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PubMed1992

[Is feeding of green silage in areas with hog cholera in wild boar a danger for domestic swine herds? Experimental study].

In an experimental study we tested the survival of hog cholera virus (HCV) contained in pieces of muscular tissue and organs from experimentally infected swine after incubation in silage. In big (diameter greater than 20 cm) muscular pieces HCV survived even in excellent mineral acid silage (pH 3.8-4.0) after a storage of 5 months. On the other hand in smaller parts (musculature tissue, organs less than 20 cm diameter) we never found virulent HCV after 3 months of incubation. Independent of the size of the tested organs we did not find any virulent HCV in silage with pH 5.2 after 3 months. The results of our investigations show, that the feeding of green silage in areas with hog cholera among wild boar is a potential risk for the domestic swine population. In conclusion we propose to feed green silage to unvaccinated pigs in such areas only after a storage of 9 month.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

[Evaluation of fish silage prepared by microbiological route as a proteinic supplement in diets for fattening chickens].

A bioassay in broilers was carried out during a six-week period, to evaluate, as a protein source, the quality of fish silage produced by microbiological means and to compare it with that of fish flour and soybean flour. A total of 28 broilers of the Cross by Cross strain were used, sexed and assigned at random. Additionally, the fish silage was subjected to moisture (8.1%), ash (18.4%), protein (59.5%), fat (7.55%), carbohydrates (6.47%), and pH (4.2) determinations for its inclusion in the diets formulation. The results obtained did not permit establishment of significant differences between the weight increments presented by chicks fed with fish flour, and those fed with fish silage. Nevertheless, the food conversion index of the chicks consuming the diet prepared with fish silage proved to be better that the conversion index of the diet prepared with fish and soy flours. No lesions in the organs of the animals studied were observed, and the sensory trials indicated that chicks fed with the fish silage did not present differences with those commercially acquired.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1990

[Fish silage from shrimp by catch fish: I. Preparation and biological evaluation].

Fish silage was prepared from some fish species of the shrimp by-catch caught in Golfo Triste, Carabobo, Venezuela. Fish were ground until a particle size that would guarantee the liquefaction process was achieved. The process was accelerated by the incorporation of a 3.5% w/w acid mixture, formed by diluted sulfuric acid (1:3) and concentrated formic acid, in a proportion of 1:4. The silage process occurred spontaneously at room temperature during 17 days. Chemical, physical and microbiological tests were conducted in order to characterize both the raw material and the final product. The raw material used had adequate levels of freshness, so that it was suitable for use, thus producing a first-grade silage. A first biological evaluation was carried out in rats in order to estimate the protein quality of the silage by means of certain biological parameters such as PER, NPR and apparent digestibility percentage of the protein. The results of the first experimental period demonstrated that the fish silage protein was of optimal quality, since the biological response in rats was similar to that of the control group fed the casein diet.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed1986

[Silage of huizache (Acacia farnesiana, L. Willdt) as a potential resource in the feeding of goats].

Acacia farnesiana, L. Willd (huizache) is a leguminous plant that, because of its abundance, represents a forage resource for ruminant animals which up to this moment has not been effectively utilized. Bearing this fact in mind, the present research was focussed on investigating the silage method efficiency for conservation and improvement of its nutritive value. Considering the high protein content and low carbohydrate availability which characterize legumes in general, the following chemical additives were submitted to trial: formaldehyde, sodium hydroxide and ammonium hydroxide (3 ml/100 g dry matter); another variable was also introduced: the addition or lack of addition of molasses to the different treatments, both of the silaged and not ensiled forage. The resulting silages were then submitted to proximate chemical analysis, determination of neutral detergent fiber, pH, ammonium, and acetic, propionic, butyric and lactic acids. The dry matter disappearance percentage in situ, as well as nitrogen protein, cell walls and cellular matter contents were also calculated. For the dry matter disappearance trials, four female goats with permanent ruminal fistulas were distributed in four 4 X 4 latin squares. Findings revealed that the high dry matter content of the ensiled forage (73.6%) markedly restricted fermentation. Nevertheless, the silage proved to be of good quality; as expected, a high lactic acid concentration was detected in silages to which molasses were added. In regard to the dry matter disappearance percentage and nitrogen protein, no differences of statistical importance were found among treatments. However, significant results were obtained in regard to disappearance of cell walls and cellular contents. It was concluded that no chemical additives are required to ensile huizache, as the plant by itself makes a good quality forage.

Acacia↗
PubMed1986

[Processing and evaluation of fish silage from accompanying fauna of shrimps].

Fish silage for animal feed was produced from a mixture of several fish species belonging to the shrimp by catch. All of them were ground and mixed with formic and sulfuric acids, 3.5% w/w at 1:2; 1:3 and 1:4, respectively, and stored at room temperature for 15 days, to complete liquefaction. The pH, exuded liquid, consistency, soluble nitrogen, total volatile bases, trimethylamine, lipid oxidation by thiobarbituric acid test and microbial count were measured during the 60 days of the storage period. Fish silage was dried and used for biological tests in chicken fed a diet with 6% of silage as a substitute of fish meal. Results of proximal analysis, amino acid profile and mineral content, as well as of the biological test with the dried product, indicated the feasibility of using fish silage as a substitute of traditional fish meal for the chicks included in the trial. This fact, coupled to its simple processing technology, make fish silage adequate for utilization as animal feed.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1982

Evidence of a thiamine deficiency in sheep fed maize silage.

Two groups of Merino sheep (with or without rumen fistulae) were used to study the effect of feeding maize-silage (compared to hay) on: thiamine concentrations in rumen fluid, tissues and organ; blood transketolase activity; microbial fermentation in the rumen. After sheep were transferred from a hay diet to maize-silage, thiamine concentrations in ruminal fluid fell to about 25% of control values on hay. Thiamine levels greatly decreased in kidney, heart, liver, rumen tissue and large intestine. Blood transketolase and TPP effect significantly decreased (P less than 0.01). Ruminal ammonia nitrogen and total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations were not affected by the two diets. However, both butyric acid and isovaleric acid were significantly higher (P less than 0.001) in rumen fluid of sheep fed maize-silage. No significant differences were detected between diets for ruminal thiaminase activity regardless of the time of sampling. Relationships between butyric fermentation, thiaminase activity in maize-silage diet and a possible role of Clostridium are discussed. It was concluded that there is a marked thiamine deficiency in sheep fed maize-silage; the factors involved need further study.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1995

Some effects of feeding pasture silage as a supplement to pasture on reproductive performance in lactating dairy cows.

Supplementation of a ryegrass/white clover pasture diet with pasture silage is a common management practice in New Zealand dairy herds. The effect of this supplementation on reproductive performance has not been investigated. Five herds of 20 cows were formed before calving commenced on 1 June 1992. From 5 August to 4 September, two of these herds were fed 5 kg/cow/day of pasture silage in addition to the ryegrass/white clover pasture offered to all herds. Pasture silage supplementation did not alter the intervals from calving to first ovulation, first oestrus, or to conception. However, it reduced the first service conception rate (37.5% v. 53.3%; difference +/- sed = 15.8 +/- 10.0%, for pasture and silage and pasture only cows, respectively). A positive effect on reproductive performance of pasture silage supplementation was not demonstrated in this trial.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1963

Gnotobiotic Silage.

Selected strains of lactic acid bacteria isolated from grass silage were found to flourish when inoculated into irradiation-sterilized forage under gnotobiotic conditions. The acid content and pH of these silages resembled naturally fermented silage. Inoculation of gnotobiotic silage with Clostridium sporogenes and C. tyrobutyricum failed to cause any noticeable deterioration of silage quality.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1986

The effects of corn silage dry matter content and sodium bicarbonate addition on nutrient digestion and growth by lambs and calves.

One lamb and three calf trials were conducted to determine if interactions existed between the effects of dry matter (DM) content of corn silage at harvest and sodium bicarbonate supplementation on diet digestibility, nitrogen balance, rate and site of digestion and feedlot performance. Corn plants were harvested from the same field when DM content was approximately 31% (early; E) or 44% (late; L). Sodium bicarbonate (1.2% of DM intake) was added in a completely mixed ration. When lambs were offered diets ad libitum, (trial 1), intakes were greater (P less than .05) for L-silage diets, but apparent digestibilities were similar. Nitrogen balance was greater for sodium bicarbonate-supplemented diets, and was a reflection of greater (P less than .10) DM intakes for these diets. At similar diet DM intakes, N balance was greater for L-silage diets, with no effects measured due to sodium bicarbonate addition. When growing, abomasally cannulated heifers (trial 2) were offered diets 12 times per day, a significant interaction among treatments was measured for total tract and acid detergent fiber (ADF) digestion. Adding bicarbonate to the E-silage diet increased (P less than .05) digestion by 9.1 percentage units (66.4 vs 75.5%) but decreased digestibility of the L-silage diet by 4.2 percentage units (73 vs 68.8%). Grams of ADF apparently digested in the rumen followed the same pattern as for total tract digestion. In trial 3, ruminal rates of liquid and particulate passage and in situ rats of NDF digestion were determined using four rumen-cannulated heifers calves.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1988

In vivo digestibility of corn and sunflower intercropped as a silage crop.

Six nonlactating Holstein cows in a 3 x 3 Latin square total collection digestion trial were used to evaluate three low DM (less than 26%) silage types: 1) corn; 2) corn and sunflower intercropped and 3) sunflower. Feeding periods consisted of a 7-d adjustment followed by a 5-d collection period. Dry matter intake was similar for the three treatments; 12.5, 12.1, and 12.0 kg, respectively. Percent apparent digestibilities for DM, NDF, and N for corn and corn-sunflower were similar and greater than for sunflower: DM (69.6, 68.2, 57.4); NDF (68.1, 61.5, 51.6); and N (66.3, 66.5, 63.6). No differences were observed for digestibilities of ADF, hemicellulose, starch, or for N retention. Percent ether extract digestibility was greatest for corn-sunflower and sunflower silage when compared with digestibility of corn silage (82.5, 77.9, vs. 66.3). Major changes in rumen fermentation patterns were not observed as evidenced by rumen molar proportions of propionate, isobutyrate, isovalerate, valerate, or acetate to propionate ratios. No difference was observed for rumen NH3 N (2.7, 3.2, 4.1 mg/dl, respectively). Corn and sunflower intercropped silage had intermediate concentrations of fat, fiber, and protein when compared with those of corn or sunflower silages.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1997

Comparison of maize and alfalfa silages on milk production, milk composition and blood components of dairy cows.

Twenty multiparous Friesian cows, 60 to 100 days postpartum, were allotted to two groups of 10 cows according to calving date, lactation number, and daily milk production and were assigned randomly to one of two diets in a crossover design experiment. The control diet (maize diet) was 55% maize silage (dry basis), 20% soybean meal, 22% ground maize, and 3% mineral and vitamin mix. The treatment diet (alfalfa diet) was 55% alfalfa silage, 10% soybean meal, 32% ground maize, and 3% mineral and vitamin mix. The two diets contained similar quantities of crude protein and metabolizable energy. The diets were offered individually as total mixed rations in two equal portions at 09:00 and 20:00 h in amounts to achieve ad libitum intake. The two groups of cows were allowed exercise in an open lot without shade from 11:00 to 16:30 h and 22:00 to 05:30 h. The cows were milked daily at 06:00 and 17:00 h. The dry matter, metabolizable energy and crude protein intakes, milk production, and milk fat, protein, lactose, total solids and solids not fat contents, as well as milk fat and protein yields and body condition score, were not significantly affected when maize silage was given to lactating cows, compared with that of cows given alfalfa silage. No differences were observed in blood serum concentrations of glucose, total protein, albumin, urea, triglycerides, cholesterol, Na, K, Ca, P and Mg between maize and alfalfa silages.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1984

The interaction between additives, yeast and patulin production in grass silage.

Both laboratory-prepared and sterile farm silage was found to support growth of Paecilomyces sp. and patulin production. The formation of patulin was affected by the levels of yeast present in the silage, and it was found that there was an inverse relationship between yeast population levels and patulin concentration. The commercial silage additive, "Sylade' had a greater lethal effect on yeast and fungi than "Add F', the latter allowing the formation of patulin by Paecilomyces sp. in the silage.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1989

Transfer of radiocaesium from grass and silage to cows' milk.

The transfer of Cs137 from grass and silage to milk has been followed in detail for one farm in West Cumbria over the year following the deposition from the Chernobyl reactor accident. At this farm about 40% of the Cs137 in milk was attributed to the feeding of silage during the following winter. A wider study of an additional 14 farms showed considerable variations in the contributions from grazing and silage. The transfer quotient from silage to milk was comparable with the values measured for grass over the first few weeks and lower than values reached later in the grazing season.

Accidents↗
PubMed1989

Transfer of Cs-137 from grass and wilted grass silage to milk of dairy cows.

Deposition of radiocaesium from the Chernobyl reactor accident on the Netherlands made it possible to collect contaminated fresh grass and first cut wilted grass silage. These contaminated roughages were used in transfer experiments with lactating dairy cows to determine transfer coefficients and half-lives for Cs-137 in milk. The experimental design was based on three consecutive periods: a preliminary period to determine the background concentration of the isotope in milk, a contamination period to determine the magnitude of accumulation and finally a depletion period to measure the rate at which the activity concentration of Cs-137 in milk declined after continuous feeding. The average transfer coefficient (Fmilk) for cows fed on contaminated dried grass under steady-state conditions was 0.002 d/kg and for cows fed on slightly contaminated second cut fresh grass 0.006 d/kg. The highest transfer coefficients were obtained for cows fed on contaminated grass silage for 119 days, which also included the dry period of about two months. For the first five days after calving the Fmilk values varied from 0.0066 to 0.0091 d/kg. There were no significant differences in transfer coefficients between cows in early lactation (third month of lactation), cows in late lactation (the last month of the lactation period) and cows fed on both contaminated grass silage and uncontaminated maize silage simultaneously. Half-life values for the rate of decline of the isotope in milk during the depletion period were estimated on the basis of a mathematical model with two exponential components. These components were characterized by half-lives of 0.5 to 3.5 days and 10 to 46 days.

Accidents↗
PubMed1992

Effects of intraruminal infusions of sodium acetate and sodium chloride on silage intake by lactating cows.

Lactating dairy cows prepared with rumen fistulas were fed on grass silage and concentrates and used in two experiments to compare the effects of sodium acetate and sodium chloride infused over 3 h into the rumen on the voluntary intake of silage. Silage intake was depressed in an approximately linear manner by increasing amounts (6-15 mol) of sodium acetate (NaOAc) and 15 mol NaCl had an effect similar to that of 12 mol NaOAc. Sodium in rumen fluid was significantly correlated with intake as was osmolality. 5.5, 7.4 or 9.1 mol of NaOAc significantly depressed silage intake, while 7.4 and 9.1 mol NaCl had significant effects. There were significant negative relationships between intake and the level of NaOAc or NaCl. It is concluded that the major effect of either salt was via the elevation of osmolality of rumen fluid and the relevance to normal control of feeding is discussed.

Acetates↗
PubMed2004

Dilute acid hydrolysis of presscakes from silage and grass to recover hemicellulose-derived sugars.

Grass and silage presscakes from various types of raw materials were hydrolyzed with dilute acid at moderate conditions to recover hemicellulose-derived sugars. Extracting the material with cold water prior to hydrolysis significantly increased the yield. The poor performance without extraction was due to the high buffer capacity of the material. The best results were obtained with extracted grass and silage from a permanent pasture and extracted clover/grass silage. The highest observed sugar yield was 16.43 g/100 g dry-matter, which represents approximately 25% of the available sugars and 60% of the hemicellulose fraction. Including the soluble sugar oligomers, the yields were even higher (up to 20 g/100 g dry-matter). A statistical experiment design with extracted clover/grass silage was performed to estimate the effects of temperature, time, and dry-matter concentration. Acid and dry-matter concentration had the highest effect on sugar yield, whereas temperature and acid concentration were mainly responsible for forming sugar degradation products. These findings agree with recent kinetic theories. Yields in this experiment were comparable to those of other lignocellulosic materials.

Carbohydrates↗
PubMed2003

Utilization of fermented silkworm pupae silage in feed for carps.

Fermented silkworm pupae (SWP) silage or untreated fresh SWP pastes were incorporated in carp feed formulations replacing fishmeal. The feed formulations were isonitrogenous (30.2-30.9% protein) and isocaloric (ME = 2905-2935 kcal/kg). Feeding under a polyculture system consisting of 30% each of catla (Catla catla), mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigala) and rohu (Labeo rohita) with 10% silver carps (Hypophthalmychthys molitrix) was carried out in ponds to evaluate the nutritive quality of SWP silage. Survival rate, feed conversion ratio and specific growth rate, respectively, were 84.2%, 2.10 and 2.39 for fermented SWP silage, 65.8%, 2.98 and 2.26 for untreated SWP and 67.5%, 3.16 and 2.20 for fishmeal indicating clearly that the fermented SWP silage was nutritionally superior to untreated SWP or fishmeal. The dietary influence on the proximate composition of whole fish was marginal.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

The effects of intraruminal infusions of urea on the voluntary intake and milk production of cows receiving grass silage diets.

Responses of dairy cows given silage diets to the intraruminal infusion of urea in progressively increasing doses were studied in four experiments, two with non-lactating cows and two with lactating cows. No clinical symptoms of NH3 toxicity were observed in any of the experiments. When urea was infused continuously, silage intake was depressed (P less than 0.05) when the total supply of N exceeded the equivalent of 250 g crude protein (CP)/kg DM in the total diet. However, when the urea load was administered twice daily, as opposed to continuously, intake depression (P less than 0.05) occurred at the equivalent of 170 g CP/kg DM. At the higher doses of urea, concentrations of NH3 in peripheral blood increased and were accompanied by increased concentrations of glucose and reduced levels of insulin in plasma. In general, responses of milk production followed those of silage intake but there was evidence of greater proportional reductions in the yield of lactose relative to that of fat and protein. It is concluded that the voluntary intake of high-protein silages may be depressed by factors associated with high rates of absorption of NH3 from the rumen.

Ammonia↗