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PubMed1994

Family practice residents' perspectives on Balint group training: in-depth interviews with frequent and infrequent attenders.

BACKGROUND: Balint groups are focused discussion groups that help students, residents, or physicians respond empathetically to their patients and recognize underlying psychosocial elements in patients' complaints. Approximately 40% to 60% of residents who start optional Balint group training show infrequent attendance. The primary objective of this study was to interview frequent and nonfrequent attenders to assess the value of Balint group training from the residents' perspective and to explain why many residents attend Balint group meetings infrequently or discontinue Balint training altogether. METHODS: Two methods were used to discern differences between frequent attenders and infrequent attenders: (1) evaluation of Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) data collected at the beginning of the residency program, and (2) semi-structured personal interviews with both frequent and infrequent attenders. RESULTS: MBTI data showed frequent attenders to have higher scores than infrequent attenders in the intuitive dimension. Interviews with Balint group attenders showed strong perception about the value of this training. The majority felt Balint training had improved their effectiveness as family physicians, specifically when dealing with troubling patients. Infrequent attenders mentioned scheduling problems and a variety of emotional/personality factors as reasons for not attending Balint seminars. Frequent attenders attributed nonattendance in others to lack of interest in the psychodynamics of the doctor-patient relationship and differences in personality type. CONCLUSION: Residents who participated in Balint groups perceive this training as helpful in understanding themselves in relationships with their patients. However, the study results suggest that many residents choose not to attend optional Balint group seminars because of emotional or personality variables, such as anxiety about self-disclosure and introversion. While Balint groups are a valuable component of a family practice residency program, it is likely that not all residents will be motivated or capable of deriving benefits from this teaching approach.

Anxiety↗
PubMed1980

Empathy levels of occupational therapy students.

Certain levels of empathy are vital to health professionals for understanding their patients. The Level I clinical practicum experienced by Ohio State University juniors did not have the anticipated impact upon their empathy scores, but a group process course, where it was possible to teach and evaluate empathy levels, might have positively affected the empathy levels of students.

Empathy↗
PubMed1980

Acute psychosis precipitated by encounter group experience.

Three female patients who suffered acute psychotic illness are described. All these patients became ill during or shortly after attendance at an encounter group run by a single organization. The leadership style of encounter groups run by this organization appears to have been confrontative and authoritarian. Previous studies of "encounter group casualties" suggest that this leadership style is associated with a high risk of psychological injury.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1976

Training medical students in interpersonal relationship skills.

A review of the literature on training medical students in interviewing skills reveals a neglect of experimentally controlled studies as well as methods based on the most thoroughly researched approach to training, the Rogerian "core facilitative qualities." This paper reports a description and experimental evaluation of a training method designed to increase the student's comfort in dealing with emotionally intense material and to increase his skills in the core facilitative qualities. Comparison of the experimental and control groups reveals a training effect on the student's ability to recognize and communicate empathic understanding and on attitude and personality variables.

Curriculum↗
PubMed2005

An encounter between psychology and religion: humanistic psychology and the Immaculate Heart of Mary nuns.

In the 1960s, humanistic psychology changed the relationship between psychology and religion by actively asserting the value of individual experience and self-expression. This was particularly evident in the encounter group movement. Beginning in 1967, Carl Rogers conducted a series of encounter groups, in order to promote "self-directed change in an educational system," for the Sisters of the Immaculate Heart of Mary, a religious order in California running an educational system. William Coulson, one of Rogers's associates in the project, later charged that the encounter groups undermined the religious order and played a major contributing part in the breakup of the order in 1970. The article examines these charges, situating the incident within the context of the changes occurring in religious life and in psychology in the 1960s. The article concludes that an already existing conflict the nuns had with the conservative Cardinal McIntyre of Los Angeles led to the departure of some 300 nuns from the order, who began the Immaculate Heart Community, an organization existing today. Nevertheless, encounter groups proved to be a psychological technology that helped to infuse a modern psychological--specifically, a humanistic psychological--perspective into contemporary religious life.

Female↗
PubMed1990

Characteristics of participants in a large group awareness training.

A study was conducted to assess the psychosocial characteristics of individuals who become involved in large group awareness training (LGAT) programs. Prospective participants in The Forum, which has been classified as an LGAT, were compared with nonparticipating peers and with available normative samples on measures of well-being, negative life events, social support, and philosophical orientation. Results revealed that prospective participants were significantly more distressed than peer and normative samples of community residents and had a higher level of impact of recent negative life events compared with peer (but not normative) samples. Prospective participants also held preparticipation values more similar to those espoused by the LGAT than peer or normative samples, and the three groups failed to be distinguished by their levels of social support. The implications of the findings are considered for understanding participation in LGATs and other self-change promoting activities.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1978

Research as an educational tool: experience from Balint groups.

The educational and professional value of research is real but may be deceptive and costly. The history and theory of Balint groups for GPs are reviewed. The value of research in the context of Balint groups is examined and some implications of this experience are discussed in relation to a professional ethos for doctors and their teachers.

Education, Medical, Continuing↗
PubMed1979

Affective training for teachers of psychotic children.

A group inservice training program for teachers of psychotic children is described. Special emphasis is given to the teacher's emotional needs in dealing with these very difficult children. The training is designed to enhance mutual support and the acceptance of feelings associated with working with psychotic children. Teachers who worked alone or without the benefit of a supportive team responded most enthusiastically to the group training. All teachers felt their emotional needs for support, self-confidence, and acceptance were important factors in their functioning with their students and that the training met those needs.

Anger↗
PubMed1981

[Body language group: depersonalization and repersonalization using make-up].

Make up was used as a support by a corporal expression group which met two hours a week during three months. This method call particularly for tact and sight, the importance of these factors being well known to attain the elaboration and the integration of body scheme. In a recreative, therefore reassuring context, reinforced by the group phenomenon, the dynamism of gesture and relationship extends far beyond the features. The trends of make-up during the sessions and themes based on mimesis allowed to measure progress.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The geriatric obstacle course: a training session designed to help prehospital personnel recognize geriatric stereotypes and misconceptions.

A significant proportion of ambulance transports to the Emergency Department involve elderly patients, and this use of EMS services by the elderly is expected to increase. Emergency medical technicians (EMTs) may have preconceived notions about the behavior they observe in this group of patients, who tend to be difficult to assess. To provide EMTs with the perspective from which their elderly patients view the situations in which they find themselves, we developed and implemented training scenarios in which the EMTs were required to play the role of the geriatric patient. The EMTs' evaluations of the sessions were enthusiastically positive and indicated that the course did enable them to reevaluate their attitudes toward elderly patients. It is our conviction that this type of sensitivity training is an easily implemented and highly valuable method of augmenting the facts and algorithms taught to these prehospital care providers.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1986

Cognitive group: a treatment program for head-injured adults.

The need for social interaction is frequently viewed as secondary to that of cognitive remediation in the rehabilitation of the head injured. This paper describes the Cognitive Group as an adjunct to individual occupational therapy treatment, designed specifically for inpatients, at Kessler Institute for Rehabilitation. The theoretical approach of the Cognitive Group is based upon Mosey's developmental groups (A. C. Mosey, 1970. Three frames of reference for mental health. Thorofare, NJ: Charles B. Slack). The group's format consists of structural cognitive activities in a controlled social environment. A sample week of group activities is included. We found a general trend of improvement in memory and social interaction skills among the 46 patients who participated in the program.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1993

[The physician-patient relation through a Balint group].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate by means of a contents analysis a Balint Group (BG) after 7 years in operation, to find which type of patients are most disturbing for the General Practitioner and to analyse the sort of feelings they provoke. DESIGN: A retrospective descriptive study which uses qualitative analysis methodology. SETTING: The BG under analysis was created in the heart of the Catalan Society of Family and Community Medicine in 1984. PATIENTS: 21 sessions were analysed, covering 18 patients. INTERVENTIONS: The variables studied were: the motives for presentation, the sort of patient presenting and the doctor's feeling towards them. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Two types of patients stood out: those with somatization disorders and those with a very poor prognosis. The first (12 out of 18) unsettled the professional and caused him/her to lose grip on his/her role. The GP often trivialised their requests or thought they were pretending. Those sessions analysed where patients had a poor prognosis made clear the high degree of empathy shown by the doctor. Questions were raised as to how to tackle the illness both with the patient and his/her family. Feelings of distress, fear, anguish-exhaustion-impotence and rejection-aggression of the doctor towards particular patients were analysed. CONCLUSIONS: The questioning of the doctor's social role or professional identity by particular patients makes it difficult for him/her to maintain a long-term therapeutic relationship with them. The BG was useful for the participants, because of the group dynamic and also because they found out the possibilities and limitations of their treatment.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Experience of a "sensibilisation group to the relationship" with medical students (author's transl)].

The authors describe an experience of sensibilisation to the relation through utilisation of role game with medical students. The game, which scenario is elaborated by the participants, is realised in small groups, and the discussion is an emotional experience of the played situation. The magnetic recording of the game and its audition in a big group permit congrontation between various modes of reaction to the same situation, and bring some new insight to the students on their being and feeling. Even tuestionnaire and most of them discover emotional dimensions of the relationship.

Attitude to Death↗
PubMed2004

Balint training makes GPs thrive better in their job.

In this study, we examined Balint group participants' sense of control and satisfaction in their work situation and their attitudes towards caring for patients with psychosomatic problems. Forty-one GPs filled in a questionnaire with a 10-point visual analogue scale. Of these, 20 had participated in Balint groups for more than one year and 21 were a reference group. The Balint physicians reported better control of their work situation (e.g. taking coffee breaks and participating in decision making), thought less often that the patient should not have come for consultation or that psychosomatic patients were a time-consuming burden, and were less inclined to refer patients or take unneeded tests to terminate the consultation with the patient. These results might indicate higher work-related satisfaction and better doctor-patient relationship.

Adaptation, Psychological↗