Immunoassay using probe-labelling immunogold nanoparticles with silver staining enhancement via surface-enhanced Raman scattering.

This paper reports a novel immunoassay based on surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and immunogold labelling with silver staining enhancement. Immunoreactions between immunogold colloids modified by a Raman-active probe molecule (e.g., 4-mercaptobenzoic acid) and antigens, which were captured by antibody-assembled chips such as silicon or quartz, were detected via SERS signals of Raman-active probe molecule. All the self-assembled steps were subjected to the measurements of ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectra to monitor the formation of a sandwich structure onto a substrate. The immunoassay was performed by a sandwich structure consisting of three layers. The first layer was composed of immobilized antibody molecules of mouse polyclonal antibody against Hepatitis B virus surface antigen (PAb) on a silicon or quartz substrate. The second layer was the complementary Hepatitis B virus surface antigen (Antigen) molecules captured by PAb on the substrate. The third layer was composed of the probe-labelling immunogold nanoparticles, which were modified by mouse monoclonal antibody against Hepatitis B virus surface antigen (MAb) and 4-mercaptobenzoic acid (MBA) as the Raman-active probe on the surface of gold colloids. After silver staining enhancement, the antigen is identified by a SERS spectrum of MBA. A working curve of the intensity of a SERS signal at 1585 cm(-1) due to the [small nu](8a) aromatic ring vibration of MBA versus the concentration of analyte (Antigen) was obtained and the non-optimized detection limit for the Hepatitis B virus surface antigen was found to be as low as 0.5 [micro sign]g mL(-1).

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Prognostic utility of silver stained nucleolar organiser region counting in non Hodgkin's lymphoma.

Silver stained Nucleolar Organiser Region (AgNOR) counting is a well established method of estimating the proliferative activity of a tumour. Their utility in prognostication in Non Hodgkin's Lymphoma (NHL) has not been fully investigated. We analysed hundred cases of NHL, all of which had a minimum of two and a half years of follow up, using histology by International Working Formulation (IWF) and their AgNOR scores. We found the IWF grading to have a good correlation with the outcome. The two and a half year survival for low grade NHL was 90 percent, for intermediate grade NHL was 47 percent and for high grade NHL was 30 percent. AgNOR scores correlated well with IWF grading and classification, with average AgNOR score of 1.82 (SD 0.34) in low grade NHL; 4.47 (SD 2.25) in intermediate grade NHL and 7.07 (SD 4.40) in high grade NHL. Over histology, AgNOR counting yielded additional prognostic information only in the diffuse small cleaved cell NHL (DSC), where finely dispersed NORs were seen. Of the 22 case of DSC included, 11 cases with AgNOR scores less than three had a much better outcome with 75 percent survival at two and a half years. Cases of DSC with AgNOR scores greater than three had a significantly worse outcome with only 25 percent survival at two and a half years (p=0.0103). Such sub-stratification could not be done in any other catergory of NHL using AgNOR scores. Thus, counting of AgNORs in lymphomas with finely dispersed NORs as in DSC is of prognostic value.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Immunodetection of Pneumocystis carinii in bronchoalveolar lavage specimens compared with methenamine silver stain.

Immunodetection of Pneumocystis carinii, based on immunofluorescence and use of a monoclonal antibody specific for an antigen located within the cyst wall and detectable after trypsin digestion only, was compared with a methenamine silver stain in 553 bronchoalveolar lavage specimens from immunosuppressed patients. P. carinii was found by immunofluorescence in 72 (86%) and by silver stain in 68 (81%) of the total of 84 positive samples detected by either or both of these methods.

Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid↗
PubMed1986

A silver stain for the rapid quantitative detection of proteins or nucleic acids on membranes or thin layer plates.

A relatively simple silver stain which takes less than 15 min to perform has been developed for the detection of nanogram quantities of proteins and DNA on cellulose membranes and thin layer plates. This stain demonstrates a reproducible curvilinear relationship between silver density and the amount of protein or DNA, over an averaged concentration range from 1 to 300 ng for proteins and 10 to 710 ng for DNA. The ease of staining proteins and DNA on membranes, combined with the stain's sensitivity and reproducibility, permits the use of this procedure for the quantitative determination of nanogram amounts of proteins and DNA. The simplicity of this silver stain has also permitted a survey of the staining properties of individual amino acids, purine and pyrimidine bases, nucleosides, nucleotides, homopolymers, and small peptides of known sequence. This survey demonstrated the importance of the basic amino acids, particularly lysine and histidine, and the sulfur-containing amino acids in the detection of proteins. It also indicated that the purine bases may play an important role in the detection of DNA.

Chromatography, Thin Layer↗
PubMed1993

Demonstration of lipopolysaccharide with O-polysaccharide chains among different heat-stable serotypes of Campylobacter jejuni by silver staining of polyacrylamide gels.

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from three human and four monkey isolates of Campylobacter jejuni was extracted in high yields that revealed ladder-like structures in polyacrylamide gels by direct silver staining. These observations demonstrate that C. jejuni possesses LPS with O-chain repeating units typical of the family Enterobacteriaceae. The isolates showed differences in the number and electrophoretic mobility of bands in silver-stained gels.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Consecutive radiofluorography and silver staining of two-dimensional gel electrophoretograms: application in determining the biosynthesis of serum and tissue proteins.

The methodology for conventional radiofluorography of two-dimensional gels, followed by rehydration of the gel and subsequent silver staining, is described. The image obtained by radiofluorography is referred to as biosynthetic image, and the image obtained by silver staining as constitutive image. Since the two images are already in close register (the same gel), reliable identification of polypeptides by the two different assays is possible, and the comparison provides valuable information on the catabolism of each entity. The utility of this procedure is illustrated in experiments involving a labeling with L-[35S]methionine of an entire mouse. Both serum and tissue samples were analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis with the aim of determining several categories of polypeptides in terms of their biosynthetic rates and their composition.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

The number of silver-staining NORs (rDNA) in lymphocytes of newborns and its relationship to human development.

The number of silver-staining NORs (rDNA)/cell and their pattern of distribution were studied in phytohaemagglutinin-stimulated blood lymphocyte chromosomes of different age group individuals starting from newborns to old age (0-75 years) in order to investigate if the number of Ag-NORs or rDNA genes varies during development in humans. The results indicate presence of a relatively high modal number of NORs in newborns and infants (9.00 and 8.00/cell, respectively) and a significantly reduced number in old individuals (6.00/cell) as compared to that of normal adults (7.00/cell). These data are complimentary as well as comparable to the previous findings of Denton et al. (Mech. Ageing Dev., 15 (1981) (1-7). It is suggested that at young age due to an obvious enhanced growth and differentiation more gene sites may be transcriptionally active showing higher number of silver-stained NORs but as the development proceeds and the age advances many of these may be gradually repressed or inactivated.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Electrophoretic analysis of heterogeneous lipopolysaccharides from various strains of Vibrio vulnificus biotypes 1 and 2 by silver staining and immunoblotting.

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of 11 strains of Vibrio vulnificus biotypes 1 and 2, isolated from an eel farm, and of 10 reference strains, were examined by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis coupled with silver staining and immunoblotting. LPS samples were obtained from whole-cell lysates, outer membrane fragments, and extracellular products. By silver staining, only a diffuse band of low-molecular weight could be visualized in all cases except for a biotype 1 strain isolated from water. However, immunoblotting with antisera obtained against strains of biotypes 1 and 2 from eels allowed visualization of multiple O-polysaccharide chains. All biotype 2 strains, independently of their origins, belonged to the same serotype and presented the same LPS profile, whereas eel isolates of biotype 1 were serologically identical and different from the rest of tested strains of biotype 1. This is the first report of LPSs with a ladder-like structure in Vibrio vulnificus.

Agglutination Tests↗